With the help of bloody terror, the Nazis wanted to bring the people to their knees, suppress their resistance, turn them into slaves of Nazi Germany, and plunder the wealth of our Motherland without hindrance. But they miscalculated, people did not want to put up with the fascist "new regime" and rose to fight against the invaders. The patriots of our Motherland did not fulfill the order of the Nazis, they hid bread, livestock, collective farm equipment, hid the soldiers who had escaped from captivity. Ever since the first days of July, when there was a real threat of occupation; The regional committee, city committee, district party committees, along with the mobilization of human and material reserves for the armed forces, the construction of defensive structures, the evacuation of the population and equipment, began to prepare people for the fight behind enemy lines. Several wagons of weapons and a significant amount of ammunition were supplied from the military arsenals to arm the partisan detachments. In 1941, about 1 million rubles were received and spent on equipping partisans and the underground. However, it was not possible to complete everything that was planned before the invasion of the enemy.
On July 6, 1941, the Bureau of the Smolensk Regional Party Committee decided to create partisan detachments in the Western and Southern regions of the region, to which the enemy was striving. For the secretaries of the Regional Party Committee were assigned zones of action: for FI Krylov - Monastyrshchensky, Krasnensky, Stodolischensky, Glinkovsky, Pochinkovsky districts; for ZF Slaykovsky - a group of Demidov districts; for V. I. Ivanov - