Model of an economic person. Economic Man - Quick Feature

Topic: Man in the system of economic relations

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University: VZFEI

Year and city: Barnaul 2008

Introduction

The topic of this test work is a person in the system of economic relations.

This topic is relevant today, since economic philosophy is included in the social philosophy system and explores the economic life of society.

Therefore, I chose this topic, in order to further delve into the nature of public life and analyze the essence of the economic sphere of life and the development of society from a philosophical point of view.

The tasks of writing this test work are:

1. Generalization of material on this issue.
2. Consideration of the philosophical economic image of human thinking.
3. Disclosure of the dialectical interaction of the economic interests of people and their economic relations.
4. To find out whether the moral and psychological economics and rehabilitation of labor values \u200b\u200bis necessary in modern Russian life.

The object of research is economic relations.

Theoretical significance is to study the sources on this issue and the generalization of the available information.

1. Philosophical economic image of thinking.

To understand the essence of the economy and the whole complexity of economic relations, it is necessary to first understand what is based on these relationships. The basis of them are human needs: this is a rod of all human activity and, above all, labor, and from here and the economy. The need is the dependence of the subject from the external and internal conditions of its existence, this is the life nerve of man, society and its economy: the plant needs raw materials, tools, the entrepreneur needs the customer, the customer, - in the construction of the house. The life of society is permeated with the most complex tissue needs and ways to satisfy them.

Already in ancient times, they came to understand the need to understand the economic life. Aristotle has this branch of knowledge undergoing very deep essential analysis. He highlighted many aspects of economic life. Subsequently, in the newest time, a very important branch of scientific knowledge has developed - political economy.

Political economy is a science, which, from certain positions, shows the economic relations and the movement of commodity and money masses in their high-quality and quantitative definiteness and weakening. Its development identifies the system of factors, and in connection with this, the economic relations of people, finds out in an infinite set of units that appear to it, certain principles and laws that act and manage the economic life of society. Gegel highly appreciated political economy, saying that she was "doing the honor of thought."

Political economy originated under the sign of pragmatism, i.e. Of the quite practical motives, from the need to understand the complexity of the economic mechanism of society. It is focused on developing the principles of effective economic activities of labor collectives and individuals. Economic activity has the nature of the struggle for life and precisely for a certain standard of living. Economic need comes to us as an inexorable need, from which it is impossible to leave without leaving the life itself. The economy is initially over man and mankind.

The bright prospects of civilization are largely determined by how successfully functioning, public systems in their mutual communication, as a whole, where each link works for an integer, and the whole stimulates the life-affirming power of parts. What can be revealed in the finest web of socio-economic ties from a philosophical and economic point of view? What is the methodological role of philosophical culture in understanding socio-economic reality? Without economic education, it is generally unlikely to manage the states of the state. It is not about the professional knowledge of the modern economy in all its narrowly social problems, and at least about the general acquaintance with macroeconomics in its fundamental principles.

Economic philosophy enters the system of social philosophy, making it an essential part: it has its own special cutting problems or threats to the economic life of society. To answer the question of what economic philosophy is as a philosophical teaching should be previously understood what political economy is. We define it as a science studying laws, principles that manage the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of life benefits at various levels of human development.

Political economy proceeds from the point of view that in the economic sphere of life of society there are well-known needs, such as the need for food, clothing, etc., and the methods that they are satisfied. There are also chance and patterns. So, the soil here or there is more fertile, years will differ in their yield, one person hardworking, the other is lazy. But this excess of the arbitrariness generates a universal definition, and everything that seems scattered and devoid of thoughts is held by necessity that finds laws acting in the mass of accidents.

The need, poverty, daily need and the corresponding concepts of economic benefits, wealth, well-being of the essence of the natural phenomena, in which the life of people, its questions and answers are rotating: ask the need and the need, and the human labor and utility of goods are responsible.

The economy is one of the most complex systems in society: it includes a combination of economic processes that are committed in a society based on the established relationships of property and organizational and legal forms.

The founder of political economy is the outstanding thinker A. Smith - the author of the fundamental labor "study of the nature and the causes of the wealth of peoples." Here he summarized the development of the classical school of political economy, substantiated the idea of \u200b\u200bcommodity and exchange as a sphere of human activity, which develops under objective laws, and therefore does not need state regulation. When developing the learning about the market price, Smith deeply revealed its dependence mainly from production, on the conditions of supply of goods on the market. However, he did not investigate the impact of buyers' demand for the price.

A continuation of the teachings A. Smith is the theory of David Ricardo. His chief work is "the beginning of political economy and taxation." Unlike Smith, he did not consider that the cost is determined by difficulty in the "primitive state of society." The cost, by Richard, is based on the revenues of various classes of bourgeois society: wages, profits, percentage and rent. Capitalism, from his point of view, is the only possible and natural social system, and its economic laws are eternal.

Economic teaching has found its further development in the works of Karl Marx. For 40 years, he was engaged in writing his main work - "Capital". Here he developed a classic work theory of value and theory of surplus value. The grandiose in their plans and the large-scale doctrine of Marx received an ambiguous assessment. Thus, Professor P. Samuelson included Marx to a few Pleiad "Intellectual Giants" Along with A. Smith, J. Keyinson and other major scientists. Another outstanding economist V. Leontiev advised: if anyone wants to learn that in reality it is a profit, wages, a capitalist enterprise, he can get more realistic and qualitative information in the capital of "capital" than several textbooks in economics. Professor M. Blauhu in the book "Economic Thought in Retrospective" stated: "Marx was reassessing, revised, was refuted, he was buried by a thousandth, but he resists whenever he was trying to send it to the intellectual past. It is good or bad, but his ideas became an integral part of that world of ideas, in which we are all thoughts. " This assessment of the theoretical works of Marx, apparently, is not accidental.

