Nikolai Copernicus - the famous astronomer from Poland - Born on February 19, 1473. Being a fourth child in a merchant family, he received primary education at school. During the epidemic of the plague, he lost his father and later under the auspices of his uncle Lukasha.
From 1491, Copernicus studied at Krakow University at the Faculty of Arts. Then he entered the Faculty of Faculty of University in Bologna. There he was engaged in civil and church right. Nikolai also practiced medicine at the University of Paduan. And in Ferrars, he received the degree of Dr. Bologovia.
He spent its first scientific and astronomic observation in 1497. And at the beginning of the thirties of the sixteenth century, she completed work on creating labor "about the appeals of the heavenly spheres." Nikolai Copernicus pushed the generally accepted ideas about the geocentric system of the world. He put forward the theory that the Earth is not a fixed center of the world. The sun and other celestial bodies do not rotate around it. Everything is just the opposite. Earth and other planets are moving around the sun. And the movement of the Sun during the day in the sky is due to the fact that our planet rotates around its own axis. Thus, a heliocentric system of the world device was born. The first typographic version of his labor Copernicus saw while death.
He died on May 24, 1543. In 1616, his book entered the list of prohibited. But this did not prevent the development of his idea, and science began to move along a new channel.
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Documentary video about Nikolai Copernicus theory
The scientist who opened the world the true interaction of heavenly bodies among themselves was born at the end of the XV century. Despite the prohibition of his work for the inconsistency of the religious beliefs of his time, the work of the scientist was not lost. The great openings of Copernicus are the basis of school teachings and ideas about many spheres of human life.
Copernicus held his discoveries not only in astronomy, they also affected both physics, economics, mathematics, laws of mechanics and medicine, contributing to a non-one scientific coup.
Youth
The future outstanding scientist was born in Poland, in 1473 in Toruni. Born in February, the boy was a fourth child in the family and received the name Nikolai, the same name was also the father of Copernicus. Despite the Polish origin, the mother of Nicholas was a nematic man. The boy's father was a merchant, which allowed the child to get a good education.
Up to ten years, the Copernicus family lived calmly, but the incomplete plague took not only thousands of other people's lives, she touched on the Copernica-senior. The head of the family died, leaving his best mother of the boy. In 1489 the mother of the family dies. Then the responsibility for children takes upon himself uncle Nicholas, his mother's brother.
Being a local bishop, Lukash Vatzerrod, he heard a man who endowed with a gift for a diplomat formed and well-read. A clever relative, having a cool temper and love for the youngest nephew, became a real father for Nicholas. Seeing his receiver in the nephew, Lukash gave a boy good education along with education.
Training
- The young man graduated from school at a fifteenth age. The next step of his training took place at the School of Wloclawsk. Thanks to the interesting teacher of a young student, astronomy became interested.
- In eighteen years, a young man comes to Krakow, having a trick of uncle taking brother. Enrolling for training at the University of Yagellon, famous for his brilliant learning programs, both brothers fell to the art faculty. Thanks to the reigning atmosphere, Copernicus developed critical thinking And thoroughly mastered the sciences taught. His passion for astronomy passed to a deeper level.
- After graduating from the university at twenty-four years, Nikolai, together with his brother, go to work in the diocese of her uncle in the post of canonniki. Thus, the bishop teaches young people to think that for further training abroad they need to earn themselves.
- After two years of work, Kannik, Copernicus goes to Italy, where he intends to continue his studies. Lukash takes care that the nephew gets a vacation, for a period of three years and salary.
- Enrolling in the University of Bologna, the student chooses training in Jurf. He also seizes Greek and continues to study astronomy. In addition to the passion of painting, study abroad brings a guy to familiarity with scientists who revived European mathematics.
- During his stay in Italy, Copernicus makes a joint discovery with a professor talking about equal distance Before the moon in the square, regardless of the full moon or new moon. So Nikolay first begins to doubt the veracity of the statements of Ptolemy.
- Three years later, Copernicus returns to Poland. Just as after the first education, it remains without a scientific degree. Returning to the place of service, the brothers are asking for an additional delay in order to end education. Having consent, in 1503 Nikolai receives the degree of Dr. Canonical Law. Passing during this time training medicine, Copernicus remains in Italy and is engaged in medicine.
Merit in science
Three years of medical practice, Copernicus goes to his homeland, where he works at uncle and trusted and Lekarem. After the death of the bishop, the nephew moves into small townwhere continues to work in the church and scientific observations.
