Casting products from silver. Casting from silver and gold to order

• from our raw materials. Mandatory condition when casting from non-ferrous metals, as their price is always included in the cost of the service. Also, at the request of the client when working with silver, we can use our material;
• from davalic raw materials. Required when casting from gold. In this case, the transmitted raw materials must match the row of strict requirements. If the client requires casting from silver, it can provide his metal if necessary.

• "From the gum" - is a combination of casting into metal and creating wax models from any molds manufactured by the company's specialists or the customer provided by the client, including non-standard sizes;
• "With a 3D file" - a combination of 3D prototyping and casting into a metal. The choice of a prototyping method is determined on the basis of the specifics of the further manufacture of modulated products, the recommendations of the technologist and the wishes of the client.

The casting of jewelry is formally one of the varieties of casting in the smelted models. At the same time, the jewelry cast has a number of specific features and represents one of the leading directions of artistic casting. Therefore, the authors of the textbook found it possible to devote to him a separate chapter.

The high quality of the surface and the accuracy of the playback of the openwork pattern is ensured by using elastic rubber molds, fine-dispersed molding materials on plaster binding, forced filling forms with metal.

In the CIS countries by the leading developer and manufacturer of specialized equipment for the production of jewelry, the Design Bureau of SCTB-6 JSC "Russian Gems" (St. Petersburg).

8.1 Master Models

The first stage of the serial manufacture of the jewelry is to receive a master model. The artist sculpts or cuts it out of thermoplastic materials (Table 8.1).

The composition of the materials subjected to mechanical processing includes paraffin, shellated wax, ethylene copolymer with vinyl acetate, ceresin.

Materials for modeling include a massacre, rosin, paraffin, oxidized polyethylene wax.

The wax model manufactured by the artist passes the whole cycle of technological operations required to obtain a master model (see ch. 7). Master models of jewelry castings are usually manufactured

heat from copper-based alloys (bronze, brass, nezilber). Sometimes the master model is coated with an electroplating method of a corrosion-resistant alloy "Tin nickel".

8.2 Elastic molds

In the manufacture of jewelry, a complex configuration with particularly thin elements use elastic molds from special vulcanized rubber. For this billet from raw model rubber, they are laid in a metal clip. Master model, internal cavities of which are filled with slices of raw rubber,

place on the prepared layer. The remaining rubber blanks are laid on top of the model. Then insert the punch into the clip. Course is placed in a vulcanization press.

Vulcanization occurs at a temperature of 150-160 ° C for 30-45 minutes. The temperature is maintained in the set limits automatically.

Desktop small-sized vulcanization press D159 (Fig. 8.1) consists of two heating plates, traverse, fixed on two columns, a screw pair with a flywheel, thermostat system.

Specifications Press D159

Nominal force of pressing covers of molds, KN

(no less) ............................ 5

Size of heating plates, mm ............... 110x140

Maximum distance between the stoves, mm ....... 70

Maximum heating temperature of plates, ° C ........ 175

Temperature control error, ° С ....... ± 5

Power supply voltage, in ................ 220

Power consumption, kW (no more) ........... 0.8

Vulcanization time, min ................... 30-45

Mass press, kg (no more) .................. 22

In addition to the press D159, SCTB-6 has developed a vulcanization press PV-1 with the size of the heating plates 142x172 mm.

After cooling in the water, the rubber press form with the master model sealed in it is cut, forming a complex relief of the connector so that when receiving wax models, exclude the displacement of the halves relative to each other. In some cases, additional liners are cut out, which facilitate the extraction of the waist. To improve the filling of thin cross sections in the cavity, the molds are made of impositions.

Rubber used for the manufacture of molds should not cause the master model corrosion, do not adhere to the model composition and have high physical and mechanical properties (elasticity, elasticity, etc.).

These requirements correspond materials based on polar rue and a mixture of ski-3 rubber, which has high elasticity, with polar butadiene-nitrile rubber.

Rubber for the manufacture of molds In addition to rubbers include filler (silica dioxide, Titanium Belil, soot, etc.), plasticizer (paraffin and oil oils), a vulcanizing agent.

Phalcanics of organic compounds can be used as a vulcanizing agent (Table 8.2).

ScP-40m rubber-based rubber are sufficiently high elasticity and elasticity, but differ in high hardness. They provide high quality surfaces of products, almost do not adhere to the model composition and can be used in the manufacture of massive products. Rubber based on Mixture of SKI-3 rubber and butady-n-nitrile rubber are not inferior from the physico-mechanical properties of imported rubber "Gold Label".

For the manufacture of shallow plastics and souvenir and gift products, you can use a rubber non-buckled mixture of LPO "Red Triangle", which has the following properties:

Conditional strength at break, MPa, not less ......... 12

Relative extension at break,%, not less ....... 750

Residual deformation after gap,%, no more ....... 20

Hardness TM-2, SL. units, no more .................. 42

These properties are provided with the following vulcanization mode: temperature 150 ± 5 ° С,time 45 ± 5 min, pressure 10 MPa.