Marx himself, believing that in capitalist countries, political economy expresses the interests of the owners, sought to put his own version of political economy to the service of the working class. However, the class approach has adversely affected the scientific objectivity of a number of provisions and conclusions expressed to them. Marx's doctrigeration made it possible to detect insoluble contradictions and a certain limitation of the entire classical direction of political economy.

Thus, on the one hand, the labor theory of value was opened by the OS-new law of trading production - the law of value, according to which the exchange of goods on the market is carried out in accordance with the socially necessary working time embodied in commodity producers. On the other hand, relying on this law, it is impossible to explain the thread, as prices are formed in the context of capitalist market and economy. Marx's associate F. Engels recognized: the law of value acted in historically limited framework - since the emergence of commodity production and to the XV GG, when a consistent transition to capitalism was accompanied by a revolution in pricing.

Production of surplus value, as Marx claimed in the I Tome of "Capital", based on the operation of the working class, on the private assignment by the capitalists of the unpaid labor of hired workers. But in the third Tome of "Capital" noted completely different: in all the epochs of the development of civilization, the surplus product gets not only the owners of the means of production, but also goes to the needs of the whole society, it is the economic basis of all human civilization. Therefore, Marx strongly opposed that even in the future society the surplus product was delivered only to workers.

Economic life is a social process in which people act as direct figures of a particular economy, and indirectly as the "units" of the general organization.

Communication of people who make up between them in the production process form a complex structural and functional and hierarchically-coented system; This system is formed what is called production relations. It covers and attitudes towards the means of production, i.e. The form of propulsion, and the relationship between people in the process of sharing, distribution and consumption, created goods, and the relationship of people caused by their production socialization, i.e. expressing the division of labor, and the relationship of cooperation and coented - management relations, and all other relations in which people enter. In modern production, in which the management system is becoming increasingly played, the relationships are considerable, developing as a result of the selection and placement of personnel, taking into account their abilities, experience, interests and needs of the producer itself, personnel policy as a whole. Thus, the system of eco-nomic relations is extremely extensive - from individual relations of individual manufacturers to a fundamental relationship to the means of production.

Political economy is one of the most complex areas of human knowledge. It relies on mathematics, especially the theological of probabilities, statistics, which gives this science additional accuracy and severity in comprehending the facts and their theoretical interpretation focused on the truth and its maximum effective practical embodiment.

The exceptional importance of political economy is related to the fact that it has a world-unifying force in the life of all mankind. All the above reveals the secret of why the philosophers were studied, analyzed and wrote about political economy, participating in its in-depth-general comprehension.

2. Economic relations and economic interests.

Economic relations between people play a big role in the economic life of society. Not only the development of the production method, but also a social equilibrium in society depends on the perfection of economic relations. With their content, it is directly related to the solution to the problem of social justice, when each person and the social group gets the opportunity to enjoy all sorts of social, depending on the public utility of their activities, its necessity for other people, society, states, in particular, to implement their economic interests.

The economic interests of people act as direct manifestations of their economic relations. Thus, the economic interests of the entrepreneur and the hired employee are directly determined by their place in the system of economic relations between them. The interest of one thing is to get the maximum profit, the interest of another is more expensive to sell its workforce and obtain, perhaps greater salary. The economic interests of the peasant, whether it is a farmer or a member of the collective peasant farm, are also determined by its place in the system of existing economic relations. The same applies to employees - teachers, doctors, scientists, persons employed in cultural institutions, etc. The content and direction of their economic interests are determined by the content of existing economic relations and their place of the system of relations.

The economic interests of people act as the motivating forces of their production activities. In the process of this activity, they seek to realize their interests that are closely related to their needs, although they differ from them. As already mentioned, the needs of people are manifestations of objective need to maintain their livelihoods. These are their need for food, warm, clothes, dwelling, etc. This can be said about their spiritual and other needs. In the interests of the ways are expressed and ways to meet needs. This applies to the interests of individuals and social groups.

So, receiving the profit is the economic interest of the entrepreneur, there is nothing other, the COF is a way to meet his personal needs and the needs of its production activities. Getting a higher wage is such an employee's interest - there is also a way to meet the needs of His family. As can be seen, the implementation of the economic interests of certain subjects at the same time as satisfying their needs with the optimal way. And this method is determined by the place of each of them in the system of existing economic relations.

It can be said that the interaction of the economic interests of people is the main content of the economic life of society. It is carried out in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption, created items and services, i.e. In all units of production and economic relations. We are talking about the economic interests of various types of entrepreneurs, workers, employees, peasants, production teams, nations, society as a whole. Each of these social entities has its own specific interests that he seeks to implement. So the interaction of people in the production process acts, ultimately, as the interaction of their economic interests. Hence the task - to develop the principles of the optimal combination of their interests, their harmonization. This is the main task of economic science and practice.

The implementation of the economic interests of people and the satisfaction of their needs act as the most important links in the mechanism of action of economic laws. After all, the latter is nothing more than the laws of the production activities of people and their economic relations. But, as we have already seen, the production activities of people encourage, first of all, their needs, which, therefore, are the source link of the action of economic laws. The economic interests express optimal pathways and methods of economic activity of people to meet their needs, which in turn is determined by the content of existing economic relations.

Thus, economic interests in a large extent determine the content and direction of the economic activity of people and thereby the content and focus of economic laws.

3. Is it necessary in modern Russian life the moral and psychological foundations of the economy and the rehabilitation of labor value?

Currently, due to the rapid development of the economy, interest in the behavior and psychology of people in the field of economic life has increased dramatically. As part of psycho-logical science, a special industry was to form - eco-nomic psychology.

The economy is a grandiose on its scale and vital significance of the sphere of human activity. And where people act and interact, it is impossible to do without moral and psychological began. The main ethical categories of good and evil, conscience and honor, freedom and responsibility and other peasants are all the fabric of human life, including the sphere of economic relations. And just as there exists, for example, medical ethics, the economic ethics really actually exists: the production of material and spiritual wealth, the element of the market, the collection of taxes, the payment of labor - all this is permeated one way or another by the moral and psychological principle.