By making an observatory in the Tower of Fortress, the astronomer continues to be alone, without accepting help. By the thirtieth year, the XVI century Copernicus completes its work, determining that the Earth per year makes turn around the sun, and the day around his axis.
Being a fantastic idea, this thought has spread the news about Astronomer throughout Europe. Negative response to the bold thought did not follow. However, the publication of the book the scientist did not hurry, hoping to double-check his ideas and observations. The check took about forty years, in 1543 the greatest work of the master was published. At this time, Copernicus could no longer be happy. because he was in a coma.
Death of scientist
Nikolai Copernicus passed away after two months spent in a coma. The death of the scientist has come in spring 1543 due to the suffered stroke.
Until 2005, Copernicus's grave was unknown. The remains of the greatest astronomer were found randomly, as a result of archaeologists of excavations. Their authenticity is established by the results of DNA examination. Five years later, the remains of Copernicus buried in the Cathedral of the city of Farombork.
Name: Nikolai Copernicus
State: Poland
Field of activity: The science. Astronomy
Today, a lot of attention is paid to the sciences. But it was not always so. It is difficult to imagine how scientists lived a few centuries ago - especially in Catholic countries, where the church tried to prevent excessive educational education. If the doctrine went wrong with the heads of churchings, scientists were cruelly punished - lucky if they would simply be expelled from the city. But alive! But many graduated from their lives on the fire, like heretics and loafers.
The most interesting thing in this is that their teachings were faithful (in 19-20 centuries the theory of Middle Ages found confirmation). Special attention was paid to astronomy - in antiquity (for example, c), the priests knew that the earth was round and rotated around the sun. But with the arrival of new times, these knowledge tried to erase from memory. Nikolai Copernicus, the Great Polish Astronomer, proved that all the theories of antiquity were true. He is probably the only one who died by his death for such "heretical" views. But about everything more.
early years
Nikolai Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland, about 100 miles south of Danzig. He belonged to a merchant family. The most interesting thing is in the origin of the future scientist - many consider it to be Pole (in principle fairly). But biographers and historians cannot find a single document written on the face of Copernicus in Polish. Mother was a German by origin, father - Pole from Krakow (but again it is unclear). The family had three more children - son and two daughters.
Nikolai entered Krakow University in 1491, where he studied for three years - until 1494. There he studied the basic objects - mathematics, theology, literature. But truly attracted astronomy. Although he did not attend classes on this subject, Copernicus began to collect books on astronomy (especially concerning the study of the universe) in the student years.
At the end of study, without having received any title, Copernicus returned to his hometown in 1494. In 1496, the efforts of his uncle, he became a canonik (priest) in Frauenburg, remaining in this post to the end of his life. To continue learning family Council It was decided to send a young young man to Italy, in Bologna, where Copernicus and went to study the canonical right.
In Bologna, Copernicus fell under the influence of Domenico Maria Di Novars, an astronomer who gained fame in his homeland. In 1500, he moved to Rome to continue the study of astronomy. Note that it was not possible to get a scientific degree from Copernicus. In 1503, in another city - Ferrara - he was able to finally pass the exams and become a doctor of canonical law. The next three years he studies medicine at the University of Paduan.
Copernicus World System
In 1506, he returns to Poland for a sad reason. His uncle fell ill. For several years, Nikolai was engaged in astronomical research and was a personal doctor of his uncle. Since 1512, Nikolai begins to work as a priest in a small town of Frozbork. However, in parallel, continued to study the sky and comprehend the Astronomylas.
Just during these years, a full-fledged picture of the universe device is gradually folded. Copernicus is thinking about writing a treatise. The basis was the so-called heliocentric system. Copernicus in a sense was lucky - the church at first did not pursue him for such statements (probably they did not look heretical). After some time, astronomy lovers in the hands there was a small treatise "a small comment on the heavenly spheres".
It was a list of seven axioms (truths), each of which pointed out a feature characteristic of the heliocentric system. The third principle, in particular, declared:
"All spheres rotate around the Sun, as it is a central point, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe."
Despite the fact that the treatise did not enjoy wide popularity, friends and colleagues of the scientist believed that Nikolai was percent percent. Still, he had a talent. Gradually, the fame of the young Astronomer spread not only in Poland itself, but beyond its borders - Copernicus was invited to universities as a consultant to the Lateran Council, where an astronomer's opinion was necessary to compile a new calendar.
