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Far Eastern sea fleet. Sea forces of the Far East of Russia



K-211 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is an atomic rocket submarine project 667 Klum "Kalmar", which is part of the Pacific Fleet of Russia.
History of the ship
March 16, 1976 is enrolled in the lists of Navy ships as K-211. It was laid at the IP "Sevmash" MP in Severodvinsk on August 19, 1976, the factory number 394. He was part of the 331 OBRSRPL of the Northern Fleet of the Navy of the USSR. On May 23, 1981, K-211, when he followed the base from the BP polygon, faced a submarine entrusted by the corps fragments remaining at the collision site as an American Verdezh class submarine. The clash occurred due to the fault of the commander of the American submarine, dangerously maneuvering in the zone of feed course corners during secretive tracking for our rocket minister. In English sources, the only collision during this period occurred at the British HMS SCEPTRE (S104) of the SUFTSHUR class.
After this incident, the K-211 was delivered to Doc in the village. Chalmpushka, where the repair of the horizontal feed stabilizer was repaired and replacing the damaged right screw. In July-August 1982, RPKSN K-211 (commander Captain 2 rank A. A. Berzina, a senior hike captain 1 rank V. M. Busyrev) made long-term diving around the perimeter of the Arctic Ocean. In September 1982, the NGS of the USSR SSR Army General Akhromev S. F .. In September-November 1984, a second, transarctic transition along the route Luba-Kamchatka, Krasheninnikov's bay (commander Captain 1 rank of Zakharov L. V., Senior on board the counter-admiral Agafonov V. P.), entered the 25 division of PL 2 flotilla PL Tof, Vilyuchinsk. In 1989 -1993, there was a planned average repair and modernization to the DVZ "Star" (G. Bolshoi Stone, 72 OBRSRPL Tof). In 1996, together with APXsn K-223 and the K-530, produced a BR on the coastal target. September 15, 1998 received the name "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky". Currently is located in 25 divisions of the sub-16 Squadron SQADER.
Commanders
* Zakharov L.V. 1978-1988 (1 crew)
* Skvortsov V.B 1988- (1 crew)
* Kovalev I.E (2 crew)
* Denisenko V. (2 crew)
Main characteristics
Type of ship RPKSN 2 generation
Project designation 667 Kalmar
Developer of the TCBMT project "Rubin"
Chief Designer Kovalev S. N.
Classification of NATO "DELTA-III"
Speed \u200b\u200b(surface) 14 nodes
Speed \u200b\u200b(underwater) 24 nodes
Working depth of immersion 320 m
Limit dive depth 560
Autonomy of swimming 90.
Crew 130.
Dimensions
Displacement surface 10600.
Dismissal underwater 13050
The greatest length (by kv) 155
The width of the hull is NaB. 11.7
Average sediment (by kVL) 8.7
Power point
Paroturban AEU
2 Water-water reactors VM-4C with a total thermal power of 180 MW,
2 Gtza with a geek of 20,000 hp,
2 ATG 3000 kW each
2 groups of AB,
2 DG of 460 kW,
2 ed economic stroke of 260 hp,
2 rowing shafts
2 five-pointed rowing screws.
Armament
Torpedo-mine weapons
4x533 and 2x400 nasal tata
16 torpedoes, can carry mines instead of the torpedo to 24.
Rocket arms
16 PU BRPL R-29R (RSM-50)
(class. Nato - SS-N-18 Mod.1 / 2/3 "Stingray")
PVA
2 sets "Strela-2M".

Any state at all times could be characterized by analyzing three main aspects, namely: the level of freedom of citizens, the prevailing method of regulating public relations, the development of force structures and the armed forces. The last element is of great importance even in the modern world. It would seem why today you need a strong army if most of the large-scale military conflicts were finished back in the 20th century? After all, there are simply no significant international problems today. Nevertheless, the XXI century, as shown by the latest events, is not an "oasis" of stability. Most states do not trust other representatives of internationally aren. Such interaction mode is a slow motion bomb, which may result in the future to a full-fledged war. That this does not happen, states are obliged to increase military power to suppress any kind of provocation. It should be noted that in some states today there are already high and combat-ready units. The Russian Federation belongs to the number of such countries. As part of its armed forces, there is a Pacific Naval Fleet, which has an extremely interesting story and a number of characteristic features.

Navy of the Russian Federation

The fleet is the main combat group on the water. Throughout history, this type of troops upgraded and became more and more deadly. As for Russia, our state is not always famous for the developed naval forces, if you compare them with similar divisions of England, Spain and Portugal. Nevertheless, Peter I "Exit to Europe" made it possible to develop a new sector of Military Art. Today, the Russian Federation is one of the components of the state's armed forces. It has its own structure and a number of functional tasks characterized by the specifics.

Composition of the Navy

The structure of the navy can be considered from two positions. In the first case, it is necessary to take into account individual units included in the presented genus of troops. To date, are present:

  • surface and underwater forces;
  • marine aviation;
  • coastal Troops Fleet.

But in addition to division into specific power structures, the entire Navy of the Russian Federation is divided into certain parts formed by strategic necessity and territorial location. Accordingly, they allocate:

  • Baltic.
  • Northern.
  • Caspian.
  • Black Sea.
  • Pacific fleet.

The last grouping is one of the most large-scale, given the number of equipment and personnel.

Navy of Russia - Pacific Fleet

To date, the Russian Federation is one of the largest countries in territoriality. The fleet in this case is a way to protect the main outputs of the power to the world ocean. Russia is a military grouping of the same kind of troops in the armed forces of the state. It has a large number of special technical means. With their help, the grouping ensures security in the Asia-Pacific region.

Truly the legendary history of the presented military group led its popularity and authority. This fact is manifested in the existence of a commemorative date on this structural division of the Armed Forces. Thus, May 21 is the day of Pacific Russia.

Imperial period in the history of the Pacific Grouping of the Navy

The territory of the Russian Federation extends for many kilometers. Therefore, the state has many exits to the sea. But the Pacific Fleet existed not always. The starting point in its history is 1716, when the Okhotsk Military Port was created. For a long time, this location was the main sea base in the Far Eastern territories. The next stage of the development of the structural element of the Navy was 1731. This date marked the emergence of the Okhotsk military flotilla, the decree of which was given to the Empress Anna John.

The Pacific Fleet received its first baptism in 1854. From 18 to 24 August, two ship, "Aurora" and "Dvina", provided resistance to the forces of the Anglo-French squadron. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian empire begins to increase the power of the Pacific Group in connection with the exacerbation of conflicts with Japan. During this period, the Pacific is based on item , known as Port Arthur.

In 1904, during the Russian-Japanese war, most of the imperial fleet was destroyed, since the enemy forces on the sea were superior.

The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy played a significant role in the process of becoming the power of the Soviets in the Far East in 1917. Most of the grouping sailors fought for the formation of the "red" regime. However, the Pacific fleet in 1926 was disbanded. The restoration of the division occurred only after 6 years. And since 1937, the Pacific Naval School begins to function. During the Second World War, the division fought with the Germans and the Japanese.

After the independence of the Independence of the Pacific Fleet of the Navy of Russia, the composition of which is presented in the article, began to develop rapidly. The evolution of this division of the armed forces is simply explained quite. Far East represents important strategic importance. Therefore, his defense is a paramount task. In accordance with this in 2000, the total technical update of the Pacific Fleet begins.

To date, the subdivision presented is one of the most combat-ready if analyzing the entire structure of the Navy. The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy, which can be found on the Internet, has a range of functional directions that will be presented below.

Main tasks grouping

To date, there are many questions about what the Pacific Fleet of the Navy is engaged in the Russian Navy, the composition of which is presented in the article? Even despite the relatively peace climate, reigning throughout the international community, the military group mentioned in the article performs a huge number of functional tasks.

  1. The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy ensures the maintenance of strategic forces in combat readiness to contain the possible nuclear aggression.
  2. The grouping protects the main economic areas in the region under control.
  3. Ensures the implementation of any kind of foreign policy shares: business visits, exercises, peacekeeping operations, etc.
  4. Pacific fleet of the Navy of Russia, whose photo is presented in this article, also engaged in ensuring shipping safety.