Economic psychology is designed to: analyze the economic reality in the country, to study the human attitude to the various forms of ownership - private, state, cooperative and personal, as well as the psychological problems of human needs, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics, concommodation of their origin , development, satisfaction and re-production, psychological conditions for the effective functioning of the economic mechanism; To predict the development is not tool-to large-scale economic situations, but also narrow participants of the economic activities of individual individuals, their groups and society as a whole.

Experts in the field of economic psychology note the increasing role of psychological components in the relationship between producers and consumers. Here, the identification and analysis of such an economic and psychological phenomenon, as an intuitive comprehension and understanding of the problem of selection of behavior in transactions, are extremely important.

The main thing in economic psychology is that in the Russian economy, when making an economic decision, it is impossible not to take into account the peculiarities of the moral and psychological appearance of the partner, say, the measures of its reliability and its responsibility. In a child, there is no wonder that the passage is more precious than money. Partners must be mutually confident in reliability. Unfortunately, this is not such an indispensable trait of the nature and moral appearance of each person, and it cannot be considered that reliability is something of granted. Of course, an experienced merchant can rely on his experience, on its natural gift of intuitive premonition and the strength of intellectual insight, but it is advisable to use the professional experience of a psychologist, and to some extent the knowledge of the psychology itself. The practice of economic life in one way or another justifies the importance of psychological service in eco-nomic.

The moral and psychological foundations of the economy - the established combustion of internal mental processes that cause social relations in the production, exchange and distribution.

In the modern world, the rehabilitation of labor values \u200b\u200bis understood as the restoration of the positive significance of the expedient human activity, aimed at preserving, modifying, the adaptation of the habitat to meet their needs for the production of goods and services. The work as a process of adaptation of a person to the external environment was characterized by the development and improvement of the division of labor, its instruments and means.

After analyzing the above, it can be concluded that in the modern world the moral and psychological foundations of the economy and the rehabilitation of the value of labor, since the market economy occurs, and to properly use resources to get the greatest profits. At the same time receive a quality product and have the economic interest of people in labor and receive a worthy remuneration for their work.

Conclusion

Thus, in this test work, such a phenomenon was considered in philosophy as economic relations and what a person occupies in them.

In the work, the dialectical interaction of the economic interests of people and their economic relations was revealed. The role of economic interests as the motivated forces of economic activity of people and their economic relations were shown.

The economic life of society as a social space on which it is carried out was investigated. The various aspects of the economic life of society were studied. Revealed that it is necessary to modern Russian life.

The tasks set for this work were solved to a greater or lesser extent. Material concerning this topic was assembled and processed in the test work.

Bibliography:

1. Basics of the philosophy of the economy: studies. manual for students of universities / A. I. Samsin; - M.: Uniti, 2003. - 271c. Checklings at the maximum speed, register or log in to the site.

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A separate person and group of people in the market forms demand. For the financial result of the Seller it is very important to predict the amount of demand in the future in a timely manner and determine the list of key factors that may affect it. That is why it is necessary to deal with the concept of "model of an economic person" and, by connecting other psychological and social aspects to economic and social aspects, to start using these knowledge in practice. They are relevant for both enterprises speaking on the market from the supply and ordinary people who, together provide market demand.

"HOMO" -modeling or who we are?

Economists have long wondered how a person makes a choice than guided and how he ranks his priorities. With the development of market relations, the person himself evolved. Let us remember the types of "homo" known to us.

Human model from the point of view of biology or Homo BioLogicus.:

• Homo Habilis. or learned how to produce fire and create water;
• Homo Erectus. Or straight man, got on both legs, freeing his hands;
• Homo Sapiens. Or a reasonable person, gained the ability of a self-split speech and non-standard thinking.

The evolution of people from the perspective of the type of activity and causal being rich in events, or Homo Eventus.:

• Homo Economicus. or an economic person guided in its behavior aspects of rationality and achieving the highest possible benefits in conditions of limited economic resources;
• Homo Sociologicus. or social person seeking to communicate with other people and approving his role in society;
• Homo Politicus. or a political person, motivated to strengthen its authority and achieve power through state institutions;
• Homo Religiosus. Or a religious person who determines the support in his life and the main motive of the "Word of God" and supporting the highest strength.

The brief description of the presented simplified models of the event type shows a human priority system and explains the motives for its behavior in a particular environment - economic, political, social, religious. Each particular individual may be a "different" person depending on the coordinate system, that is, the medium in which it acts and is identified.

It is interesting to compare the first two events of people: an economic person is individual, social is too collective and dependent on society. The world adapts to a person, which is reflected in the law of supply and demand, and the social person himself adapts to the social trends of the world, in order to avoid its separation from the crowd.

Rationality as a basis for economy

Simulation involves a certain system of assumptions, so a person in economic relations has rationality, That is, it is capable of making a right decision in the proposed conditions. The role of human rationality is influenced by the following factors:

• availability of information about prices and production volumes;
• awareness of a person about the basic parameters of the selection;
• high level of intelligence and sufficient competence of a person in matters of economic selection;
• a person makes decisions in the context of competing.

The ratio of the above assumptions leads to the fact that the rationality can be three types:

1. Full, which suggests a comprehensive awareness of a person about the market status and its ability to make a decision, receiving the maximum benefit at a minimum of costs.
2. Limitedwhich suggests the lack of complete information and insufficient level of human competence, as a result of which he seeks not to maximize the benefits, but simply to the satisfaction of the urgent needs acceptable to itself.
3. Organic Rationality complicates human due to the introduction of additional variables affecting his behavior: legal prohibitions, traditional and cultural restrictions, social selection parameters.

Representations of a person, as a rational subject with their needs and motifs, evolved together with economic schools. Currently, four main human models are distinguished. They differ:

1. The degree of abstraction from the manifold of social, psychological, cultural and other aspects of a person's personality.
2. Features of the medium, that is, the economic and political situation around man.

I. Model of an economic person - materialist

For the first time, the concept of "Homo Economicus" was introduced in the XVIII century as part of the teaching of the English classical school, and later it moved into the teachings of marzhinalists and neoclassics. The essence of the model lies in the fact that a person seeks to maximize the usefulness of acquired benefits within limited resources, the main of which is its income. Thus, in the center of the model there are money and the desire of an individual for enrichment. The economic person is able to appreciate all the benefits, assigning every value and utility for himself, because when choosing is guided only by its own interests, remaining indifferent to the needs of other people.

In this model, A. Smith actively manifests itself. People in their activities proceed exclusively from their own interests: the consumer seeks to bring up the goods of the highest quality, and the manufacturer is to offer such goods to the market to meet the demand and get the greatest profit. People acting in selfish purposes work for the overall benefit.

II. Model of Economic Man - Limited Rationalist Materialist

Followers of J.M. ideas Keynes, as well as institutionalism, was made that the behavior of a person is influenced not only by the desire for material wealth, but also a number of socio-psychological factors. The brief description of the first model allows us to conclude that the person is at the basic levels of the pyramid of the needs of A. Oil. The second model moves a person to higher levels, leaving the priority from the material side of being.

To support this model of a person in an equilibrium condition requires adequate intervention from the state.

III. Economic Man Model - Collectivist

In the system of paternalism, where the state takes on the role of a shepherd, automatically translating the people to the position of herd sheep, and an economic person changes. Its choice is limited no longer just internal factors, but by external conditions. The state solves the fate of a person, to study through the distribution by attaching, attaching to a particular workplace, offering only specific goods and services. The lack of competition and personal interest in labor results leads to the emergence of unscrupulousness, dependent sentiments and the necessary stay of a person on the lower steps of the pyramid of needs, when you have to be content with small and do not strive for the better.

IV. Model of an economic person - idealist

This model appears a feeling economic person: the concepts of rationality and benefits for it are refracted through the prism of higher spiritual needs. As a result, the amount of wages may be more important for an individual, but the degree of satisfaction from its labor, the importance of its activities for society, the complexity of the work and the level of self-assessment.

The fundamental difference from previous models suggests that a new economic person has appeared, equally thinking and feeling, distributing priorities in accordance with its internal state.

Here the individual has a full range of needs from basic physical to higher spiritual, the most important of which is the need for self-realization. A person is a complex model, its behavior depends on the set of factors that can be predicted only with a certain accommodation of the error.

Psychological aspects of the behavior of an economic person

All human economic problems are associated with the choice in conditions of limited resources. And psychological factors have great influence on this choice. If you turn to the needs mentioned above again, you can see what the role of intangible factors in human behavior. The pyramid includes the following levels:

• First (basic) - in housing, in food and drink, sexual satisfaction, rest;
• Second - the need for security on physiological and psychological terms, confidence that the future basic needs will be satisfied;
• The third - Social needs: to harmoniously exist in society, to be involved in any social group of people;
• Fourth - the need for respect, in achieving success, is allocated from society for competences;
• Fifth - Needs to know, study the new and use of knowledge in practice;
• Sixth - in harmony, beauty and order;
• Seventh - The need for self-expression, the full implementation of their abilities and opportunities.

Man and society

The manifestation of the social component in human behavior can significantly affect the economy, breaking the usual ideas about the interaction of supply and demand. For example, such a phenomenon as fashion involves the elimination of certain trend goods into an increased price range, distorting price and quality ratios.

Always enjoy in demand, but the purpose of acquiring this category of goods is not to satisfy vital needs, but to maintain the status of an individual, to increase its self-esteem.

A person is a subject of social, therefore always acts in accordance or contrary to the opinions of others. Therefore, a socio-economic person appeared in the modern world, which also makes a choice in conditions of limited resources, but with a loan to its psychological needs and the response of society.

Manifestation of "Economic Man" in modern people

Consider an example of an economic person, solving a household problem.

A task: Suppose, Economist Ivanov earns 100 rubles. at one o'clock. If you buy fruits on the market for 80 rubles. For a kilogram, then you need to spend an hour to get around the market, choose the best product and defend in line. The store sells good quality fruits and without queues, but at a price of 120 rubles. per kilogram.

Question: With what volume of purchases Ivanov will it be advisable to go to the market?

Decision: Ivanov has an alternative value of its time. If he spends him to work in the office, then get 100 rubles. That is, to rationally spend this hour on a market trip, savings on price differences should be at least 100 rubles. Therefore, expressing the purchase volume through x, the full cost of fruits sold in the market will be:

80x + 100.< 120Х

X\u003e 2.5 kg.

Output: Economy Ivanov is rationally buying cheaper fruits in the market in a volume greater than 2.5 kg. If a smaller amount of fruit is required, then more rational to acquire them in the store.

The modern economic person is rational, he is intuitive or consciously assigns a certain price of everything and chooses from alternative options the one that suits it in the largest way. At the same time, it is guided by all possible factors: monetary, social, psychological, cultural, etc.

So, an economic person ...

We highlight the main characteristics inherent in modern economic person (EC):

1. Resourceswho are at the disposal Ech always limitedAt the same time, some of them are renewable, and others are not. Resources include:

• natural;
• material;
• labor;
• temporary;
• information.

2. Ech always makes a choice in a rectilinear coordinate system with two variables: preferences and restrictions. Preferences are formed on the basis of human needs, his aspirations and desires, and restrictions proceed from the amount of resources available at the disposal. Interestingly, as the possibilities increase, the needs of a person are also towers.

3. Ech seites alternative selection options, is able to evaluate them and compare among themselves.

4. When choosing ech guided exclusively his interestsBut in his area of \u200b\u200binfluence can get family members, friends, close people whose interests will be perceived by a person almost on equal with his own. His interests can be formed under the influence of the variety of factors, not only material.