Copernicus worked a lot - after all, the Canon's position implied not only churchhood, but also various legal problems, as well as administrative, medical, financial affairs. However, those who have criticized Nicholas theory were also. Among them - Martin Luther, who considered Copernicus "Fool, able to turn the concept of astronomy from legs on his head." The papal throne has not paid much attention to the treatise - probably because Nikolay has exposed his thoughts on the heliocentric system carefully. Despite this, there were many gaps and inaccuracies in his treatise (also in theory). That however, did not prevent the book to become desktop for many subsequent generations of astronomers.
Death and Glory
Nikolai Copernicus died on May 24, 1543 from complications after stroke. He was about 70 years old - a very old age at that time. A few hours before death, he received the first printed version of his book. Unfortunately, a thousand copies were not sold out, and the reissue was only three times.
But this circumstance does not make the Copernicus treatise less valuable - after his death, he was listed (finally the church decided to somehow punish the scientist who was still) in the register forbidden, however, only for 4 years. Then the book was released again, but the heliocentric system was removed, leaving only mathematical calculations.
Nevertheless, the glory of Nikolai Copernicus, as one of the leading astronomers of the Middle Ages, lives today. Along with other famous names.
Polish scientist Nikolai Copernicus is famous for the fact that he managed to "stop the sun and move the land." His teaching about the heliocentric system of the structure of the world was an epochable discovery, which made a coup in natural science and challenged supporters of church dogmas. It should not also forget that this revolutionary teaching was created in the Middle Ages era, when all the advanced and progressive perceived, as a blow to religion and was pursued by the Inquisition.
Childhood
In the Polish town of Torun, located on the picturesque bank of the Vistula River, February 19, 1473 in the family of Nikolai Copernica-senior and Barbara Vatsenrod, son was born, which was named by Nikolai.
His father was from the healing merchant kind, and he himself was a successful merchant, and his mother was from the famous and rich burgher family: her father was the chairman of the city court, and the brothers - famous diplomats and politicians.
Nikolay was the most younger child In the family of Copernists, where, besides him, the older brother of Angey and two sisters were Ekaterina and Barbara. The future of Astronomy's luminaire was only 10 years old when the plague claimed the life of his father, and after six years she did not and mother.
Under the care of uncle
After the death of the parents, their uncle, Luka Vatzenrod, who was a rather influential person - a bishop, a diplomat and state Worker. Uncle was an outstanding person, although the character had a cruel and domineering, but the nephews were treated with warmth and love. Luka Vatzenrod was famous for his education and readiness, so nephews tried to instill a desire to learn.
IN primary school, which worked at the Church of St. Yana, Copernicus got primary education. To continue studying, 15-year-old Nikolai had to be in the Cathedral School of Wloclawsk.
On the way to a scientist
In 1491, both brothers Copernicus on the Recommendation of the Uncle for further learning Chose Krakow University, the level of teaching in which was famous for the whole of Europe. The brothers signed up at the Faculty of Free Arts, where physics, mathematics, medicine, theology, astronomy and the theory of music were taught. The learning process at the university was organized in such a way as to develop critical thinking in students, the ability to compare, compare, observe and draw conclusions, besides, the university had a good instrumental base. It was at that time that Copernicus became interested in such a science as an astronomy, which became his hobby for life.
After studying three years in Krakow, the brothers did not have time to get a university diploma. In order to provide nephews to a hazardous existence, uncle in 1495 invites them to run for the post of canonikov in the Cathedral of Frochbork, and for this it causes them to go home to Torun. However, this place Copernicus failed to get, and the main reason was the lack of a diploma about the end of the university.
In 1496, Nikolai Copernicus and his older brother left for Italy to continue his studies at the University of Bologna. This time they chose the Faculty of Law. But Uncle did not leave his attempts to arrange the future of nephews. When vacant places were released again the next time, he, using all his influence, achieved that young men were chosen by canonics. The brothers received not only well-paid posts, but also official holidays for 3 years to end their studies in Italy.
In Bologna, Nikolay studied jurisprudence, but did not forget about his beloved astronomy. He conducts joint observations with the famous astronomer Domenico Mario Di Novara. Later, in his famous treatise, Copernicus will rely on 27 own observations, the first of which he made during his stay in Bologna. Three years, released for training, ended, and had to return to the place of service in Fromibork, but did not receive a scientific degree from Copernicus. Therefore, Nikolai and his brother got a vacation again to complete their studies. This time the Padan University was chosen, famous for his medical faculty. It was there that Copernicus acquired fundamental knowledge that allowed him to become a qualified physician. In 1503, Nicholas at the University of Ferrara, passing the external exams, received a doctoral degree.