In the manufacture of jewelry, a relatively simple configuration and souvenir-gift products are also widely used by molds from Vissynta - rubber sealant. At the same time, the best indicators are achieved in the case of the use of SALOV-SALOVA GEETS VSSINT U-1-18, which manifests the following properties:

Vitality, h ............................ 0.5-6.0

Conditional strength at break, MPa, not less ....... 2.1

Relative extension at break,%, not less ..... 160

Sherry hardness, SL. units. .................... 50-60

For the manufacture of vissant molds, U-1 paste is used and catalyst No. 18. The paste is thoroughly stirred with a catalyst and brush apply to a metal master model. On 100 mass parts of Paste U-1, it is necessary to take 0.4 mass parts of the catalyst No. 18. The duration of the vulcanization is 72 hours at a temperature of 25 ° C.

After the vulcanization of the first layer it is covered with a marble gasket for hardening the walls of the mold and apply the following layer. The number of layers depends on the configuration of the master model and is selected by an experimental way.

To obtain high-quality silver or gold products, you need to create a Christmas tree. Yes, yes, this is not an error, because it is so called jewelers a workpiece used for casting. She received her name thanks to appearance, because it resembles a fir tree sticking to the sides, on which the rings, pendants or wax earrings "grow".

Wax prototypes are rather fragile, so the assembly of such a "tree" needs marginal care and caution. Models ready for casting come to the foundry, where they are truly magical transformation into real jewelry.

Step number 1. Production of foundry

There is such a profession - a founder. It is he who performs the casting of jewelry. Its primary task is the manufacture of a special form, that is, forming.

For this, the looveder needs an ocean - a metal cylinder with a rubber base. The wax tree is placed in it, and all the free space around it is flooded with a molding mass of finely discovered refractories, various additives and water. Whipped to homogeneous mass, it fills out all empties, and the remaining air goes to the process of sealing it on the vibrotole.

The founder puts the OPUCE into the furnace and calculates it in two or three approaches at a temperature of 900-1000 ° C, carrying out technological exposure in the intervals. When melting the wax, emptiness remains, which are subsequently filled with topics, or other precious metal.

Step number 2. Metal Pouring

For the casting of jewelry, the loantery needs one more important equipment - installation of centrifugal casting. It allows you to get high quality open-walled openwork castings.

Installation has two containers. In this case, one of them is designed to load the metal, and the second is to accommodate the cooled cylinder of the opoks. A vacuum is created in the inner space due to air pumping, the place of which is occupied by helium.

After smelting, the metal, under the influence of the centrifugal force, falls into the whole, where it takes all the emptiness that the wax has previously occupied. At the end of the procedure, the form is removed from the casting installation and cooled first with a powerful air flow, and after - water. At the same time, washing out the wrinkled molding mass.

Step number 3. Bringing to the Condition

As a result of the casting, a Christmas tree turns out, but not wax, but already from silver or gold. It passes a thorough cleaning from the remains of refractory composition, drying out, and then the billets of jewelry are neatly cut off.

By the way, the jewelry casting of some products can be done directly with the phyanites. Inserts are not damaged if correctly adjust the effect of exposure.

It remains to weigh the resulting workpieces and send them to the finishing processing to give a perfect species.

Casting jewelry is a universal method that helps our craftsmen to create real masterpieces worthy of even the principles of royal blood.

Casting on the models of jewelry production

Introduction

Chapter 1. Materials and Tools

1 Jeweler's workplace

2 Tools and equipment for the work of jewelry

3 Safety technique with manual manufacture of jewelry

Chapter 2. Casting for payment models in jewelry

1 Molding Molding Molding

2 3D Jewelry Modeling

3 FORMOMASS, Christmas Trees

4 types of casting

5 Centrifugal casting

6 Vacuum cast

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

jewelry Casting Centrifugal Vacuum

Introduction

Jewelry is known since the times of deep antiquity. The man, having met the gold on his way, was fascinated by his beauty, struck by the ability to maintain solar color and glitter in any conditions, easy to succumb to processing; Using these amazing metal qualities in combination with harmony of lines and forms, a person has created one of the inimitable species of folk artistic creativity.

At first, for the manufacture of jewelry, a person used only gold, then gradually began to use silver, precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, amber, and in our days and grown in special installations, which are not inferior from external characteristics and physicochemical properties by natural: emerald , grenade, turquoise, opal, malachit, etc.

Jewelry created by masters are designed to serve not only as decorations and household items; They are able to carry an educational principle: satisfy the aesthetic needs of a person, to form his artistic taste and culture, awakening interest in creativity. Jewelry in Russia arose from time immemorial. The most important in the history of its development are the following stages: Jewelry art of Kievan Rus, jewelry in Russia in the XVI, XVII centuries, jewelry XVIII, XIX centuries, jewelry in the Soviet period. The centers of Russian jewelry creativity at various times were Kievan Rus, Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Novgorod, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma, Kazan, Kaluga, Vologda, Great Ustyug, Moscow, Petersburg, a number of Ural cities. Jewelers of Kievan Rus were famous for gold products with enamel with a laid and septo. For this time, such decorations like boilers have been characteristic of two sides to a female head desire, Barma - precious devils painted images of a religious nature, hollow earrings in the form of crescent, hryvnia - neck decorations in the form of a hoop, pendants from twisted gold threads, Beads of all kinds of species. Mobile, grains, enamel, scan (filigree), chasing, carving, gilding were successfully used in the decor. The main motive of the ornamentation of products is clearly stylized plant forms.