5. The interaction between socio-economic people with their interests takes the form exchange.

6. Ech choice always rationalenBut due to the limited resources, including information, the individual chooses from the alternatives known to him that is most preferable for him.

7. Ech. may be wrongBut his blunders are random.

The study of an economic person, its motives for the action, its valuables and preferences, as well as restrictions on the choice, will be better to deal with themselves as a full-fledged subject of socio-economic relations. The main thing is that people become a little more literate in economic issues and have committed less mistakes, systematically improving the quality of life.

Manufacturers? Why do people enjoy a loan? Is it good to live in debt? How to make our expenses do not exceed income?

This paragraph completes the chapter "Man and Economics", relying on the previous material and to a certain extent generalizing it.

From the materials § 1 you learned about the main activities of a person in the economy - production, distribution, exchange, consumption. Production is the basis of the economy, a means of solving its main task - the creation of material benefits to meet the needs of people. Therefore, the execution of the man of the manufacturer's role was the subject of consideration of almost all paragraphs of the chapter. In solving the key to society, not only manufacturers are actively involved in the problem of limited resources, but also consumers. Estabing the consideration of the rules of rational behavior, which are used by the main participants of the economy, will try our consumer significantly more attention.

Recall that means behaving rationally . Rational behavior - This is primarily thoughtful behavior, involving the comparison of the results of action with costs.

Rational behavior of the consumer

Production is organically related to consumption, it is carried out for consumption and determines its structure. In turn, the consumer, choosing goods and services, is actively affected by production, stimulating its development. The impact of consumers on producers in the conditions of a free market and competition is so great that sometimes even talk about the "dictate of the consumer".

Created consumers - These are those who acquire and use the goods, order work and services for personal household needs that are not related to the extraction of profits. Each of us is a consumer, wishing in any way to satisfy your needs. The consumer is a firm, an organization, in general, the state.

Consumer purpose - Extract the maximum utility from consumption of goods and services. On the way to this goal, the consumer has such restrictions as a family budget, prices, the range of offered goods and services. Therefore, the consumer, like the manufacturer, is experiencing the impact of limited opportunities. Before him, there is also a problem of rational choice.

In countries with command-administrative economy, the consumer's action is usually governed. In the USSR, for example, the consumer was deprived of freedom of the choice of housing, medical institutions, some expensive goods (car, furniture, etc.). In a market economy, freedom of economic behavior predetermines consumer sovereignty, i.e., the right of owner of any kind of resources independently make decisions related to the order by these resources and their use.

Remember the diverse needs of a person: physiological, social, spiritual, needs for self-realization, safe. These needs can be implemented on different types of markets. For example, the need for products and services - on the market of goods and services, the need for self-realization - in the labor market. In order to competently and rationally, to carry out the consumer choice, everyone must have certain knowledge and skills.

The consumer interested in satisfying his needs with the lowest costs of limited funds is to think about the following issues: what is the first to spend their income? How to choose a product or service of the desired quality and the corresponding purchasing opportunities? How to reduce financial losses? How to save existing income? How to behave rationally in different markets?

Consider these questions on the example of consumer behavior in the market of goods and services. The consumer is one of the main actors in this market, it creates demand through which the range, quality and price of goods are determined. But is he so strong in this market? How to choose the necessary product? Quite often, consumer information about the product is limited by knowledge of its functions or an estimated positive effect from its use.

Suppose you want to purchase a modern washing machine. Where to begin? It is necessary to evaluate the market for this product. First of all, learn advertisements: What is the product range, where and at what price you can buy it. Then choose a specialized store where you can get information about the properties of 5 - 11596 Bogolyubov, 11 CL. 129 and the quality of the product from a qualified specialist (commodity, manager). You should be interested in the store where goods are sold with the maximum warranty service life, delivery and installation, service post-war service is ensured. Do not forget to pay attention to the announcements of the days of sales, discounts on goods. The analysis of all factors will help you to make a rational, that is, with the greatest benefits for yourself, purchase.

As you can see, the rational behavior of the consumer when choosing a product or service suggests, as a rule, a certain sequence of actions: awareness of the need to purchase, search for information about the product or service, an assessment of possible purchase options, making a purchase decision.

So, you made a choice. But can we always buy the desired? Alas, often we encounter such a limiter of our capabilities as the level of income available.

You already know that a person can get income from several different sources. The main sources of consumer income are salary, social payments to individual citizens in the form of benefits, pensions, scholarships, income from business and other activities, income from property (fee received for renting your apartment or cottage, percentage of cash, dividends on valuable securities).

In many households, the resulting income falls into two parts: one is intended to buy goods and pay services necessary to meet the personal needs of people; Another part of income forms savings. This division does not depend on forms and sources of income, but it depends on its size. The greater income receives the consumer, the greater the amount of money he is able to spend on consumption. The amount of savings increases with income growth. These dependencies are obvious. But economists have established other dependences of income and expenses: the more family income, the smaller the share of food costs and more on durable goods, as well as more share of savings.

The human standard depends not only on the size of its wage or savings, but also from how reasonfully he spends money. Economists share consumer spending on mandatory and arbitrary. Mandatory spending can be considered as the minimum necessary - these are the cost of food, clothing, transportation costs, utility bills, etc. If your personal income does not exceed mandatory costs, you can hardly afford arbitrary expenses (for example, on a tourist ticket, buying books, paintings, cars, etc.).

Analyzing data on consumers of consumers of different countries, scientists concluded: the richer the country, the smaller of the personal income of her citizens for mandatory spending . The German Statistical Researcher E. Engel (1821 -1896) for the first time established a natural relationship between the income of the population and the consumption structure. According to the "law of Engel", the higher the level of family's income, the less its share of its foodstuff expenses. Accordingly, the demand for industrial consumer goods increases, and with further increase in income levels, costs for high-quality goods and services are significantly increasing. As we see, the structure of consumption costs changes in direct dependence on the size of the income.