For almost 10 years he lasted his training in Italy, and by 33 years old Copernicus became an educated specialist in the field of mathematics, rights, astronomy and medicine.
Priest, doctor, administrator, scientist
In 1506, he returns to his homeland. It was during this period that the understanding and development of postulates on the Heliocentric system of the structure of the world was launched.
For almost a year, Nikolai regularly performed the duties of the canonika in the Cathedral of Frochbork, then began to work as an adviser to uncle. Bishop Watzenrode very much wanted to see the nephew with his successor, but for diplomatic and state activities he did not have the necessary activity and ambiguity.
In 1512, Bishop Watzenrode died, and Copernicus had to leave the Galesberg Castle and again return to the duties of canonika in the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin in the Firombork. Despite numerous spiritual duties, Copernicus does not forget about his scientific research about the device of the universe.
From 1516 to 1519, Nikolai worked as the manager of the chassions of the Chapter in a penny and Olsztyn. After the term of his powers expired, he returned to Fromibork in the hope of devoting all his time astronomical observations. But the war with the crusaders made the plans of the astronomer: he had to lead the defense fortress of Olsztyn, since all members of the Kapitula and the bishop himself escaped. In 1521, Nikolai is appointed Commissioner of Warmia, and in 1523 - the General Administrator of this region.
The scientist was a versatile person: he was successfully engaged in administrative, economic and economic affairs of the diocese, led medical practice, on his project in Poland introduced a new coin system, he participated in the construction of hydraulic and water supply facilities. Copernicus, like mathematics and astronomer, invited to take part in the reform of the Julian calendar.
Scientist who stopped the sun and moved the earth
After 1531, Copernicus, who was about 60 years old, left all the administrative posts. He was engaged only by healing and astronomical studies.
By this time, he was absolutely convinced of the heliocentric structure of the world, which outlined in the manuscript "a small comment on the hypotheses belonging to heavenly movements." His hypothesis denied the theory of ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy, which existed for almost 1500 years. According to this theory in the center of the universe, the Earth restned motionlessly, and all the planets, including the sun, rotated around it. Although the teaching of Ptolemy could not explain many astronomical phenomena, but the church for many centuries supported the inviolability of this theory, since she quite sat down. But the Copernicus could not be content with one hypotheses, he needed more fun arguments, but to prove the correctness of his theory in practice in those days it was very difficult: the telescopes were not, and the astronomical instruments were primitive. The scientist, watching the sky, made the conclusions about the wrongness of the theory of Ptolemy, and with the help of mathematical calculations convincingly proved that all planets, including the Earth, rotate around the Sun. The church could not accept the teachings of Copernicus, as it destroyed the theory about the divine origin of the universe. The result of its 40 summer studies Nikolai Copernicus outlined in labor "On the rotation of the heavenly spheres", which, thanks to the efforts of his student of Joachim Riset and the like-minded people, Tideman Giza, was published in Nuremberg in May 1543. The scientist himself was already sick at this time: he suffered a stroke, as a result of which the right half of the body was paralyzed. On May 24, 1543, after another hemorrhage, the Great Polish Astronomer's scientist died. They say that already on the mortal coopernist, still managed to see his book printed.
The great scientist in life was not persecuted by the Inquisition, but his theory was declared them as heresy, and the book is prohibited.
It is impossible to definitely say who Copernicus. It is believed that this is a theorist, astronomer, a humanist who lived from 1473 to 1543. It is an estimated creator of the modern theory of the planetary device, according to which the sun is in the center. However, information about his life and activity is highly contradictory, which does not allow unambiguously to answer the question: "Who is Copernicus?" There is a high probability that it was a fake face. The name of Copernicus, in addition, could designate a whole group of innovators in the field of astronomy, which were hidden from persecution. However, we will present the official biography of this science figure. You will learn who is Copernicus, according to the most common version. Sometimes there are several popular versions, and then we will bring them all.
Date of birth, Copernicus origin
Nikolai Copernicus, according to Polish historians of the 19th century, was born in 1473, February 2. This event occurred in the Prussian city of Thorn (modern Toruni, Poland). According to the astrological calculations of the Galilee and Kepler teacher (M. Mastina), he was born at 4 h. 48 min. In the afternoon on February 19, 1473, this date repeats most of the scientific sources of modernity.