Thus, the division implements important tasks in the Far Eastern region. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the main functions in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, several databases of the group operate at once. To date, there are five main places where the Pacific fleet of the Navy is located. Vladivostok is the main base. In addition to her, the technical and personnel composition of the group is located in Fokino, Bolshoi Stone, Vilyuchinsk and Soviet harbor. Thus, the Far Eastern Frontier is overlapped at once in several directions, which allows the formation to more effectively implement its tasks.

Technical Equipment of the Pacific Fleet

The Far Eastern Grouping of the Navy today includes a large number of equipment of different types. Today the basis of the Pacific Fleet are the following technical means, namely:


If you analyze the technical component of the Pacific Fleet in more detail, it is the basis of the Craisers of the Orlan project, the Sarych destroyer, the Albatross Milky Anti-Layer Ships, Lightning Rocket Boats, Lightning Rocket Boats, and T. D. Elite Underwater Summary Type are large and small atomic submarines "Antey" and "Pike-B".

Features of the organizational composition of the Pacific Fleet

It should be noted that in the structure of the unit there are not only underwater and surface forces, but also some special formations. For example, grouping of marines, anti-aircraft missions and divisions of the formation data are playing great importance to ensure the effective performance of functional tasks, as well as a high level of security in the Far Eastern boundary.

But there is a logical question than the Pacific Fleet of the Navy of Russia is famous, in addition to the technical base mentioned? The answer is the legendary flagship ship "Varyag".

Flagman Tof

The Pacific Fleet of the Navy of Russia, the base of which is located in Vladivostok, has a major, lead ship. The flagship of the project 1164 "Varyag" was lowered in 1982. Despite your age, the ship is great for the combat mission of modernity. It is able to develop speed up to 32 knots. Autonomy of swimming can last about 30 days. "Varyag" can contain 680 crews on his board and overcome a distance of 7,000 miles. The vehicle water displacement indicator is 11,300 tons.

As for military power, the Varyag missile cruiser can compete with many modern ships. The flagship armament consists of several elements. It:

  • helicopter "Ka-27";
  • 2 anti-aircraft complexes "OSA";
  • 2 torpedo devices;
  • 8 anti-aircraft missile complex "Fort";
  • 16 "volcano" type installations;
  • 6 installations "AK-630";
  • one Installation "AK-130".

Thus, the ship, if we take into account its technical characteristics, can carry the flagship status with dignity.

Flagship activity

Even taking into account the authoritative status of the Varyag ship, he is a combat rocket cruiser, which can be used to perform combat missions, which has already been indicated earlier. The most vivid examples of the flagship activity has recently been its participation in several operations. First, Varyag took part in the Russian-Indian naval exercises, which took place in 2015 from December 7 to 12. Second, on January 3, 2016, the cruiser changed the ship "Moscow" and ensured the performance of a combat. His main goal was to cover the aircorder of the Air Force of the Russian Federation, which acted at that moment on the territory of Syria. All the goals set before the flagmologist were completed. Therefore, by the summer of 2016, the ship returned to Vladivostok with all the crew on his board.

Conclusion

So, we tried to find out the technical condition and the main tasks that the Pacific fleet of the Navy of Russia. Vladivostok is the main base of formation today. It should be noted that the grouping is one of the most deadly and developed divisions as part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Therefore, for the safety of the Far Eastern maritime borders of our power, you can not worry.

In June 1942, GKO made a decision on the transfer of several warships from the Far East in support of the Northern Fleet.

To this end, in January 1942, an "Ice fur coat" was built on the EM "RATIVE" to study the strength of the case - a wide belt from wooden bars and boards in the Waterlinia area (in the nose dual), covering the ship housing throughout the length, including the tramer . In the interior, additional reinforcements from metal box beams and squares were installed, as well as wooden stringers and pilots, bruised with wooden bars between sides. Everywhere, including onboard tanks, installed sensors to determine the pressure on the body of the ship. The running tests carried out on the "Rule" in winter and in the spring of 1942, showed that the presence of "fur coats" made it possible to increase the trouble-free pressure on board 10 times.

On June 8, 1942, the Narc Navy Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov signed an order No. 0192 for the transition of special purpose expedition - EON-18. The structure of the warships includes - the leader "Baku" (commander Captain 3 rank B.P. Belyaev), EM "Reasonable" (Commander Captain-Lieutenant V.V. Fedorov), Em "Funny (Commander Captain Lieutenant N.I . Nikolasky) and UM "Zelenty" (commander Captain-Lieutenant T. Karukka).

Commander Em "Reasonable" Captain Lieutenant V.Pedorov 1942

Em "Reasonable" and the commander of the leader "Baku" Captain 2 rank B.P. Belyaev.

The Commander of the Expedition was appointed commander BEM Tof Captain 1 rank B.I. Cucukhov (in 1936, being the commander of Em "Stalin", he made the transition of the Northern Seasically from Kronstadt to Vladivostok. By the way, then in the transition to EM "Zakov" participated and V.V. Fedorov).
The military commissar was appointed Battalion Commissioner P.A. Samamilov, head of the hiking headquarters - captain 2 rank L.K. Beknev, the flagship ship engineer - Engineer Captain 2 rank A.I.Dubrovin (also participating in the wiring of EM "Stalin and Zakov" By sea), the flagship engineer Captain 3 rank S.I. Samorons.

Head of the campaign headquarters captain 2 rank L. Beknev and P. Samamilov.

The head of the wiring of vessels was appointed by the famous polar explorer of the Hero of the Soviet Union of Captain 2 rank M.P. Belowov, the ice captain - the famous navigators of the icebreaker fleet of Captain 3 rank V.I. Kalinich T. Balinich. Ice exploration was commissioned to lead the polar pilot I.I. Involution.

For the first time in the history of the conquest of the Arctic, our military sailors had to make a transition along the Northern Sea Route in the direction from East to West.

The exit of ships from Vladivostok was scheduled for July 15, 1942. The management of the Eon - 18, which was supposed to be implemented in the 3 stages, was rented - from Vladivostok to the Bay of Providence (2877 miles) - on command and headquarters of Tof. From the bay of providence up to about. Dixon (2955 miles) - to the main headquarters of the Navy. From about. Dickson to the polar (1297 miles) - on command and headquarters of the SF.

To facilitate the wiring of ships in ice, the supply of their fuel and materials was attracted by 3 linear icebreakers, 3 tankers and 2 transport. All preparations for the campaign that took 1,5 months passed under conditions of complete secrecy. The official legend of the preparation of ships was to relocate the Division of the EM to Kamchatka. About the true goal of Eon-18 knew a very limited circle of persons.

Time was cut. The personal composition of the ships worked together with the workers of Vladivostok "Dalvoda" from the dark to the dark - first in the dock, then at the plant wall, where the works were already afraid. According to the experience of the "Rule" on the leader "Baku" and other ships of the expedition of their corps were "wearing a fur coat", the lower edge of which was below the waterline for 3 m., And in the nose, it was double and reached a keel. The upper edge spoke out of water for 1 m. For heating receivers of turboculating pumps and kingstones, the pipelines saturated steam were mounted.

For swimming in ice, one regular (bronze) screw was replaced with ice (steel) reduced diameter, with removable blades, this allowed to have a speed speed of only 8 nodes. The second regular with a special flip allowed on clean water to develop speed up to 24 knots, i.e. Save the ship sufficiently high maneuverable qualities. The leader "Baku" had a trivial GEU, so the ice screw was installed on Central Valia, and the blades of extreme regular screws had a flush. All ship devices installed on shock absorbers to prevent failure when the housing vibration during ice swimming.

The modernization of anti-aircraft weapons was completed - instead of a semi-automatic 45-mm tools 21K installed 37 mm automata 70K. On the leader "Baku" - 6, and on the destroyers in the amount of 3 pieces.