For the share of family spending on nutrition, one can judge the level of welfare of different groups of the population of one country and compare the welfare of citizens of different countries. In the United States, the share of nutrition costs varies within 10-15%, and a significant number of Russian families spends on food from 40 to 48% of their income. (Think how the economic situation in the country affects this indicator.)

Would spend money today or postpone for the future? How to save and multiply your income? These questions are worried about all consumers, whether family or firm.

The rational consumer is important not only to skillfully spend money, but also to place its savings correctly. To this end, the consumer uses a savings account in the Bank, receiving income on the contribution, or acquires securities (shares, bonds), receiving dividends on them. (Note that said right in conditions of economic stability.)

Another reliable way of placing savings, especially in the situation of economic and financial instability in the country, with a high level of inflation, is the acquisition of real estate (apartment, house, cottage), the prices of which grow faster than money depreciates.

The shape of the placement of savings is also life insurance, health, property. Today, the number of insurance companies and funds (mainly commercial) are growing in Russia (mainly commercial), which carry out the following types of insurance: voluntary medical insurance, accident insurance, business risks insurance, auto insurance, etc. Insurance is profitable and manufacturers of this service, and its consumers.

Insurance means protection of you from possible damage through periodic contributions to insurance companies that pay you a money compensation in case of such damage. Consider this position on a specific example.

Suppose you live in summer and relax in the village built up with the same type of garden houses. The average price of the house is 120 thousand rubles. From the practice of past years, it is known that on average once a year the fire destroys one house. This allows the insurance company to calculate how much money will be required to pay the victim in the event of a fire (in our case up to 120 thousand rubles), and add some amount to the coverage of administrative costs and profits (for example, another 30 thousand). The resulting total amount (150 thousand rubles) is divided between all owners of the houses, and everyone contributes its share, or an insurance premium, to the General Fund (if 100 people owners, then each pays 1.5 thousand rubles).). In the event of a fire, the owner of the burned house will receive compensation from the insurance company (in the amount of up to 120 thousand rubles), and the company is profit. Thus, the risk separation of possible damage with other people by insurance gives the consumer the opportunity to protect itself from financial losses.

Savings, if they are correctly posted, allow the consumer not only to have additional income, but also to carry out expensive purchases; Savings are also necessary in case of disability, education and professional level education, etc. (give examples of savings in the household confirming their necessity.)

When choosing options for placing savings, the consumer needs to compare them from the point of view of reliability, percentage on income, liquidity (possibilities for easy circulation of savings in cash).

Rational behavior of the manufacturer

Manufacturers - These are people, firms, enterprises, i.e. all those who make and sells goods to us and provides services. The fact that the manufacturer receives by selling its products is called its revenue or gross income. The fact that the manufacturer spends on the purchase of production resources forms its costs, or costs. The difference between income and costs is profit.

The purpose of the manufacturer in a market economy - Get as much profits as possible. For this, he seeks to reduce production costs, because the lower costs, the higher the profit. A reducing costs contribute to a more economical combination of resources, the introduction of new equipment, saving raw materials and energy and much more. The problem of limited production resources causes a separate manufacturer, a company, society as a whole solve problems that, as for whom to produce.

What to produce? Manufacturers decide how to distribute resources between the production of various products; Which of the necessary society and consumers at the moment of time benefits to produce in which quantity; Do priorities give, for example, the production of military equipment or household.

How to produce? Production of the selected product volume can be carried out in different ways. To treat the land, you can collect harvest manually, attracting a significant number of workers, or to do with them less, using agricultural equipment. The use of new technology and technology can provide a larger amount of products when using available resources. However, the manufacturer should remember that it is beneficial only if the income from the use of new equipment and technology exceeds the costs associated with their implementation.

For whom to produce? Since society unites people with different incomes, various purchasing power, manufacturers have to decide which layers of society to navigate in the production of goods and services, who will be their potential consumer.

Revealing ways of efficient use of resources, economic science proceeds from the rational behavior of economic entities, i.e., their desire to achieve a certain result at the lowest cost.

The rational organization of economic activity requires the manufacturer's decision to solve a number of issues: how, having limited resources, achieve the goals of its production? How to combine production resources so that costs have been minimal? How to increase product manufactured in available resources?

So, to solve the last problem, as we have already noted earlier, there are two ways to: expand the volume of production due to the quantitative change in resources (increasing production capacity, the number of natural resources used, the number of employed employees) and by improving the qualitative characteristics of resources, improve their productivity or performance.

Most countries today, facing the problem of depletion of raw materials or its rise, make an emphasis in the second way to expand the borders of production opportunities. This leads to an increase in labor productivity. Recall that this economic indicator of the efficiency of the use of production resources is characterized by the number of products produced by one time by one employee.

Factors that determine the growth of labor productivity simultaneously can be considered as factors for increasing the volume of products. What are these factors?

First of all, it is a division of labor, or specialization of manufacturers on any form of activity. In the execution of a separate product or shallow operation, the worker can become a virtuoso, and as a result, its productivity increases.

Technical progress as a factor involves the use of new, more productive equipment or technology in the production, allows you to increase the volume of production in the same period of time, as a rule, with a smaller number of busy.

Finally, the level of education and professional training of workers. Qualified labor is more effective not only because it contributes to the production of larger volume of products. The higher the level of professional skill of workers, the higher the quality of manufactured products, and therefore it is stronger, more durable, which will save the resources related to its production, and switch them to the manufacture of other economic benefits.

Scientist of the Brooklyn Institute (USA) Edward Denisov: I made an attempt to quantify the impact of various factors of increasing labor productivity on the growth of production volumes. According to its estimates, 28% of the increase in real national income from 1929 to 1982 was due to technical progress, 19% due to capital costs (the use of material and cash for the organization of production), 14% - due to growth educational and vocational training of workers.