Father of the future scientist is his namesque. There are a lot of versions of one who is such a Copernicus-senior and what he did. He was either a merchant or a peasant or a doctor or a brewer or a bullshnik. This man came from Krakow to Torun around 1460. In Toruni, Father Nikolai became a respected man. He served many years by elected urban judge. In addition, he was a carrier of the honorary title "Brother Terciari" (a worldly assistant to this order of the monks).
What does the surname Copernicon mean?
It is impossible to say exactly what the surname Copernicus means, but historians believe that in the family of Nicholas, distant ancestors were merchants of copper (Latin copper - "Cuprum"). Another version - the surname comes from the name of the villages in Silesia, having the same name. Presumably, they received their name from the dill, which agreed in the vicinity (in Polish Dill - "Koper"). However, the exact location of these villages is unknown. Polish historians for the first time discovered this name in Krakow documents belonging to 1367. It is known that later its carriers were artisans of various professions, among whom are a medical officer, Kamenotes, gunsmith, banker, watchman.
The fate of relatives Nikolai
Nikolai Copernicus-senior in Torun married Vatzenrode Vatzaren, daughters of the court chairman. It is believed that the wedding took place until 1463. Four children were born in the family. Nikolai was younger of them.
In Poland and today they indicate the house where Nikolai Copernicus was allegedly born, whose biography interests us. This building presented in the photo below, at the end of the 18th century, became the object of pilgrimage of many Poles. Stucco and bricks from it are national relics that are stored in museums.
Children in the family of Copernists studied in their hometown, where they got a good education. Andrei, the elder brother, born around 1464, accompanied Nikolai everywhere almost until his death (he died in 1518 or 1519). He helped him in school and religious career. In 1512, Andrei fell ill with leprosy, and after a few years A. Copernicus died. Briefly tell about the fate of our hero's sisters. The first, Varvara, was tonsured to the monks in Kulm. She died around 1517. And Catherine went to Krakow with her husband, a merchant Bartolomeum Gertner. After that, its traces are lost. And what about our hero, Nikolai Copernicus? Biography and its discoveries are worthy of detailed study. First we will tell about the life path of Nikolai Copernicus, and then - about his achievements.
Death of parents, worry uncle
In 1483, the father of Nicholas from a vehicle disease died (presumably, plague). Mother died in 1489. After her death, Luka Vatzenrod, Mother's brother, became taken care of the family (in the photo below). He was the canonik of the local diocese, and after a while he became her bishop. This man was formed by that time. He was a Master of Krakow as well as a doctor in another university - Bologna.
Training of the brothers Nikolai and Andrei
Soon they went in the footsteps of their uncle Andrei and Nikolai Copernicus. The biography of our hero continues a long period of learning. After graduating from the city school (about 1491), the brothers went to the University of Yagellon. Nikolai and Andrei chose the faculty of free arts. In that educational institution They joined the humanism, spreading at that time. The university allegedly has even preserved a certificate, testifying to pay for training (for 1491) Nikolaus Copernikus. Having studied 3 years of Latin, astronomy, mathematics and other sciences, the brothers decided to leave Krakow without receiving a diploma. Perhaps they made such a decision due to the fact that at the University in 1494 the Scholastic Party defeated the representatives of which belonged to the Hungarian earthworks.
Brothers choose to places canonikov
Andrei and Nikolai intended to continue their studies in Italy. However, uncle, who by this time became Bishop Ermelands, was not for this extra money. He advised nephews to take the places of canonikov (members of the governmental capitula) in the subordinate to him the diocese in order to get a salary required for distant travel and learning abroad. However, this plan was not immediately implemented - he prevented the lack of diplomas. Even strong protection did not help. Nevertheless, the brothers in 1496 still went to study on lawyers in the University of Bologna. They were chosen in absentia to the places of canoniki in 1487, with the provision of salary, as well as 3-year holidays to continue their education.
Continuing training in the University of Bologna
He studied not only the right, but also an astronomy scientist Nikolai Copernicus. The biography of this time is marked with a familiarity with Dominica Maria Di Navar. This is a teacher of the University of Bologna, a well-known astrologer of that time. Copernicus, whose biography can be recreated only on the basis of indirect sources, in the future book, as if mentioned by astronomical observations, which he jointly spent with his teacher. The University of Bologna Nikolai learned the Greek language, which was rather popular among the humanists, but caused suspected heresy from Scholast Catholics. In addition, he loved painting - a picture has been preserved, which is considered a copy made by Copernicus of the autoportist.