All ships carried out the necessary repair of mechanisms. In addition to the staff of the BCH-5 officers, the crews additionally included the Assistants of the BCH-5 Commanders on the Corps and 2 Heavy Diver with Equipment.

After completing all the work, there were running tests for several days. Of course, nautical and maneuverable qualities of ships have changed, but they were reliably prepared for the transition through the Arctic seas.

Finally, all cooking remained behind. Having accepted the fuel and the necessary reserves, the ships went on the raid and became anchored in the Bosphorus East Bosphorus. On the morning of July 15, 1942, the commander of Tof Vice-Admiral I. Yumashev was raised for each expedition ship, wished the crews of happy swimming ships and combat success in the fight against the German-fascist invaders in the north.

At 11.00, the ships of the EON-18 - "Baku", "reasonable", "furious" and "zealous" in the brilwathered column were hung. On July 17, ships entered the De-Castries Bay, where the fuel, water and food reserves were replenished, and the next day they continued their way. Tatar Strait to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and further to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Em "Reasonable" in the transition.

Bridge "Reasonable"

Under the evening of July 18, following the terminal brinks column, the "zealous" collided with the transportation of "Torny", received significant damage in the nose and on July 19, was towed to the Soviet harbor, and later excluded from the EON-18. The rest of the expedition ships continued their way.

At dawn on July 22, when approaching the first Kuril Strait was noticed by Japanese warships, "by chance" the resulting in the area. All Soviet ships played combat alarms and strengthened water observation and air in order to eliminate possible provocation. The ships were peacefully divided, and on the evening of July 22, Eon-18 went to Avachinsky lip and became anchored in B.Taria. After replenishing stocks, the expedition left Avach and took the course to Chukotka.

Bering Sea met Soviet sailors dead asbew and mist, accompanying them to the bay of providence. On July 30, the ships were safely arrived at Chukotka, giving an anchor to B. Emba. On the raid they were waiting for transportation, the "Lok-Batan" tanker and the "Volga" steamer, who was instructed to accompany the EON-18 on the high seaside track. On the "Volga", in particular, there were reserves of emergency and rescue property, a zip, a two-month food supply, fuel reserve in barrels and tanks. Waiting for a linear icebreaker "A.Mikoyan", which made an amazing breakthrough through the Black and Mediterranean Sea in November 1941, and then the Suez Canal along the Eastern Coast of Africa, past M. Dobre Hope, around M.Gurn to San Francisco, from where The vessel went to B.Provide on the connection with the EON-18 on the leader and the destroyers, an inspection of buildings, screws were inspected, separate malfunctions and breakdowns were eliminated, inevitable in such a large campaign. So, when approaching the Pierce "Enjoyed" brought into the unknown jar, the regular screw and the tip of the shaft. The command of the EON-18 decided to replace the screw for afloat.

The operation was very difficult. To the stern "furious" approached the transport "Belarus", from where the damaged screw of the destroyer was posted on the cargo boom cables. On the steel cable lowered a heavy cape wrench, which dilapted on the nut fastening the screw. With the help of Taly, the key turned into a quarter of turnover until they removed the nut. However, the screw from the cone of the rowing shaft was not shot. After a diving inspection, it was decided to remove the damaged screw directed explosion. Experience has succeeded. After that, the damaged screw was replaced by a spare screw with "reasonable", which also demanded a large skill and smelting.

On August 9, when the main works were completed, in B.Provity, a linear icebreaker "A.Mikoyan" (commander Captain 2 rank Yu.V.Hlebnikov) entered.

Leader "Baku" (removed from "reasonable")

On August 15, transports were taken out with anchors, and not the next day - the fighting ships. In the afternoon in the Bering Sea, M.Uelen met the first ice. More than two days made their way through them, mastering a new ice sailing tactics for warships. It was especially difficult to personally had the personnel of turbinist machines, when the shut-off valves were scheduled for 300-400 times after the watch, perform commands about changing the ship's course. The icebreaker "A.Mikoyan" had to raise the destroyers, then to help transport. It became clear that he could not cope with his wiring.

August 18 from b. Providence arrived an icebreaker "Admiral Lazarev", on which he was the head of the posting M. Beluusov. However, despite the work of two icebreakers, the expedition promoted very slowly. On the approach to the Long Strait, the vibration of the housing on the destroyer "reasonable" - the flip of the regular propeller (left) was broken off. Divers, descending into ice water, cut down a part of the one, but the screw turned out to be completely unbalanced and it was possible to work, not exceeding 50 oh. min.

After passing the Strait of Long, the leader "Baku" and EM "Funny" in early September became anchor on the raid of the Bay of Pevek Chaunsk Lip. Without waiting for "reasonable" and other vessels, they headed in b. Barnchik This segment of the path, a length of 212 miles of EON-18 overcame with an average speed of only 2.89 nodes. At the island island, breaking through through heavy ice, "Baku" and "furious" went with small depths of the shore (we descended the boat on the water and walked with its speed, according to the industries). "Reasonable" went to Morushey and was clamped with heavy ice.





In the afternoon, the special teams of the sailors went on the ice, undermined him, they climbed off. Sometimes over a day, EM managed to pass only 30-40 meters. There was a moment when the vehicle screws tightly frozen in the ice field, and they were able to free them only with the help of divers, which were cut around with ice steam.





On August 31, another icebreaker was arrived on the help of the expedition - the flagship of the Soviet Arctic Fleet "I.STalin". He looked like a combat ship - the body was camouflaged with black and white stripes, on the deck and superstructures there were 4 tools of caliber of 75 mm, several anti-aircraft guns and machine guns. Already 3 icebreakers output "reasonable" from the ice. Only on September 11, the destroyers managed to break into the East Siberian Sea, where in b. Ambarcchik from the Donbass tanker fuel tanks of the ship filled with fuel oil.

Ice captivity "reasonable", which lasted from August 26 to September 8, did not pass without a trace - the ship's corps received serious damage. But the sailors stubbornly continued their way.

September 11, 1942 again pure water.

In such conditions, the EON-18 made his way through the East Siberian Sea to the Laptev Sea. There they fell into a strong (up to 8 points) storm. Drops from swimming in pure water sailors felt not in the best way. The leader and EM "Enraged" more safely passed through the heavy ice of the East Siberian Sea to Tiksi, where the inspection of the buildings was made, minor repairs were replenished with fuel reserves. For clean water, "furious" almost all the way went on a tug of leader, because It could not independently develop the speed of more than 7-8 knots due to the rowing shaft rowing obtained in B.Provia. On the towing, the ships went with a speed of 12 knots.

The commander of the "reasonable" V.V. Fedors on the bridge of the destroyer, the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev.

Despite the timely adopted measures to preserve the secrecy of the transition, the German fascist command, thanks to the services of Japanese intelligence, learned about the expedition movement and was preparing to strike on our Arctic communications and ports to destroy ships and icebreakers EON-18.

In the operation under the codenate name "Wunderland", "Pocket Lincher" "Admiral Sheer" and 5 submarines took part. The cruiser came out of Narvik on August 16 and, having rented a new land from the north, entered the Kara Sea. Boats left their bases for 6 days earlier.

The enemy expected that in mid-August, the Soviet caravan will enter the Kara Sea, where it will become a light prey of a heavy cruiser. The PL 601 and 251 were to ensure the raider of data on the movement of the caravan and about the ice setting, and the rest are to cover it from the Barents Sea.

However, the heroic sailors of the icebreaking vessel "Alexander Sibiryakov" and polarkers about. Dickson broke out this operation of the Germans, and the command of the SF and the Belomor Military Flotilla accepted all measures to ensure the cover of the EON-18 by conducting a special operation under the general guidance of the SF commander.

So the aviation of the Northern Fleet has intensified its activities in the Polariary of the application of a number of powerful blows on enemy airfields, from which the enemy could produce raids on the EON-18. In the sheds of Kara and Barents Seas with a task to counteract German raiders, the positions of our submarines were deployed. When the caravan approach to the areas of reach of our fighter aviation, the latter was in full combat readiness for covering the ships from the air.