Similar ornamentation style, but more accurately reflective living nature, has been preserved in the jewelry products of Russia XVI, XVII centuries, although their form, dimensions, decor are talking about changing the living conditions and life of Russian people: products have become deocratic and to a much greater extent than Previously, the characteristic features of their time were displayed (significantly less perseverance in the figure, concise and clearer, its idea and content).

The beginning of the second half of the XVIII century. For Masters-Jewelers, Russia was marked by the discovery, development and development of domestic fields of the Knenesotic raw materials. In 1688, the seeker Rud Mikhail Tumashev found in the Urals in the area of \u200b\u200bthe former CHURZIN SOCIETY SAFETY STONES: Agat, Topaz, etc. Soon the deposits of many other precious and semi-precious stones were opened, which began to be widely used in jewelry. And in the XV-XVII centuries. The most fashionable gems were an extraordinarily bright and elegant emerald, as well as cherry-red Almanandins and scarlet as a dawn of rubies and spinels. In those days, the jewelers loved to decorate their products with enamels of bright, saturated palettes, repeating the gamma of the colors of precious stones.

Chapter 1. Materials and Tools

1 Jeweler's workplace

Jeweler's workplace - workbench bundled with a chair-chair for seating (Attachment 1). Externally, the workbench is similar to a conventional one-flowing table with a segment cut (working cell) in the top plate-cover. The workbench consists of a frame, top plate or cover (countertops), pallet, retractable wooden boxes, a number of auxiliary devices. The size of the workbench (height x length x width) 900x1 YOOKH X700 mm. Each workplace is equipped with a chair-chair for a seating, rotating, adjustable in height, portable, be sure to with a rigidly fixed back.

Countertop. It is intended to be placed on it constantly some auxiliary devices and temporarily, to the required operation process, tools and devices. In order to avoid unnecessary losses of precious metals, the countertop must necessarily have a completely smooth, smooth surface, for which the top is separated by heat-resistant solid blocking plastic. Segment-like cutout (radius of 300-350 mm and a depth of 300 mm) in the table top is necessary for the unimpeded falling on the pallet; In addition, it seems to be delineated, determines the immediate work area, in the boundaries of which the jeweler performs almost the entire amount of work. To the end of the countertop (in the center, right in front of the working chair), the finagel is fixed - a wedge-shaped protrusion made of solid wood and extremely necessary (as focus) when performing operations of fueling, pipe dipping, shabry. In the process of collecting waste precious metals, the jeweler has to often remove and install the finagel again, so the nest holder must be executed in such a way as to remove and install the finagel can be performed easily, quickly and securely. Throughout the contour, excluding the immediate work area - a segmented cutout, a tabletop is trimmed (with a small bunch for the side) of a stainless steel strip. The side is necessary for detention of waste, and the absence of it in the working area allows the performer to easily and quickly fit the sawdust in the pallet. In order to prevent the possible drop in the processed parts or products to the floor, especially when shabbing, plastic fencing (left and back) should be installed on the edges of the table top (left and back).

Pallet. It is an opportunity for a jeweler to reduce to a minimum, prevent the loss of precious metals. At the time of operation on the pallet, the jeweler has products or parts (left - untreated, right - processed), as well as brushes for the sweeping of waste. Made pallet from a sheet corrosion-rack; installed directly under the working area; It has the form of a large scoop with an uninfected concave front part; Its edges for the safety of working plastic is covered.