Reading lectures in Rome, learning medicine
The brothers lectured in Bologna 3 years, again without receiving a diploma. According to historians, Nikolai's short time worked as a teacher of mathematics in Rome, reading at the same time and astronomical lectures to Alexander VI Bordja, Roman dad, as well as Italian scientists. However, there is no evidence of this opinion.
Brothers in 1501 returned to Frauenburg for a short time, to the place of service. They wanted to ask for a delay to continue learning. Having received her, the brothers went to study medicine to the Padan University. They stayed here until 1506 and again did not receive a diploma. However, in 1503, the brothers passed the exams externally in Ferrars University and became doctors of law.
Return to the Motherland, the service of the bishop
Copernists in 1506 returned to their homeland after graduation. Nicholas for this time was already 33 years old, and Andrei - 42. At that time, he was considered normal to receive diplomas at this age. Moreover, many scientists recognized in the scientific community (for example, Gallile) did not have diplomas. It did not prevent all of them to receive professorial departments.
Nikolai Copernicus after the year of service by the Canonik in Fromibork became an adviser to the bishop (his uncle), and then the Chancellor of the Diocese. He helped his relative to fight the Teutonic Order, which was headed in 1511 Albrecht von Gogenzollerne, his future renegade. Helped Nikolai and in negotiating with Sigismund I, the Polish king, who was Uncle Albrecht. It is believed that Luka Watzelrod wanted to make his successor from Nicholas. However, he did not have sufficient activity and ambition for this kind of activity.
Moving to Franburg
Copernicus at this time began to create an astronomical theory. In February 1512, Bishop Luka Watzelrode died. From this time the ceremony is ends. The Bishop's Department occupies Fabian Losainen, a single-handler brothers in the Bologna University. Nikolay has to leave Lidzbarg. N. Copernicus returns to Frauenburg, where it becomes a canonon of the cathedral. Tideman Giza, his supporter and friend becomes the Chancellor of the Diocese. However, the duties of Nicholas are not very aggravated. His jurisdiction was economic affairs and tax collection. At about this time, his brother Andrei misses the leprosy and decides to go to Italy.
Copernicus becomes famous
Continues Copernicus Astronomy's classes. The scientist acquires in this field as wondering in the late 15th century. Lectures are becoming very popular, Alexander VI Bordjia visits them, as well as Nikolai Da Vinci. Historians note that Dad Lev X in 1514 asked the scientist that he thinks about calendar reform. Nikolai Copernicus outlined his opinion in a letter to Pavel Middelburgsky, a papal curator of this issue. He advised to postpone this idea for a while, as long as he completed the creation of his theory (over which, by the way, Copernicus worked for 30 years). However, written evidence proving it is not detected.
Nicholas Copernicus in the fall of 1516 elected Tidemanna Giza. He becomes the management of southern possessions belonging to the Varmy Diocese. And Giza since that time holds the position of the Kulm bishop. Copernicus in connection with the new appointment moves for 4 years in Olsztyn. Here he is forced to engage in military craft - the troops of the Teutonic Order attack Warmia and capture it part. And once they precipitate even the residence of the Copernicus itself. Nikolai returns to Fromibork in 1521, after the world was concluded with the Teutonic Order.
First treatise, sentences for coin reform
It is believed that it was then that he created his first treatise called "Small Comment". This essay made his theory known in a narrow circle. Copernicus proposals on Prussia mint reform are referred to 1528. It was then that he outlined them on Elblog's Sejm.
Copernicus charged
The Varmy Bishop after the death of Ferbra, held in 1537, becomes Johann Dentisk, a former humanist and epicurez. Subsequently, he became Hanga and Retrograd, and precisely because of this I made a religious career. Many distress and trouble delivered to Copernicus his board. Dentisisk would seem to blame Nikolai in immoral cohabitation with Anna Shilling, married housekeeper. A woman as if a special decree of the bishop was banned from emerging in fromborg, as this dangerous person seduced by the "honorable astronomer".
Last years of life, death
I. Retic arrives at Copernicus in 1539 to study his theory. After some time, he published a book where it was presented new theoryAnd then published the book of his teacher.