From Tiksi, the expedition was released on September 19, driven by the icebreaker "Krasin". In the Wilkitsky Strait on the approach to the Kara Sea, the EON-18 moved to increased combat readiness. Crews have been implemented by the collaborative defense options.

September 24, ships and ships were anchored in the harbor about. Dixon - preparation began on the last step of the transition. On the "furious" with the help of a caisson, specially delivered from Igarka, with great difficulty removed from the broken shaft a regular screw, and the ice on another shaft was replaced by the spare. It was not possible to fix the rumped shaft, so the whole distance of the way to Vaengi, the destroyer walked under one machine. On the "reasonable" with the help of divers, an unnecessary window was removed from the regular screw and straightened the blades. The ice screw was replaced only in Vaenge after the transition.

Elimination of faults on the leader "Baku" and other vessels, October 9, EON-18 went on. Like the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, Karosh also met an expedition to storm - this time is 9-balls. The next day came in the Strait of the Ugra Ball. The ships of the SF - Um "Valerian Kuibyshev", Storozhevik and Trashkers were already waiting.

At dawn on October 14, 1942, the EON-18 was part of the Kola Bay, where the Kildin island met the commander of the Northern Fleet Vice-Admiral A.Golko. The composition of the SF included 3 new, combat-ready ship.

Meeting of the Comflot of the SF A.Golko, the report gives the commander of the "reasonable" Fedorov.



The crew of the leader "Baku".

91 days lasted this unparalleled transition of three Tof warships to the shores of Murman. For 923 running hours, ships overcame 7327 miles, 1000 of which are in the ice of the Arctic Ocean. 9808 tons were spent by fuel, which was taken at the transition 12 times, incl. 1 time in ice.

Analysis of the experience of ensuring the transition by the SF command showed that mines were the main danger at the last stage. There was also a need to deploy a network of support points with coastal and anti-aircraft artillery in the areas of the Strait of the Ugra Ball and Mushekin Ball, as well as the basing in the Kara Sea of \u200b\u200ba special group of ships for the navigation period.

For a short time, rest was resting seafarers who have committed a heavy ice transition from the Pacific Ocean. Without removing even ice skin (it was removed on "reasonable" only in May 1943), already on October 29, 1942 the leader "Baku" and Em "reasonable", approaching the enemy shore, opened a quick fire on the firepoints of the enemy, which prevented The onset of our troops. By destroying 2 batteries and a few dollars, the ships safely returned home.

So the new page of the combat path of the EON-18 ships began. They made a significant contribution to the fighting of the SF. Especially distinguished "Baku", which for outstanding military merit was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

Between alarms on the shore with sailors "reasonable" n. Growth, March 1943

Snapshot for memory with sailors "Frightened" G. Arkhangelsk, 1944

Evaluating more than 55 years of age, an amazing degree of seafarers of the military, icebreaking and transport fleet EON-18 in serious for our Motherland, 1942 should first of all, note the complexity of this operation. Her holding demanded the enormous organizational work of the NCOMPACI NMF and the Marine Fleet, the voltage and physical endurance of the crews of the ships overcoming the harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic, heavy ice, storms and tense conditions of the war. The transition showed that more significant equipment is required by repairing, the creation of supply bases, the best provision of tankers, refrigerated ships and floating workshops. As experience has shown, when swimming in the ice, the device "fur coats" and the installation of ice screws fully justified itself, but the completion of regular speed screws only complicated swimming and delivered a lot of trouble.

In recent years, our Navy has changed immeasurably, as well as its transport and icebreaking fleet, armed with nuclear power. But still the Surov Arctic is still the development of our main national transport highway, which is the northern seaway, requires knowledge, skill, big courage.

Therefore, the experience gained from the moment of the first in the Soviet period of the icebreaker of Alexander Sibiryakov, during the Great Patriotic War and in the next time, should be maximally used by modern generations of Russian sailors.

In conclusion, I would like to offer another link. These are memories of counter-admiral N.I. Truchnin, who at the time of the transition was the commander of the BCh-4 destroyer "reasonable".

We post a few more photos V.V. Fedorov, including Trukhnina and other members of the crew of the ship.

N.Trukhnin and icebreaker "A.Mikoyan"

Officers "Reasonable" Semenchuk, Morozov, Parfenov

Fire preparation of the crew of the destroyer "Reasonable"

Water supply under the guidance of Morozov.

We thank the Viloria Viktorovich Fedorov for the assistance rendered.