The use of the pallet as a drawer is provided by the presence of guides. A special recess (cutout) in his face is made to ensure the most dense contact, the congenitivity between the pallet and the overalls of the working, which creates the conditions for the most complete waste in the pallet. Retractable boxes. There are only four of them. It is located in the first part of the workbench, in the Tombe under the tabletop. Boxes are designed to store the tool. To avoid mechanical damage to the tool, drawers are made of wood. In the first top of the box, the jewelers store stored, Nadfili, in the second - nippers, pliers, tweezers, scissors. In the third, the deepest - hammers, Righters, Finagel (pair tool). In the lower - overalls (bathrobe, slippers). Auxiliary devices. These include lighting lamp lamp, bormashin, flexible highways of parallel gas-air gaze with a burner holder. The lighting lamp lamp is needed to create such conditions for the lighting of the workplace, which would fully contribute to the productive and high-quality work of the jeweler. The lamp lamp is installed on the opposite of the worktop working edge. The position of the lamp lamp in vertical and horizontal planes can be freely adjusted due to the movable rack. The light from the lamp of the lamp should be soft and even, if possible, as a day, and fall to the working spot (Finagel area), and not at the workplace at all. The light is not allowed flickering or directed into the workshop. Bormina is a special mechanical tool for processing labor-intensive and hard-to-reach areas of products. Bormashin consists of an electric motor, a flexible drive hose, a foot rose and cutter. The principle of the "jewelry" bormer is almost the same as the bormets of the medical used in the dental offices. One end of the flexible hose is connected to the engine shaft, and the tip with a collet clip for fastening cutters is located on the other. The frequency of rotation of the borov is adjusted using a foot resor. The flex hose provides the work required operational space - installation of the tool in any position. Bormina hangs on a bar, which, in turn, is rigidly installed on the flange, fixed to the side (right) side of the countertop. Flexible highways of parallel gas-air grain with a burner holder are gas-air fittings complete with a burner. Such workbenches are equipped only where it provides for the possibility of soldering solders. In such a workbench there is a special panel located on the right of the jeweler over the drawers. On the panel - two handles. Above each of the handles is the appropriate inscription "Gas", "air". Rotating the handle towards the direction of the pointer and thus changing the pressure of the gas and air, support the constantly necessary temperature and dimensions of the burner flame. For supplying gas and air there are cranes. They are on the back of the workbench. A soldering on asbestos sheet is performed, tightly laid on a metal base with flames. A device for soldering under the tabletop on the guides is stored. The burner ignition is carried out either by alcohol, or from the flame of a special gas horn constantly burning. Frame of workbench. Perform welded metal, nonstationary. The nonstationarity of the framework of the workbench is achieved due to the fact that the legs below have rubber pads and pads. Such pads increase the stability of the workbench, exclude the damage of the floor, and most importantly, they significantly reduce, the vibrations are quenched, which is very important for the qualitative implementation of the mounting operations. From the side and back sides, the framework will be covered with steel sheets. A framework is designed to install all components of the workbench on it. Parts of the workbench, making up one integer - the workplace of the jeweler, are noticeably distinguishable by design and are intended, each separately, to perform unambiguous tasks in the general process of manufacturing jewelry. During this process, a number of similar on clearance, but very specific mounting operations (markings, flexible and editing, soldering, whitening, flexing, pipes, drilling, drilling, shabby, pins) and the use of the most different tools and fixtures are provided. During the work on the workbench of the jeweler, only what is needed at the moment are. The jeweler must ensure that the tool is always coming to work (not spoiled and did not fail), as well as for a service life, its timely sharpening and editing. The jeweler must constantly monitor the collection of waste of precious metals. Labor practices Jewelers shows that there are four main conditions for ensuring the most complete collection of waste of precious metals, the four main terms of the decrease in their losses: this is purity in the workplace, accuracy in the work of the artist, the good faith of the performer itself and, finally, scrupulous accounting. Waste collection is made by a jeweler as needed after the execution of each individual operation and be sure to leaving the workplace (lunch, another need), as well as after the completion of all works, at the end of the working day. The procedure for collecting such a thing: By doing the acquisition of the mounted products or parts and remove them into a special metal box, called more often, the worker will circulate the tool used in the work, especially carefully files and noodles; Then they swell into the pallet of sawdust from the countertops, the hands and clothes are shown. During the tool, hands and clothing should be carried out with a rigid brush; Slowness of sawdust from the tabletop and the dressing of the pallet is a soft brush or brush. With this brush-brush and jewelry scoop, waste from the pallet is then collected into a jar with a tightly closing lid, referred to as bix. Brushes and scrolls are always under the arms of the jeweler: brushes - at the right side wall of the pallet, the symots are in the opposite of the working part. Cars-bixes with waste are stored in a drawer-hollow. The waste of precious metals accumulated for the month is subjected to the remelting. The resulting ingot is weighed, registered in the journal of accounting and gives up to the pantry precious metals of the workshop. In the pantry precious metals, after the end of each working day, a sealed jewel box is given to the personal seal.

2 Tools and equipment for the production of jewelry

Line. (Appendix 2 (a)) Normal, only certainly a metallic length of 100-150 mm. The ruler's division scale should be clear, well visible. Not allowed notion of the working rib. A ruler is used when carrying out the necessary measurements, as well as when applied with a straight rice.

Calcircular, micrometer standard. Schunzirkul (Appendix 2 (b)) External and internal dimensions are measured, depth of holes and protrusions. The accuracy of measuring the caliper is higher than the ruler, because, firstly, the price of dividing its scale is more accurate (0.1 mm), and secondly, the caliper is denser and more reliably comes into contact with the measured object. Micrometer (Appendix 2 (B)) It is necessary to jeweler in cases where the special accuracy of the determined size is required, first of all when measuring the thickness of the workpieces or parts. Price division of micrometer scale 0.01 mm.

Marking Circle. Represents (Appendix 2 (d)) Two metal rods connected by a spring ring and a locking screw. The spring ring provides the working ends of the circulation the ability to move along, to diverge in different directions, and the locking screw is necessary to fix the distance between the rods. The work ends of the rods of the circula make pointed. A milling circular is used when dividing lines for segments, constructing angles, dividing the circle, designation of circles and arcs, as well as when transferring linear dimensions from the pattern to the material.

Nutromer and crown standard. Nutromer (Appendix 2 (e)) Measure the inner diameter of the product and parts, and the cronchirkul (Appendix 2 (e)) -external.