Copernicus died on May 24, 1543. Death came after stroke and caused by paralysis of the right half of the body. In 1655, Pierre Gassendi wrote a biography, according to which his friends have invested the original of his book in the cold-wear hands. Nicholas, as modern historians consider, buried in the Frozbork Cathedral (it is presented above). In 1581, opposite his grave was installed with a portrait, and a monument to Nikolai is located near the cathedral.
Acts of Nicholas
N. Copernicus is known, first of all, as the creator of heliocentric theory. However, they are attributed to the many other classes inherent in gifted and highly educated humanists of that time. We describe the main opening of Copernicus briefly.
Translation from Greek
In 1509, Nikolai, who owned perfectly greek tongue, Translated into Latin an essay of 6 or 7 V. BC e. "Moral, rural and love letters of the eeofilakt simocatts, scholastic." It is believed that the creator of this work was the last historian who belongs to the ancient tradition. Unfortunately, it is not known whether this translation was published, but the text is known. Interestingly, historians report that this correspondence with historical and mythical persons is filled with anachronism and nothing outstanding out of themselves. However, the "boring" rubble "for some reason delighted Copernicus, inspired Nicholas for the translation. He dedicated his work to uncle. In addition, the heirs of the business of Nicholas have been published and other writings of the oofilakt scholasticism.
Cartography classes
And in this field, Copernicus left his mark. He created a map of Prussia, which, unfortunately, was not preserved. Using the independently parallactic ruler made of spruce cones, Nikolai determined up to 3 "Littleness of Frauenburg. These wands called" Triculwright "are today in Krakow University. According to historians' scientists, at the end of the 16th century. This precious relic Ghanov , Varmy Bishop, passed quietly Brage through Elias Olai Cymbert, the student of the latter.
Other Copernica classes
During the control period of the lands of Warmia (from 1516 to 1520), Nikolay Copernicus mastered the craft of a commander, a military engineer and administrator. Its classes of public finances refer to the end of 1520-s. In addition, they write that Nikolai was a glorified doctor, he treated for free craftsmen and peasants. The opening of Copernicus allegedly includes the invention to them sandwiches.
"Small comment"
In the three writings, the astronomical works of Nikolai Copernicus are set out. Two of them were published only in the 19th century. The first essay is the "Small Comment", in which the theory of Nicholas is briefly set. A copy of this manuscript was found in the Vienna Court Library in 1877 or 1878. And after a few years, in 1881, the same notebook was discovered with the records of Copernicus itself. It consists of 16 sheets and was found at the University of Ustrash, in his library. However, sometimes reported that it was discovered in Stockholm.
"Epistle Copernicus against Werner" and "about the appeals of the heavenly spheres"
"Possession of Copernicus against Werner" - the second on time to the essay of Nicholas on astronomy. This is his letter Bernard Vapovsky, the abbot of the Krakow Cathedral. The work is in doubly, as the author's chronological arguments are presented, which are based on the analysis of the precession of stars in accordance with medieval and antique sources. In 1543, the main book of Copernicus "On the appeals of the heavenly spheres" was printed. The place of publishing this labor indicate that Regensburg, then Nuremberg. It contains the results of the observations of the author, as well as a catalog of 1025 stars, self-compiled by him.
Copernicus theory
The ideas of this scientist were very bold for their time. The world of Copernicus radically differed from the generally accepted views of his predecessors and contemporaries. Nikolay dropped the geocentric that he created Ptolemy. At that time it was a bold step, since this model was rarely questioned. It was supported very influential at the time the Catholic Church. According to it, the center of the Universe is the Earth, and the sun, the sphere of fixed stars and all the planets rotate around it. The heliocentric system of Copernicus radically dispersed with this ideas. The scientist believed that the Earth, as well as other planets, moves around the sun. Nikolai noted that the movement of the heavenly arch, which we observe during the day is a consequence of the movement of our planet around the axis. The opening of Copernicus is presented to them in the work "about the appeals of the heavenly spheres", which was published in the year of his death. The book in 1616 banned the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, new ideas steadily punched their way. The discovery made by Nikolai gave a powerful impetus to natural science. Many scientists subsequently appealed to him.
So, we set out the biography and discoveries of Nikolai Copernicus briefly. As you understand, there is only a certain degree of probability that certain facts from his life is true. Recalling the biography of people living long before us is always not easy. However, we tried to set out the most likely information about such a person as Copernicus. The biography and its discoveries are still subject to the study of historians. Perhaps after a while they will be able to get more accurate information.