Today is the Pacific Fleet It serves as security of Russia in the Asia-Pacific region. To perform this task, it consists of modern atomic strategic and multipurpose submarines, surface ships to conduct hostilities in the open ocean and in the coastal marine area, sea rocket, anti-submarine and fighter aviation, marine infantry, coastal troops.
History of the Pacific Fleet He has deep roots. Although (10) on May 21, 1731, it is considered to be the day of its creation, but there is another date. On this day, the Decree of the Senate established the Okhotsk Military Flotily and the place of its basing was determined - the newly created Okhotsk military port. This date was established by the Order of the Commanded of the Navy of Russia dated April 15, 1999 as the birthday of Tof. Ironically, that order almost coincided on the other, the informal date of the foundation of the Pacific Fleet - April 21: On this day in 1932, an order No. 1 was issued on the sea forces of the Far East. In the 18-19 centuries, the royal government did not manage to maintain its influence in the Far East - Alaska was sold with the islands, Russia lost to Japan, the free access to the Pacific Ocean was lost. The naval base, moved to Vladivostok, before the beginning of the 20th century there was a small ship composition.
In 1931.after entering the Japanese troops in Manchuria, there was a threat to their invasion of the USSR. In this regard, it was decided to strengthen the Red Banner Far Eastern Army. And not only land, but also sea boundaries were strengthened.
April 21, 1932 The decision of the Soviet government was created a new fleet - the sea forces of the Far East. On January 11, 1935, they were renamed the Pacific Fleet (Tof), the creation of which was associated with great difficulties, and was conducted in difficult economic and political conditions.
From historical literature is knownThe first Russian settlement on the Pacific Coast (Okhotsk Sea) was founded in 1639 by the participants of the first Russian expedition to the Pacific Ocean, headed by Ivan Moskitin. In 1643, the second Russian expedition under the command of the Cossack Vasily Poyarkov reached the Amur Limana. Next expedition to Cupid in 1649-1650. It was organized by the industrialist Yerofey Pavlovich Khabarov.
In 1651. E.P. Khabarov was founded by the city of Albazin, which soon became the center of all Russian settlements on Amur.
Mastering Primorye accompanied by incessant clashes between the Cossacks on the one hand and Manchules and the Chinese on the other. Tsarist Russia was forced to approve the borders with China, and for this purpose on August 27 (by N.S. September 6), 1689 was concluded between Russia and China, the Nerchinsky treatise - the first diplomatic act in relations between Russia with China. As a result of this Treaty in the fall of 1689 and in the spring of 1690, all Russian people from Albazin moved to Nerchinsk, and Albazin was burned with Manchules.
With less loss The development of Russians Kamchatka, Chukotka, the Kuril Islands and other geographic locations of the Pacific Coast was held. Names of Mikhail Stadukhina (1641-1656).
Seeds Dezhneva (1646-1656), which opened the passage from the Ice Ocean in the Pacific Ocean, Volodymyr Atlasov (1695-1700), who had a meeting after the end of the expedition
Peter I, Vitus Bering and Alexey Chirikova (1728-1746) and many other researchers and openers of new lands.
Alexey ChirikovThe first commander created in 1731 by Siberian, or as it is also called the Okhotsk military fleoting was G.G. Scoring-Pisuses. Along with the sentiment of flotilla, the protection of fisheries was carried out. The military force, the power of the Siberian (Okhotsk) flotilla grew very slowly.
G.G.Subnyakov-Pisarev Only in 1799, 3 frigates and 3 small ship were sent to the Okhotsk under the command of the counter-admiral I.K. Fomin for the formation of permanent military flotilla. In 1849, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka became the main base of flotilla. Flotilla ships distinguished themselves in the Petropavlovsk Defense of 1854. As you know, the Anglo-French squadron, who was unknown to storming Petropavlovsk, had to leave Kamchatka unsolon bumping. Since 1855, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur became the base of the Flotilla.
Immediately after the end of the Crimean War In the Far East, as well as all over Russia, significant changes have begun. The new Emperor of Russia Alexander II has already commanded the powerful military flotilla in the Pacific Ocean, which began to be called Siberian.
However, the royal governmentit never managed to organize the protection and defense of the Pacific Russian possessions, could not achieve the economic growth of the Far East. In 1867, Russian possessions were sold in North America (Alaska) and on the nearby islands, and in 1875 Russia lost to Japan Kuriles. Free exit from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in the Pacific was lost. It was one of the reasons that in 1871-1872. The naval base was transferred to Vladivostok. Until the end of the XIX century, flotilla had a small ship composition. In connection with the exacerbation of Russian-Japanese contradictions in 1898, a special shipbuilding program "for the needs of the Far East" was adopted. But she was performed slowly. Therefore, the Far East had to translate ships from the Baltic.
To the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905 Russia's naval forces in the Far East consisted of the 1st Pacific Squader (7 squadron armadiors, 8 cruisers, 13 destroyers, 2 canoners), based, mainly in Port Arthur, and Siberian military flotilla (7 squadron armaduses, 12 cruisers, 37 Mortgies, 12 canoner boats), based, mainly in Vladivostok. It should be noted that the famous cruiser "Varyag" and the Korean canoners boat, which included the Siberian Military Flotilla, were in the port of Chelpo (Korea).
Korean boat "Korean. During the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Pacific sailors showed high heroism and dedication, but the main forces of the Russian fleet in the Pacific died. During the revolution 1905-1907. Many of the sailors-Pacific participated in the revolutionary movement in Vladivostok. During the October Revolution of 1917, the sailors of the Siberian and Amur Military Flotily fought for the establishment of Soviet power in the Far East. During the Civil War, almost all ships were tested by the White Guards and Japanese interventories.
I.K.KozhanovIn 1922, after the expulsion of the Interventory, the Naval Forces of the Far East were created (the commander I.K. Kozhanov) as part of the Vladivostok detachment and the Amur Military Flotilla. In 1925, Vladivostok detachment was transferred to the prompt subordination to the border troops in the Far East and in 1926, the sea forces of the Far East were abolished and only five years later Moscow returned to the idea of \u200b\u200brestoring a military fleet in the Pacific Ocean. But this time it was a real strategic decision, which led to the creation of one of the most powerful fleets of the world. Amur military fleet has become independent.
Final decision It is not easy for the Pacific Ocean Navy, and it is necessary immediately to prevent the occupation of the Soviet Far East, it was taken at the end of the summer of 1931. The basis for this was the visit of the Military Commission headed by the defense addict by Clemet Voroshilov in Vladivostok, from which the first red marshal brought an unequivocal and disappointing conclusion: "The capture of Vladivostok is a simple expedition that can be charged with any submarine adventurist."
When September 18, 1931 The Japanese Kwantung Army invaded China and on the eastern borders of the USSR, the state of the Mangzhou controlled from Tokyo, the words of the People's Commissar began to be perceived as prophetic. And on February 25, 1932, the Revoensteet adopted "Plan of measures for the formation of MSV", that is, the Naval Forces of the Far East under the command of the flagship of the fleet of 1 rank M.V. Viktorova, and on April 21, 1932 decided. This name corresponded to the accepted system of the name of fleets in the USSR of that period: the sea forces on the Baltic and the Black Sea were named in the same way.
Day April 21, 1932it is considered the day of the creation of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, although the name "Pacific Fleet" appeared only in 1935, after in January 1935, the sea forces of the Far East were renamed the Pacific Fleet. M.V. Viktorov commanded the Pacific Fleet from April 1932 to August 1937.
Commander new formationappointed March 15, 1932. They became the current head of the Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea, a graduate of the Marine Cadet Corps (graduated in 1913 with honors), a participant in the First World and Civil War Mikhail Viktorov. The appointment is natural: in the shortest possible time to prepare a sufficient number of sailors, first of all commanders who can form a new fleet with scratch, it was impossible, and specialists from Kronstadt and Sevastopol were required to be submitted to the Far East. And this was most convenient to do when they call the authoritative commander - well, if not considered, of course, the possibilities of the political (and the Communist and Komsomol immediately announced the call of communists and the Komsomol members to the new fleet).

First order The new commander of the Naval Forces of the Far East, published on April 21, 1932, there were compounds, parts, ships and institutions of the new fleet. According to the document signed by Victorov, the MSUV brigade were included: a bitch and trawling team (consisting of mine barrels "Stavropol", "Tomsk" and "Erivan"), the watchdog "Red Vympel", the coastal defense divisions - the 9th artillery brigade and the 12th air defense regiment and air force - the 19th heavy airbody and the 111th squadron of distant scouts. In addition to them, the Vladivostok Military Port entered the new formation, and the Russian and Vladivostok Bays of Golden Rog and Ulysses became the Base.

On paper, everything looked concern and solidBut "in metal" everything was much more deployed. Minzag "Stavropol" (later renamed Voroshilovsk) was a former transport steamer "Cat", once purchased for the polar expedition Grigory Sedov. Tomsk and Erivan represented trading transports, which by the time of the order of the order were not even transferred to the management of the working and peasant Red Fleet and only came to re-equipment. And Watchorovik "Red Vimpel" was built in 1910 as a yacht for the needs of the Kamchatka governor and only in 1922 over large poverty reclassified into a combat ship.

All this meant one thing: To create a full-fledged fleet on the Pacific Ocean, you need special, previously not made efforts and completely new solutions. And in Moscow they managed to find them. First of all, it was decided to make a bet on a small and underwater fleet, and to accelerate the process, the ships were laid on shipbuilding plants in Leningrad and Nikolaev, and from there by rail, Vladivostok was moved. That is how on May 11, 1932 at the disposal of the MSVV, the first 12 torpedo boats of type W-4, built by Leningrad ships. These were the first ships of the Special Military Construction, included in the new fleet. And in less than a month, the torpedo boats have already entered the sea for the reconnaissance and spelling of the crews. By the way, the personnel for new ships came often with them: these were officers and sailors from Kronstadt and Sevastopol.

Next major increase In the composition of the marine forces of the Far East, 12 submarines of the type "u" V series became. They were laid in the Baltic Plant in December 1931, that is, even before the decision to create a fleet in the Pacific was documented. Boats were built with the colossal voltage of all forces and means and therefore coped with the task quickly quickly: already on June 1, 1932, the first echelon with the submarine sections of the type "Li" went from Leningrad to Vladivostok. Technologically, the question of the completion of the boats was simply resolved: in Vladivostok Dalzavoda (later Plant No. 202) and at the Khabarovsk Shoezhechanical Plant (No. 368) from the sections delivered over the railway and set of submarines were renovated and descended to water. Conduct with the delivery of a fleet of all 12 boats of type "Li" was only five months old, from June 1 to October 7. On September 23, 1933, at the first two Pacific boats, Sh-11 "Karas" and Shch-12 "Bream" (later renamed S-101 and Shch-102) raised naval flags, and by the end of September 1934 he entered into force All dozen boats of this type.
By this time in Vladivostok Already, the work was already on preparation for the delivery of a fleet of the second series of submarines - like "M". 28 submarines of this type went to the Far East - almost the whole series of VI, which began the story of "Baby". The first boats like "M", which could be transported along the railway almost entirely, removing only the cutting and equipment, went from Nikolaev to Vladivostok on December 1, 1933 and arrived on site January 6, 1934. Three from a small month, on April 28, the two first "baby" - M-1 and M-2, and the last 28th boat of this series - M-28 - in August 1935 became part of the Pacific Fleet In which the sea forces of the Far East were renamed January 11, 1935.