File. Applied in jewelry. Files differ in size, profile and notch. On the profile files are triangular, semicircular, round, flat, rhombic, bulk (Appendix 3 (a)). Jewelry files, in contrast to plumbers, as a rule, are sharp. The notch of the files is indicated by the numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The higher the number of notches, the smaller the tooth of the file. Files with a large notch (numbers 0, 1,2) are designed for preliminary (rough) lying, files with a smaller notch (numbers 3, 4, 5) - for the final (cleaner). Files are made of instrumental steels. To ensure the possibility of safe and convenient work on the shank of the file, a wooden handle is placed. Fillet. It differs from the file with a smaller cross section plane and the fact that the shank of the napfily is simultaneously the handle. Like a files, Nadfili (Appendix 3 (b)) differ in size, profile and notes. Profile Nootley - the most diverse. Nerdfili are trigger, wedge-shaped (knife), rhombic, flat, square, round, semicircular, diverse, groove, oval, needles. The notch of the nickname is indicated by numbers 1-6. Nadfils with a notch of numbers 1, 2, 3 are used in the roughing of the relief, contour, brazed connections. Nadfil with notch numbers 4-6 serve for finishing finishes: removal of small wrapping, handling of specks. They are attached to the handles with a collet or screw clip.

Rifel. Unlike most, the rifle superstilas have a shortened, curved work part of the double-screw, round and semicircular profiles with bends of various configurations: ring, two-phase, flavored. As a rule, at the rifel (Appendix 3 (B)) One-sided notch. Briffels are used for processing concave surfaces, bringing the inner surfaces of hollow products. Mill. Method of lying with the use of borders and a set of borov cutters (Appendix 3 (g))allows you to work faster and more productive. The most commonly applies the following cuts: conical, cylindrical, end, combined, ball, strip, shaped.

Lobzik or LobziStein. According to the design and the principle of action similar to the usual hacksaw (Appendix 3 (D)). Fixing the cutting cap and stabilization of it in the working position, as well as the removes are carried out by rotation in the one or the other side of the screw-lamb and clamping cheeks, which holds the surface of which risks-teeth are applied. The load size in length is freely adjustable and fixed with the guide and screw-lamb, which allows the use of a standard length in the operation of a standard length and shortened (broken). Pilking for the jigsaw is a certain length of the hardened wire of the rectangular cross section with an inclined-toothed notch on one face. The pill is attached to the direction of cutting teeth down, since the working position of the jigsaw is usually vertical. Drill. Consists of a working part and a shank (Appendix 4 (E)). The part of the working part in the form of a cone formed by the cutting edges is called the cutting, and the angle of this cone - the cooling angle of the drill. The optimal value of this angle when drilling the gold and silver alloys ranges from 125 to 140 °. Screw grooves available in the working part of the drill are necessary for passing, diverting sawdust. The shank serves to attach the drill in the spindle cartridge.

Scraper. Consists of a rod with the working part and handles (Appendix 4 (g)).The working part of the shabra (for safety reasons is very short - 20 mm) has three blades - three ribs formed by a triangular conical sharpening, an angle at the top of which is called the chamber sharpening angle. The shabras made of instrumental steels are made, differ from each other sizes and an angle of sharpening. The working part of the shabra is hardened.

Checkan. It is steel (made of alloy steel) rod with a length of 9 to 12 cm of round, square, rectangular, eight-marched sections. The working end of the check should be hardened, the middle part is not hardened and has thickening to increase stability in the work (when hitting) and reduce vibration. Checkan shank is placed relatively soft and viscous to protect it from flattering. There should be no sharp corners and faces on the working surface of Chekane, in order to exclude punching through. Cecains are distinguished on the form of a working part, which can have the most diverse notch pattern. Chekanov's sorting in accordance with the implementation of new specific chased work is constantly changing and grows. Main types of Chekanov (Appendix 4 (s)) have the following names.

Consumers. This checkman (Appendix 4 (Z-2)) Used for reproduction, flexing the total outlines of the pattern or font; The form of the working part (Boyhead)., As a rule, linear in the form of a slightly rounded wedge and resembles a screwdriver blade; It also happens with the curved shape of the Boyhead.

Purpharp and bobbinet. Working part of these checks (Appendix 4 (z-3))- semi-haired and oval; They are used to obtain all sorts of convexities, provide a deep relief exhaust.

Lyszotnotnik Checkan this species (Appendix 4 (Z-4) has a battle of flat forms; It is used to align and smoothing flat sections of the image. There are polished globoys to obtain a brilliant image and bulk machines with varying degrees of fruit of matte.

SCH. Used to knock out a thin linear pattern and for one-sided stepped metal bias; has a unilateral sharpened flat chisel (Appendix 4 (Z-5)).

Styhel. This is a kind of steel cutter with a length of 100-120 mm, fixed in a wooden-long 30-70 mm handle of a special form. Patiheli distinguish between their cross section and the shape of the cutting part (Appendix 4 (s)). Patihels of a specific profile are also divided depending on the thickness of the numbers.