Practical findings

1 The ability of the consumer to maximally satisfy its needs in products and services depends not only on the size of the income, but also from rational use. Try to plan your purchases. This will allow you to better comprehend your needs and exclude something, without which you can attend. Compare those offered by manufacturers the conditions and the possibility of acquiring the necessary goods and services.

2 If possible, delay a part of your income as savings. Try to place them so to get much benefit from this, i.e. Promote their growth. Remember that keeping savings in monetary form in the period of high inflation is irrational. If the inflation rate is higher than interest rates, it will destroy the entire income received from savings.

Since when choosing a type of savings, try to accumulate and analyze information on the profitability and liquidity of the place and ways of savings (bank loan, securities, investment). This will help you verify the competence and reliability of those who you want to trust your money.

4 In the future, ensure the profitability of your production will help the use of various ways to reduce costs: the introduction of technical innovations and modern technologies, saving raw materials and materials, increase their professional skills.

DOCUMENT

How to dispose of your capital. From the work of the Scottish Scientist-Economist A. Smith "Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of peoples."

When the reserves owned by the person do not exceed the amounts sufficient only to keep it within a few days or weeks, he rarely thinks about extracting any income from them ... In this case, its income is obtained exclusively from his work ... if this person has reserves sufficient to keep it for several months or years, it is naturally trying to extract income from most of these reserves. Therefore, reserves are divided into two parts. The part of which he expects to receive income is called capital. Another part is the one that goes to direct consumption ...

Capital can be consumed in two different ways to deliver income, or profits, its owner. First, it can be used to produce, processing or buying goods in order to resale with profit. This kind of capital is correctly called working capital. Secondly, capital can be used to improve the Earth, to buy useful machines and tools or other items that bring income or profit without transition from one owner to another or without further conversion. Such capital can be called major capital.

That part of the capital of a farmer, which is spent on agricultural tools, is fixed capital, and the one that is consumed on wages and the content of its workers will be capital revocated. He removes profits from the first, holding it in his possession, and from the second - parting with him.

In all countries where there is a sufficiently sustainable order, every person who has common sense, tries to use the reserves available at its disposal in order to extract the satisfaction of their needs in the present or profit in the future.

1. With what types of citizens' income introduces the text of the document?
2. The author offers capital owners of income, or profits. Name these ways.
3. What part of the income is capital? What is the working capital differ from the main one?
4. The scientist believed that the "sustainable order" is a prerequisite for the extraction of each person, "with common sense", income from existing savings. Can I agree with him? Describe the conditions in the modern Russian economy, stimulating or impede the possibility of consumers and manufacturers to have income from their capital.
five . How to save and increase your income? Word your suggestions.

Questions for self-test

1 What economic problems have to be solved in conditions of limited resources a rational manufacturer and consumer?
2. Is it possible to protect your income from inflation? If so, how?
3. How to rationally spend money? What mandatory costs differ from arbitrary costs?
four . What factors affect labor productivity?
five . Through what methods can you increase the volume of products in existing limited resources?

TASKS

1 Technical Progress affects the change in production costs and manufacturer's profits. Give examples of use in the modern production of scientific and technological progress as a factor in increasing productivity.

The subject of the lesson: a man in the system of economic relations.

What should a literate consumer know about?

Under unequal conditions with the seller (they are professionals. Their goal is to sell more and more expensive) to the consumer (amateur) it is necessary to know the basic norms of legislation. In the Russian Federation there is a law "On the protection of consumer rights

The consumer has the right

on information; on quality, safety, damage

in a pair, you will require everyone to provide the necessary and reliable information about the product.

But let's return to the choice of our purchase. We made a choice.

Do we always buy the desired?

Unfortunately no. Our actions limit our income.

2. Revenues and expenses.

Under the income of the population It is understood as the amount of funds and material goods received or manufactured by households for a certain period of time. At the same time, income is the proportion of the subject in the GNP, which took place in the process of distribution and expression mainly in cash.

Structure of income

Natural revenues - This is products manufactured by households for their own consumption.

Money income Include: - wages, property income (rent, percentage and cash capital,dividends on shares) - Social payments(pensions, scholarships, social.benefits) - winnings, fees,inheritance

Types of income: nominal (accrued without taxes), real (for which we live); legal (received fee), illegal (earned not honest labor, criminal)

Their dynamics are different: nominal incomes can grow, and real fall and vice versa. Why? (price increase for goods)

Each household has to constantly make decisions, which part of the income to spend (i.e., to consume) today, and what to postpone the future for an unforeseen case (in case of disability, payment of education, increase professional level, etc.). A certain part of income is postponed in the form of savings.

Saving - Revenues are unsuccessful for the purchase of goods and services within the framework of current consumption.

Savings are carried out as a household (people) and firms, and countries.For example: the savings of our state is the country's foreign reserve (\u003d $ 107 billion), stabilization fund.

In the conditions of economic and financial instability in the country at a high level of inflation there is one reliable way to place savings to the consumer - this acquisition of real estate (apartment house, cottage), prices for which grow faster than money depreciates.

Economists share consumer spending on:

mandatory arbitrary

(Fixed - nutrition, rent) (variables - Clothing, Shoes, Transportation Services, Furniture, Recreation, etc.)

For the most complete satisfaction of the needs requires clear expense planning. If your personal income does not exceed mandatory costs, you can hardly afford arbitrary costs.

Analyzing data on consumers of consumers of different countries, scientists concluded: the richer the country, the smaller of the personal income of its citizens go to mandatory spending. German researcher - Statist Ernest Engel (1821-1896) for the first time set a natural link between the income of the population and the consumption structure.

Engel's law says:

"With income growth, their share is reduced to purchase food, increases part of revenues, which is consumed to purchase other goods and services that are not essential products."

With a further increase in income, the costs of highly paid goods and services are increasing. The share of family spending on food can be judged on the level of welfare of different groups of the population of one country and compare the welfare of citizens of different countries ..