Far Eastern naval forces and new surface ships. In 1931-1935, in Leningrad and Nikolaev, for the Far East, six "Hurricane" type, "Burun", Burun, Zipper and Zarnitsa, were laid for the Far East. Like submarines, they were sacrificed after construction on the sections that were sent to Vladivostok on the railway, then they were collected again and descended into water. In 1936, several ships of the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets were transferred to the Northern Sea in Vladivostok. And by the same time, the Far Eastern shipbuilding factories began to work.

By the beginning of World War II 1939-1945. The Pacific Fleet included 2 brigades of surface ships, 4 submarine brigades, 1 brigade of torpedo boats, aviation parts, strength and means of coastal defense, marine infantry. In the composition of Tof, there were more than 100 ships and submarines, including 13 new submarines of the type "C". By the way, it was on the Pacific Ocean of the submarine for the first time in the history of the domestic Navy became the main shock force of a separate fleet.
Short time (1937)the commander of the Pacific Fleet was the flagship of 1 rank G.P. Kireev. Together with him, on August 15, 1937, a captain of 1 rank N.G. was appointed to the post of Deputy Commander Tof. Kuznetsov. On January 10, 1938, his appointment followed the position of commander of the Pacific Fleet and assigning the title flagship 2 rank. N.G. The Kuznetsov did everything in order to decent to protect our Far Eastern marine borders to protect the Pacific Fleet.
N.G. Kuznetsov
Very good, the Pacific fleet has pronounced himself brightly during the period of armed conflict on the Hassan Lake in the summer of 1938. Nikolai Gerasimovich commanded Tof until March 22, 1939, until he was appointed by the Deputy People's Commissar of the USSR Military Fleet. After N.G. Kuznetsova Pacific Fleet for many years (from January 1938 to January 1947) commanded the flagship of 2 rank (subsequently admiral) I.S. Yumashev. During the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945. The Pacific Fleet was in constant combat readiness. At the same time, 1 leader, 2 destroyers, 5 submarines were translated from Tof on the Northern Fleet; Over 140 thousand sailors fought on the fronts as part of marine rifle brigades and other parts.
And by the beginning of the war with Japan in 1945 The Pacific Fleet was already quite formidable: two cruisers were held in its composition, leader, 12 destroyers, 19 watchdogs, 10 mine barrels, 78 submarines and over 300 smaller warships. Moreover, team frames were prepared for them not only in Leningrad and Sevastopol, but in place: since 1937, the Pacific Naval School named after Admiral S.O. Makarov in Vladivostok. Frames then showed brightly ourselves not only in the Far Eastern, but also on all other marine theaters of hostilities. So, for example, the future admiral, the commander of the Navy, Sergey Gorshkov, after the translation into the MSIV, became the navigator of the Ministry of Summer Tomsk, and then the flagship navigator of the entire brigade of the barrage and trawling. In the same brigade, the future commander of the Northern Fleet during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war commander of Baltflot Arseny Golovko served as the post of flagship mine. And Admiral Nikolai Kuznetsov, who became the youngest militant of the Navy in the Soviet Union, was transferred to Moscow from Vladivostok in March 1939, after he first visited the deputy, and then the commander of the Pacific Fleet.
I.S. YumashevThe role of the Pacific Fleet and the Amur Flotilla in the defeat of imperialist Japan and the successful completion of the Second World War was great. During the Manchurian military operation of 1945, the Pacific Fleet forces participated in the liberation of North Korea. On August 12-16, 1945, the landings from the Tof ships were traded by the ports of Yuki, Rasin and Seusin. Aviation Tof landed airstrip in Port Arthur and Far. Ships of Tof also took an active part in the South Sakhalin operation of 1945 and the Kuril landing operation of 1945. For heroism and courage shown in the Soviet-Japanese war of 1945, 52 Sailors of the Pacific Fleet were awarded a high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The 18 parts and ships of the fleet were assigned the title of Guards, 15-awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
In January 1947 The Pacific fleet was divided into the 5th and 7th fleets, which were commanded by:
5th Admiral A.S. Frolov, Counter Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov, Admiral Yu.A. Panteleev; 7th Admiral I.I. Baikov, Admiral G.N. Bachelors.
In April 1953 Flots were again merged into the Pacific Fleet, who were commanded by Admiral Yu.A. Panteleev, Admiral V.A. Chekurov, Admiral V.A. Fokin (February 1958 - June 1962), Admiral N.N. Amelko (June 1962 March 1969), Admiral N.I. Smirnov (March 1969 - September 1974), Admiral E.N. Spiridonov (1979-1981), Admiral V.V. Sidorov (1981-1986), Admiral G.A. Grocks (1986-1993), Admiral G.N. Gurinov (1993-1994), Admiral I.N. Khmelnov (1994-1996), Admiral V.I. Kroedov (1996 -1997).
Modern Pacific Fleet of Russialike TOO of the USSR, is the ocean fleet, has modern ships, incl. Rake meters and nuclear submarines, rocket-bearing and anti-submarine aircraft, coastal rocket-artillery troops, marine infrontation. Nowadays Admiral Viktor Dmitrievich Fedorov commander the Pacific Fleet of Russia.
The Pacific Fleet of Russia, like other Russian fleets, has its rich history, successes and achievements in routine affairs, victory in combat battles. The Pacific Fleet is far from Moscow - the capital of our Motherland, from St. Petersburg - the sea capital of Russia, but this is our fleet, he is close to our heart.

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The first mention of the states of the Russian Empire in the waters of Pacific Russians is dated to 1648. However, experts are still arguing about when Russian navigation began on the eastern borders of the country. Journalist Andrei Ostrovsky specifically for DV traced the path of the origin and development of navigation at the harsh Far East of Russia

For the first time on the floodedness, the subjects of the Russian Empire got here in September 1648, when three kooche, led by Semyonian Dejnev, Fedot Popov and Gerasim Anquidine, moving from the North-West, reinforced a large stone nose (the formula of authentic time) and went out to the Pacific Ocean, advanced to Anadyr mouth. That nose is now called Dezhnev's cape and separates the Northern Pacific from the eastern sector of the Arctic. And there and there, however, the conditions for navigation and today remain complex; And as almost four centuries ago, they moved on their duck shirts and even at zero navigation cognition, the pioneer remains only to guess.

It is important that the advancement to the east was carried out by several routes at the same time. A little earlier than a digesky campaign, in 1639, Ivan Moskvitin, heading from Yakutsk, with his Wathago alloy on the river Ulle went to the Okhotsk (then Lamsk) Sea not far from the mouth of another river - hunting (emphasis on local standards strictly on the last vowel), Where and founded Ostrog, who was destined to become actually the first Russian settlement in the Pacific Ocean - Okhotsk.

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Today, these dates, tied to the textbook of history, look something quite familiar. But if you cut off the "habitualness" and look at the situation on the part, then it is just a spirit captures from an understanding of what literally an advanced advanced (although the scattered) small detachments of Russian Cossacks and servicing people who have passed Siberia from the Urals to Beringov (as we I call it now) Strait and the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The countdown is traditionally conducted from 1580 - the beginning of the famous Ermak hike. And after half a century, in fact, during the lifetime of one generation, with the complete absence of maps and roads, the first Russian people went to the shores of the Great Ocean!

However, this topic deserves a separate story.