Engraving chip. It is very similar to Stihel, however, it is used only to perform draft work, i.e., if necessary, the removal of a significant amount of metal. Locking, scissors. Apply for cutting (rejection, cutting) of the material in the process of performing many operations manufacturer of jewelry (Appendix 4 (L)). The main tool for bending - bending tongs (Appendix 5 (a)). Produce them, as a rule, from instrumental steel; The form of them is unchanged not one century. The size of the forceps (length) ranges from 13 to 16 cm. There are still so-called small tongs. The length of these forceps is about 12 cm. They are rarely used in the execution of "subtle" works, where ordinary forceps are difficult to achieve the required accuracy of the formation. All tongs differ in the form of the working surfaces of sponges. Auxiliary means for bending include various mandrels and riggers, manual vice, special devices, and for flexible sheets and strips - metal and wooden support plates with a forming groove (Appendix 5 (b)). Reference processes are carried out using the following funds: metal, wooden, textolite hammers, steel left-handed (rhytoval) plates, flakes, anvil-windows, pliers, riggers, mandrels, drawing boards, special punches (Appendix 5 (B)). The main tool for soldering is a fiery burner, tweezers and scissors are also used. (Appendix 6). As a fuel for burners, gas is used from the network and the balloon. Burners operating on gas fuel consist of two tubes (steel or brass): one for gas supply, other air. Each tube is equipped with a valve playing simultaneously the role of shut-off and adjusting. For mixing air with gas, the end of the air tube is soldered into the gas tube or two driving tubes are sold in the third. The mixing tube ends with a nozzle, in which the final mixing of air with the gas and which gives the torch a certain form. The design of the nozzles may be different. As a grinding tool with manual manufacture of jewelry, abrasive bars (grinding stones), grinding files rod-shaped with a length of about 150 mm semiconductor, round, square, rectangular, triangular cross-sectional shapes, various grain, carbidremium stones, pembol, slate, grinding coals (usually in The form of squares of a square section), sandpaper (skin), woolen, felt, felt circles, various hairbrushes, bramshits with interchangeable rubber and ceramic circles. Stiheli are steel tempered blades with a size of 100 to 120 mm. The upper part of the Shtihel is called the back, the bottom - blade (Appendix 7 (a)). The non-working end of the stale is satisfied with a spherical shape of a wooden handle. Spitzsticheli (cut-off calm). The most common and most consumable consulting tool. Spirshtychi can have both straight and side (right and left) sharpening (Appendix 7 (b)); With left sharpening, the cutting edge is on the left side of the Stychel, at the right - on the right. The angle of spitchyhel blades ranges from 30 to 45 °, and the sharpening angle is 45 °. Flakhshtyheli (Flat Stiheli). Have a flat blade width from 0.2 to 0.4 mm. Stychiel with blade widths from 0.2 to 0.3 mm are used for finishing trimming with a cluster leaving, trimming of the cores, cutting sticks; Shatyheli with a wider blade are used for finishing caste and cutting with all types of leaving, except adhesive, for glossy stripping (giving gloss). Cutters for bormers, noodles, nippers, drills when asseded, the same applies as when performing mounted operations. Sharpening of pins is made using fine-grained bars. To improve the sharpening process, the sharpening bars are lubricated with oil. When sharpening it is necessary to strive to ensure that the sharpening area is formed in one reception. Polishing of the blade occurs with the use of pastes of gay, leather, rubber-based bars, as well as marble bars. The jeweler enshrine in the process of the installation and pressing of the metal uses the following tools: Sovereigns, crimps - metal tips (crimping punch), roofing, coreners, kumps (meligraphs), enshrine hammers (Appendix 7 (B)). Support gasket-anvil. Used as a device in the process of chasing. A simple supporting lining is a steel plate with a flat surface, without sharp corners and ribs. There are also special lining, such as Anca (Appendix 8 (a)) (steel cubic stove), having a semi-alone deepening of various diameters, intended for dinging spherical blanks of hollow products. In some cases, soft linings are used, weakening the strength of the beats during the chasing. Such linings are performed from wood, rubber, cardboard, lead, resin mixture, special mastic. Manual wooden testicles. Consist of two equal semicircular shapes with a total diameter of 30-35 mm wooden dust-sponges, interconnected by a fixing screw (Appendix 8 (b))which regulates the force of compression of the product and, accordingly, moving (discrepancy) of sponges, not exceeding, as a rule, 15 mm. Hand-made wooden testicles are used for operations of fusion, drinking, drilling, shabps, engraving, leaving. Drill. It consists of a metal solid rod, collet clamp, flywheel, handles, belt. The rod is necessary for fixing the collet clamp and flywheel, at the top of which there is a hole for refilling belt (Appendix 8 (B)). Drill are used to perform drilling and drilling operations. Special clamping device. When engraving, it is possible to retain the product in the hand only in rare cases, it should usually be fixed. This is achieved with a number of devices: wooden handicrafts, engraved pads, fasteners, balls, engraving pillows. Engraving pads. Represent two small (20x 100 mm) rectangular view metal plates (Appendix 8 (d))moving connected by clamping screws. Fixing products in them are carried out simultaneously using soft laying materials (wood, leather). Ball teach-skis. Purchased as a cast-iron ball (Appendix 8 (e)) diameter no more than 130 mm. The top of the bowl is cut. In a segmental cut, the groove is cut in which a plate with a product is fixed with bolts. To ensure free maneuvering (movement of the product), the skbbhewl is put on a skin ring; As a sk worbogel, you can use the shocking cartridge of the spindle of the lathe, adding the part in the form of a hemisphere to it. Engraved pillow. The simplest engraving device. Is a round pad (Appendix 8 (e))bought by sand. The material for the pad is the skin or canvas. A pillow is used as a lining for fastening. Make such a pillow difficulty does not represent. Palk. Used as refractory devices in the process of soldering jewelry. Usually, jewelers are used asbestos fled on a wooden basis. For soldering products that need to solder in a vertical position, the spring clamps are strengthened on a raft: products or parts are clamped between paired wire protrusions. For the opening soldering, a pilbel-turntable, which is a metal base, on which the rotating table is fixed on the leg on the leg (Appendix 8 (g)). Persistent kit is simple and adjustable. We are necessary to verify perpendicularity of the rack, protrusion, element of the product, to determine the deviation of the surface from straightness and flatness (Appendix 8 (s)). Scriber. Metal rod, in form and sizes resembling a regular pencil, only with more pointed than that of a pencil, a giffing (needle). The drawer is necessary for drawing rice on the placed surface both by hand and on the line, the cooler, the template. Plate. When performing markup, a metallic non-permanent rectangular or round section of a bar with dimensions of approximately 150x100 mm is used as a marking plate of jewelers. To the lower plane, a proportionate sheet of dense, elastic rubber is pasted to reduce vibration. The top plane of the bar is smooth, smooth. Many jewelers use the pool plate (Flakesen). Manual rollers. We are necessary for metal processing with a continuous change in its shape along the entire length or in a given specified section of the workpiece. Rollers (Appendix 8 (s)) are rolled in the form of smooth cylinders with cutouts of various profiles. Smooth rolls provide rental sheets, strips, ribbons, plates, and profile serve to obtain rolled round, square and other forms. Stillful board. It is used to implement the process of drawing manually - pulling the workpiece through the conical hole of the tool called the matrix or the filler. It happens with holes drilled directly in it (Appendix 8 (K)), but a set of matrices-filients inserted into it. By drawing, it is obtained from the wire of a larger diameter of the wire of the required diameter, and from the tape - tubular billets going on the manufacture of hinged connections and rims for small stones. On the appendix 9. The types of profiles of blanks obtained by drawing, and on appendix 10. Picturesight surfaces of ribbons and rolling bands.