US 10-15% France 12-15% of the Russian Federation 40-48%

Many people (especially young people) seek to find a highly paid job. Competition arises between seeking. Who will be more competitive? There is an important feature in the labor market - this is the limit of falling price for goods (labor), i.e.Mroth (minimum wage) - Guaranteed minimum salaries. It should be determined by the subsistence minimum - minimum funds necessary to live.

The cost of living is determined in the settlement of the country's average residential and is calculated on the T.N. A consumer basket is a minimum set of industrial and food products and services necessary to ensure physical survival (\u003d 300 items) the cost of living is so small, which is a satire object. For many years on color television, the satirical magazine "Fitil" is coming out.

Many countries incl. And Russia legally determines the minimum welfare and its obligation for all employers. Why? The market is cruel and does not know charity. To ensure the social stability of society, it is necessary to support the state of the poorest segments of the population. But in the context of the modern economic situation in Russia, Mrometa was below the subsistence minimum.

In economic literature, the expression is often found for the "poverty line". In Russia, it is believed that the borders of poverty take place at a level of 2 to 1 subsistence minimum, the poverty begins below.

To raise wages to an equilibrium state, the Russian government took a course on the fight against poverty, to raise living standards in the country.

What affects the salary?Quality of work, qualification, worker's labor productivity

There are several wage systems:

1) a timeless salary (depends on the magnitude of the developed time);

2) a piece of salary (depends on the number of work performed);

3) Mixed (combination of elements of timeless and piece remuneration).

Choose the answer.

1) family budget;

2) Cumulative Fund;

3) family savings;

4) meaningless spending.

1) to mandatory;

2) to variables;

3) to communal;

4) to unreal.

1) physical minimum;

2) social minimum;

3) consumer basket;

Complete the sentences:

Test on the topic of a person in the system of economic relations

Choose the answer.

1. A combination of income and family spending is ...

1) family budget;

2) Cumulative Fund;

3) family savings;

4) meaningless spending.

2. Housing expenses include:

1) to mandatory;

2) to variables;

3) to communal;

4) to unreal.

3. The number of goods and services necessary for normal life is determined by:

1) physical minimum;

2) social minimum;

3) for each person individually;

4) depending on the possibilities of social services.

4. Physical survival provides:

1) arbitrary set of products;

2) the help of charitable organizations;

3) consumer basket;

4) mutual assistance of members of society.

Complete the sentences:

1. Family revenues are nominal and ...

2. Food costs belong to ...

3. The minimum set of food, non-food and services, providing physical human survival, is ...

I. Man and property relationship.

When entering into economic relations, a person has the opportunity to experience all their varieties throughout life. In the relationship of the property, a person implements the rights of ownership, orders, use. The volume of these rights depends on the forms of ownership: common, private or mixed.

It should be emphasized that the influence of ownership for the economic behavior of a person is not unambiguous. For example, private property, on the one hand, disconnects people and alienates them from labor, but, on the other, it is a prerequisite for their economic independence and independence. The total (or public) property, to a certain extent, contributes to overcoming the sharp property and social inequality, according to economists, does not create sufficient incentives for labor and cannot be sustainable economic growth.

The right of ownership is recognized as one of the natural and non-alienated human rights.

II. Man and work.

The most important economic role of a person is his participation in the labor process. The objective characteristics of human labor activity is productivity, efficiency and place in the system of public division of labor.

Its estimate is determined by the degree of compliance with the most important requirements for it: the requirements of professionalism, labor, technological, negotiable discipline, as well as executive and initiative.

In modern times, N.T.R. is influenced for character there.

III Man and business.

Entrepreneurial activities in modern conditions becomes one of the important forms of human participation in economic relations. Entrepreneurship or business is considered to be carried out on its own initiative, on their risk and responsibility, independent, aimed at profit activities of people.

She places special requirements for a person: ingenuity, deep knowledge, risk readiness, hardness, the ability to independently accept responsible decisions, the faithfulness of the Word. The inconsistency of these requirements turns activities, externally similar to entrepreneurial - deception and scam.

IV Man - income and expenses.

Finally, man is a member of the relationship of distribution and consumption.

There are various forms of distribution of the product produced in society: wages, bank percentage, land rent, dividends. The inequality of income depends on the position of a person in the property relations, the level of its education, qualifications, profession and other factors. The reserve inevitable in the conditions of the market economy in the conditions of income of individuals and groups of the population in modern conditions is intended to compensate for the state (social program, benefits).

When entering into relations consumption, the person for the received income acquires the goods and services they need, satisfies the available material and spiritual needs.

V. Russia on the path of the market economy.

The transition to a market economy in Russia began in October 1991. At the same time, the first program of radical economic reforms was prepared. The main directions were: the transition to free pricing, the denationalization and privatization of state-owned enterprises in industry, trade, service sector. With the help of these measures, the authors of the program were calculated, on the one hand, weaken the existing economic crisis, eliminate the deficit, and on the other, to create a new class in Russia - the class of owners in Russia.

The results of economic reforms are controversial with the most serious problem with which it was necessary to face the government at the beginning of the reforms, the problem of mastering a new value system and the formation of the qualities of the qualities necessary for the entrepreneur.

In addition, with the transition to free pricing led to a sharp decrease in the standard of living. The deprivation of the population of accumulated funds led to certain consequences for privatization - the process of transferring state ownership into private hands.

Privatization can be carried out:

free Distribution

rent with subsequent redemption

transformation of state-owned enterprises in joint stock companies

buying enterprises on a competitive basis.

The purpose of privatization is to create a wide layer of private owners in the country - has not yet been reached.

The positive outcome of the ongoing reforms can be considered:

1) Formation of market infrastructure. (Commercial banks, stock and commodity exchanges, auctions.)

2) There is regulation of the legal system of the market economy.

3) A number of strategic tasks have been solved. (Inflation has been stopped, financial stabilization is reached, etc.)

Bibliography

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