Explosures and lack of materials

On the new banks for themselves, the pioneers were worried slowly: the forces were too small; Monsterly stretched was Logistics, as we would say now. Yes, these people knew how to build rooks with magnificent seaworthy qualities literally with one ax. But almost all elements of ship rigging had to deliver thousands of kilometers with full-road. Nevertheless, already in 1716, the goat Sokolov built the first ship in Okhotsk - the East Radew, which was able to reach Kamchatka. Soon on the same Ladie, Ivan Jeriov and Fedor Lukin made up the first card of Kamchatka and smoke. And after a few years in Okhotsk, there was a full-fledged shipyard in Okhotsk, which became the result of the royal decree on the establishment of the Okhotsk military flotilla signed by Anna Ioannovna 21 May 1731 on the establishment of the Okhotsk Military Flotilla with (the date is considered to be the official birthday of the Pacific Fleet of Russia). In this shipyard, in 1737, the Saint Peter and Saint Paul for the Expedition of Vitus Bering and Alexey Chirikov were laid in 1737. The name of these vessels was soon the grounds for the name of the farthest naval post of the Empire - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

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Tracks, merchants appear on the long banks in the distant shores. The most famous of them became, of course, Irkutsky (although in this location it was clearly closely) merchant Gregory Shelikhov, in the second half of the 18th century began to establish an active commercial shipping between the Okhotsk, Kuril and Aleutian Islands and Japan. In fact, the plans of this amazing person stretched to India, but, having lived less than 50 years, he did not have time to implement much of their grand ideas. However, a lot has time managed. It was Shelits that in 1783 he headed the commercial expedition to Alaska, during which the first Russian settlements were founded on the American continent.

By the way

In total, about 60 different vessels were built in the shipbuilding shipyards in Okhotsk, in which Russian navigators committed the most important geographical discoveries in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean.

Shelikhov belongs to the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a northeastern company, which a few years after his death in the active participation of the son-in-law of Shelikhov Nikolai Rezanov (remember the plot of "Junites" and "Avos"?) And supported Paul I became the basis for the creation of a Russian-American company. From this point on, Russian commercial seaflings in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean becomes unless regular, it is extremely active. One after another in a huge arc from California to Kuril arises and strengthens Russian settlements. As for the Kuril Islands, their development in the first half of the 19th century came so actively, which even a special term - Curilorsia arose. How to once again not remember the lines of Andrei Voznesensky from the poem, which became the basis of the famous theatrical statement: "In battle, Davydov and Haghes! Flew away. Report: "Five Oriental Islands Your Emperor!" The speech here is about Kurilla.

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The huge region at the same time was interested not only by us: the British were active, and the French - the expedition of the latter under the command of Laperose left in the Far Eastern card a number of geographical names, from the corresponding strait between Sakhalin and Hokkaido to the bay of ternea in the northeast of the Primorsky Krai and the Bay de -Start in the Tatar Strait.

Russians were a step ahead. But the far-sighted politicians of the empire had already been clearly understood that communication was stretched to an extreme and that with the existing situation of the Master of the Seas, Britain, if necessary, could block the Pacific Coast of Russia. Moreover, the British near the non-freezing bases - Hong Kong and Shanghai. The Crimean War confirmed this disappointing conclusion: Despite the heroic defense, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky from the second attempt was ruined, and the ships and ships under the Russian flag were forced to hide in the Amur Liman - since Gennady Nevelsky had already managed to make his famous discoveries. For several navigations, the English frigates were digged along the Okhotsk and the Japanese seas in search of a reliably pasting the enemy, but mostly to no avail. Weaker consolation could only be the fact that in the course of its swimsters British ships "Winchester", "Nanjing" and "Barrac" described the coast unknown for them for them, including several extremely comfortable bays, one of which was given the name of Harbor May. It is unlikely that they then assumed that in just a few years she will receive a new name - the Golden Horn, and the post of Vladivostok will arise on her shores, which will be destined to become the main Russia in the Pacific Ocean.

To this, however, went.

Birth of Vladivostok

Even in the mid-50s of the 19th century, the young governor of Eastern Siberia Count Nikolai Muravyov began to organize the first alloys of settlers in the lowerland of Amur. In 1858, he signed the Aigan Agreement, for which the highest decree received the addition of Muravyov-Amur to his surname. And two years later, a Russian diplomat Count Nikolai Ignatiev signed the Beijing Agreement, as a result of which the Far Eastern borders of Russia acquired their final modern appearance. This year and became the year of the birth of Vladivostok.

In about the same years, another thing was finally understood and another thing: the Far Eastern ownership of the empire, and without that endlessly removed from the center of the metropolis, they themselves turned out to be scattered thousands of kilometers. It is not that to develop them, but at least to hold on the background of extremely poorly developed shipping, seemed to be reasonable to people with an unbearable task. To preserve more, followed by small. And a few years after the emergence of Vladivostok - when his prospects began to emerge everything clearly - it was decided to Russian Alaska (by the way, ten years earlier, when during the Crimean War in the Northern Pacific operated the United Anglo-French squadron, the defense of Russian settlements on The American continent in St. Petersburg cabinets was not even considered). The Special Special Salar of the Tsarskoy Court in Washington Baron Glake is brilliantly coped with the task (Americans were not really burned by the desire to buy huge cold land in the north of the continent), and in the late 1960s of the 19th century, all the forces were focused on the development of the Russian Far East.

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This development was unthinkable without trading navigation. Already 5 years after the emergence of Russians on the shores of the Golden Horn, the first two bots were built on Vladivostok shipyards - "Trepang" and "Suifun", and two schunons, including Emilia, for the first civilian inhabitant, the merchant Yakov Semenov. According to the contract with the Military Office, Emilia delivered cargoes for garrisons along the coast, and also transported to China sea cabbage. Gradually, several small private shipping companies that were mainly engaged in coastal swimming and transportation in near abroad, but they could not have a breakthrough in the transport accessibility of the region. This, naturally, enjoyed foreign shipowners, who hardly did not fully take into their own export-import operations in the region. The famous researcher of the history of the Russian Wearing and the legendary head of the Far Eastern Maritime Shipping Company in the 70s of the last century Valentin Beankin in one of the works led such numbers: "In 1871, the port of Vladivostok visited 24 commercial vessels. Of these, only 3 Russians; 8 Under the English flag, 8 - under German, 5 more under other flags. "

Such a dependence on the foreign flag raised a threat to the development of the region as a whole.

Dobrotlot

In many ways, a similar situation was also on the other seas of the empire - on the Black Sea, on the Baltic and North. Transportation of goods from / in Russian ports under a foreign flag was significantly superior to the possibilities of domestic shipowners. In society - from the province to the metropolitan cabinets - caused an understanding that the country needs its own large shipping company. On March 22, 1878, published "Appeal to the Russian People" with a call to organize the collection of funds for the acquisition and construction of ships. The readiness for such a call was so high that later the founders of the Voluntary Fleet (so decided to call a new shipping company, the money was collected by the method of voluntary donations) had the amount of two million rubles, it was enough to acquire the first three steamers who received quite expected Names: "Russia", "Moscow", "Petersburg".

In the spring of 1879, the government approved the position of the Company's Voluntary Fleet Company, which provided that the Court of the new company should first be used for shipping lines at the Far East. And in November of the same year, this announcement appeared in St. Petersburg Izvestia and in a number of other newspapers: "Society of Voluntary Fleet Assistance for the Development of Trade Relations with Russians, Chinese and Japanese Ports of the East Ocean, providing more convenient means for imports to that The edge, and for the export of cargo from it, opens up from the future of 1880 through its steamers, the right commodity commodity report between Russia and the above ports. The first steamer will be sent from Odessa around March 1 of the next 1880, and then, in the event of cargo accumulation, other steamers will be sent to the interval between the 1st Number of March and the 1st of May, regardless of the steamer sent from the Kronstadt with the existing already loads ... "

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It is engage in that in the Far East commercial people, merchants treated the new idea of \u200b\u200bthe government pretty skeptical. The base served elementary mathematics. Voborotlot was based far, in Odessa, and had only 4 steamers (Nizhny Novgorod added); In the meantime, in the same 1879th port of Vladivostok, about 40 foreign trade vessels visited.

But the beginning of the regular (correct) commercial shipping, firmly connected by the Western and Eastern ports of the Empire, was supposed. And the foresight and the prospects of the plan implemented itself proved the time itself: by the end of the 80s of the 19th century, commercial vessels under the Russian flag were 30-40% of tonnage involved in export-import transport from / to Vladivostok. And in the coastal (along the Russian coast) of transportation, the domestic trading fleet is not only a kinderglass, but also a number of local small shipping companies - had a noticeable advantage by this time.