3 Safety with manual manufacture of jewelry

In the process of making jewelry decorations, the performer must remember the following requirements. Working clothes should be clean and neatly refilled; The workplace should be kept clean. It follows only a good tool. All tools with pointed ends must have handles. When marking, flexible, editing, filling, shabby, pins, chasing, engraving, leaving, it is necessary to exhibit special accuracy and caution in handling the cheekbone, circulation, files, appliances, swabs, pads, milling mills, shears, stiffers; prevent the specified tools on the edge or close to the edge of the table; Do not apply them as devices for opening boxes and sticks for stirring; do not touch the hands of sharp and cutting parts of the instrument; At the end of the relevant work, remove the tools in the boxes of the workbench. During drunk, the jigsaw must be extremely attentive; Do not make excessive efforts to the Pilka in order to accelerate the drinking process, do not try to release the stunted pylon, do not directly send it to the cutline line. Performing a drilling operation, it is impossible to correct the drill on the go. When polishing the product, keep it with sharp edges along the rotation of the circle. Polished surfaces of the product are relative to the circle so that the product does not picked up. Prevent strong heating of the product to avoid burning hands. When you sharpening the tool, use the protective screen or glasses. Do not sharpen the side (toric) surface tool.

Do not wash your hands in oil, emulsion, kerosene and not wipe them with cloth crumpers, polluted chips. When conducting soldering works, special attention should be paid to exclude the possibility of explosion of gases, the occurrence of fires and obtaining burns; When the gas leak is prohibited: to light the burner, turn on and off the electrical appliances; On the workshop should not be easily flammable items; Products must cool on the coins of refractory materials; To transfer them to tweezers. When bleaching it is impossible to allow contamination of bleach and foreign metals in them; prevent that bleaching solutions and clothing; not to lower the batchers completely not cooled parts and products to avoid the appearance of splashes; When immersing products in blessed and extracting them from it to use special acid-resistant mesh buckets or copper tweezers. If necessary, work in overalls (bathrobe, mittens) and using personal protective equipment (glasses, lenses). Tar with acids to keep closed; When hit (during use), acids on the body wash off with water and consult a doctor.

After completing the work (especially before meals), it is necessary to thoroughly wash your hands; You can not eat and smoke during operation.

Chapter 2. Casting for payment models in jewelry

1 Molding Molding Molding

The molding method for the milled models is widely used in jewelry. This method allows us to serially produce complex configuration products, while ensuring the required accuracy, as well as to obtain thin-walled castings with a deviation from the specified size of not more than 0.5% and the surface cleanliness of 5-6 CL. This makes it possible to use them as ready-made elements of jewelry without additional machining. More often, melted casting is made on centrifugal installations, from where the casting method itself got a name - centrifugal casting. Casting can be made on vacuum installations by vacuum suction. At the same time, the schemes of both technological injection molding processes are identical, only the filling (fill) of the casting form and equipment on which this operation is produced is different. Method of casting on melted models has gained widespread use even in conditions of small jewelry workshops. The equipment used is easy according to the design, is small in size and can be mounted in a production room with an area of \u200b\u200b20-25 m 2. At the same time, even workshops that do not have highly qualified jewelers-fashion designers, the method of borrowing experience and the use of finished rubber forms can manufacture highly artistic products and thus satisfy the demand of the population. The main stages of the manufacture of elements of jewelry products for payment models are the manufacture of a standard sample, the manufacture of molds, the manufacture of the wax pattern, preparation of the casting form, casting the elements of jewelry, cleaning castings. Equipment. To perform the technological process of casting jewelry products for payment models, you need the following equipment: Vulcanization press, injector installation, vibrational installation, muffle furnace, casting installation (melting and fill installation or simplest tabletop centrifuge, installation "Vacuum metal"), drying cabinet, Installation for electrochemical polishing, technical scales 1 cl., Equipment for smelting, tanks for knocking out castings and erosions of wholesale, heat-resistant steel, electric equipment, and various tools and containers. Vulcanization press (Appendix 11) Designed to obtain rubber molds on the standard-reference material by vulcanization of rubber. The press design can be different, but they all have heated in the top and bottom plate. Injector installations (Appendix 12) Designed to obtain the models of models by melting the wax and fill it with rubber molds. The installation consists of a tank for wax, an electric heater and a thermostatic device. Structurally, it can be performed in various versions. The press is a figurative design. On a rigid (cast) bed, the bottom plate is installed in which the electric heater is mounted. According to a special guide, vertically standing and rigidly attached to the bed with the help of worm transmission, the upper plate is moved, which also mounted an electric heater. Mounted between the plates and the underlying oxo with raw rubber heats up to a certain temperature. Under the influence of pressure and temperature, the plates of raw rubber are welded. To regulate and maintain temperature, the press has an automatic or manual regulation system. The most successful design of the injector installation is the vertically located cylindrical casing. Inside the casing, the tank for wax is mounted, from which the wax under the pressure of the compressed air supplied from the compressor through the gearbox is entered into the injection nozzle. Compressed air pressure is controlled by a pressure gauge, which is installed on the top cover of the injection unit cover. Excessive pressure in front of the gearbox should not be higher than 19.62 * 10 4 -29.43 * 10 4 Pa \u200b\u200b(2-3 kgf / cm 2), and when bumping - 1.96 * 10 4 -7.85 * 10 4 Pa (0.2-0.8 kgf / cm 2). The injector nozzle is equipped with an individual heating system. Under the nozzle there is a chute for the direction of flowing wax into a special pallet. On the front of the injection housing of the injection unit mounted control handles. The heating rate of the wax is adjusted by the handle of the power controller (handle with a scale of 0-10). The heating temperature is controlled by a remote contact thermometer. Filling the rubber mold wax occurs through an injection nozzle, the temperature of individual heating of which can be changed from 0 to 50 ° C with the help of a specially provided heated regulator. Muffle furnace. Depending on the production volumes, furnaces of various types are used. In small-sector production, the largest application has a drying electric laboratory cabinet SNOL-2.5-2.5-2.5 / 2M and SNOL-1,6 * 2.5 * 1/9-M2U4 * 2 resistance electric furnace; SNOL-1,6 * 2.5 * 1 / 11- M1U4 * 2. These furnaces provide automatic adjustment of the predetermined heating mode of the furnace's internal mine. The heater is made of high ohmic resistance wire, control and temperature control are carried out by a malelvoltmeter. The heater is turned on using a magnetic starter. The space between the chamber and the cabinet body is filled with thermal insulating material.

The company 3D Avtozavod offers services for the jewelry of gold and silver to order. When working with silver, we can use our own certified materials or customer raw materials. For gold products used exclusively daval raw materials. All our products are distinguished by impeccable quality, since we are constantly improving technology. The stability of the alloy is achieved with the help of the latest equipment and the use of ligatures from well-known world manufacturers.

Features of silver and gold casting

Gold and silver are distinguished by excellent technical characteristics. From these noble metals you can cast exclusive jewelry, and original souvenirs, and interior items. When casting precious metals there are norms of production loss:

• purity - 1.8%;
• on scrap - 3.5% (if the weight of gold is less than 30 grams, then the loss during casting can be up to 5%).

In order to comply with the requirements of the current legislation on the injection molding of precious metals, it is necessary to state a specialist in the hypn. You can get all the necessary information about this from the specialists of our company.

3D Avtozavod performs orders as soon as possible, since the entire production cycle occurs on the capacities of our company. Casting of gold and silver is as sharpened as possible under the needs of jewelers, jewelry workshops and designers. We can offer a whole range of relevant services:

• 3D design and 3D printing to casting;
• removal of molds, galvanic coatings and turnkey treatment after casting.

The company 3D Avtozavod accepts orders for casting from gold and silver any volumes. To submit an application, use the form on the site, write to us by email or call the contact phone in Moscow.