Pathway

The most accurate and tariff assessment of the gigantic role that the vessels of the Voluntary Fleet were played in the development of the region, gave Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who returned in the fall of 1890 from a trip to Sakhalin on a steamer "Petersburg". In one of the letters of that pore, he noticed: "... civilization has come to the Far East with a vaporoflot.

Over the past decades of the 19th century, the Flag of Russian commercial seaflings in the region has steadily increased its presence and, accordingly, its share in the amount of transportation.

Among these transportations were very different. Thus, the prospect of the quick and relatively cheap way to the Far East is one of the first "opened" the Ministry of the Interior, which by that time began to actively use Sakhalin as a cortica (which, in fact, prompted Chekhov to his famous journey). The land journey was a long, roads, among the cavalry raged diseases, plus they fled to the hundreds from the way. Doblotlot for the transportation of refrigerated corruptions was appointed in 192 rubles per person, which reduced the cost of delivery several times.

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And in the first flight to the Far East, in which the shipping "Nizhny Novgorod", under the command of Lieutenant's captain, Kazazi was shot from Odessa on June 7, 1879, there were 569 exact hardware, a convoy, as well as 730 tons of cargo for Sakhalin. It was on board and 80 tons of commercial cargo sent by the merchants of the Zenzinov brothers in Vladivostok and Shanghai. Thus, the first flight of the vessel of the breedflow was destined to put the beginning of trade relations between the Center of Russia with its distant outskirts. As for the cavalry, they were all delivered to the good health, in the way, according to police reports, behaved exertion, without causing a single complaint.


A little more than half a century, this sad experience turned out to be the newly demanded when from Vladivostok, finds and Vanino began to transport (including at risk-re-equipped commercial ships of the Far Eastern maritime shipping) thousands and thousands of prisoners in the Kolyma camps of the Gulag.

And the one, the very first flight lasted a record 54 days and caused a real excitement among the few people of the Far East: the local was convinced of the reality and efficiency of the transport bridge with Central Russia. I pass on the Sakhalin people and the goods, on August 10, Nizhny Novgorod starred from Vladivostok to return flight, having on board the first 6 passengers to Odessa.

In fact, this flight was trial, or, as they would say now, experimental. I approved its results, the leadership of the brethlot put the task from next year to make flights regular. And in the first, it was the regular flight on February 26 from Odessa to the Far East, a steamer "Moscow" was released. Now on board, in addition to passengers there were more than 800 tons of cargo sent by 12 Russian private trading companies to Vladivostok, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and Sakhalin. Under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Chirikova, the steamer arrived in Vladivostok in 45 days, April 12; According to a new style - April 25, it is this date that is the official birthday of the Far Eastern Maritime Shipping Company (the successor of the Dobrophot), the largest transport company of Russia, the Soviet Union and again Russia in the Far East.

"Russian goods penetrated the Amur"

All Russian shippers and consignees gave birth to the most flatter reviews about this flight. Thus, the owners of the trading house from Nerchinsk "Boutins" brothers sent a telegram printed on August 31, 1880 in the St. Petersburg Vedomostas: "We sent goods from Odessa to 30 thousand pounds to Nikolaevsk in a great form. Russian goods under their flag first entered the Amur. Welcoming the emergence of them as the beginning of a national trading movement in the East, we express our sincere sympathy to everyone who fired this useful and patriotic affair, and wish you success to further development. "

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During the same years, the kindness had to actively participate in solving the grandiose socio-demographic task of state importance. On the one hand, after the peasant reform and the elimination of serfdom in the central part of the country, a huge number of landless peasants appeared; On the other hand, the state has grown with huge lands in the East, most of which were quite suitable for both earth farms and the management of the peasant economy. Motivate the migrating movement and organize it - this program was one of the key on the agenda. The state challenge required a state approach. On June 1, 1882, a special law was adopted, regulating the role of the state in the resettlement of peasant families to the Far East. It was shifting that all the costs of moving the state takes over. A number of other benefits were also envisaged, including the allocation of extensive land plots. And since 1883, thousands of peasant families from Chernihiv, Poltava, Kharkiv, Kuban, Voronezh, Kursk, Tambov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kherson, Astrakhan and other provinces began to flow into Odessa. The sea stage of resettlement lasted exactly 20 years - until 1903, when the end-to-end movement on the Trans-Siberian Highway was opened. For two decades, about 60 thousand people were transported through two oceans, a little less than 30% of them were children. All these years, the only port of sending was Odessa, the port of arrival - Vladivostok.

It would be incorrect to believe that enjoying active state support and being a state-owned proproplot monopolized both the delivery of goods and passengers between the Western and Far Eastern ports of the Empire and the coastal transportation in the pool. On the transcane's shoulder, steamers of the Ropit - the Russian Society of Shipping Company and Trade, created even earlier than the kindergarten, but inferior to the number of fleet and the volume of transportation. As for the dynamically treated transportation between Russian ports on the Pacific coast, then small shipping companies actively participated in them, one after another who arose in Vladivostok - it was this port from the second half of the 19th century that became basic to master the Russians of the huge region.

"The heartbathors"

The first private shipowners became, as a rule, merchants, entrepreneurs who sharper others felt the dynamics of the development of the territory, were more actively looking for the markets of sales, more decisively mastered new directions of trade relations. One of the first was the founder of the trading house "O. V. Lindgolm and K '' Otto Vasilyevich Lindgolm, operated on both fishing, whaling and transport vessels. Literally, Alexey Vasilyevich Filippeus pulled up, after the sale of Alaska and the liquidation of the Russian-American company in 1867, actually took over the delivery of government goods on the northern points of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and Kamchatka. Filippeus, one might say, became the founder of regular Russian trade marine waters in the waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, sowing to bring up a whole Pleiad of experienced sailors. In general, the generation, if not the discovers, then the "primarbers" was the generation of amazing people - to discuss new lands with truly Russian scope and patriotism. One of the numerous testimonies is a document, lines from the Watched Journal of the Russian Cruiser's Cruiser, recorded during the swimming of this vessel in 1885 in the Far Eastern seas: "... The commander and officers of the cliper were present on July 25, when consecrated by Mr. Philippeus, the temple on the grave of the fallen Russian defenders of Petropavlovsk. "

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Such a versatile man and the real patriot of the Far East was the creator of one of the first private shipping in the region Mikhail Grigorievich Shevelev. In the summer of 1879, he introduced his plan for regular shipping report in St. Petersburg in the Far East; As a result, in the same year, the Government concluded a contract with him, which provided for two regular lines: Vladivostok - Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and Vladivostok - Shanghai - Hankou. The assessment given in 1896 in the official report of the Governor of the Kamursky Region by Sergey Mikhailovich Okrug in 1896 in 1896 in the official report of the Governor of the Kamurovsky region: "... Shovel messages contained by three pago seats shipping messages between the ports of the Primorsk region and the open ports of Korea, Japan and China are supported So far, with proper health. " That to the breadth of interests, a rich horizon and involvement in public processes, suffice to say that Shevelev was an honorary trustee of the Eastern Institute in Vladivostok (the first university in the Russian Far East) and was part of the Commission on the creation of the first navigate classes in Vladivostok (the prototype of the current maritime state University named after Admiral Nevelsky).

A prominent role in the organization of regular shipping at the pool was also played with a very strange name for this day - the Naval Shipping Company of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). In the highest decree, it was emphasized that these vessels should have become a continuation of the Great Siberian Path for those cargo and passengers, which are sent to the ports of the Pacific Ocean and back. Naturally, the initial fleet of the shipping company ensured the needs of the construction of the road, but in the future - in the first years of the 20th century - as the tonnage increases, more and more actively involved in regular cargo-passenger transportation. In the schedule of shipping company of the CER. For 1902, there were already ten regular (from several to hundreds of flights in the direction per year) of shipping lines. Even at such a complex direction, like Ola, Gorya, Tigil, Petropavlovsk, Commander Islands, Anadyr, the company performed 4 flights to navigation.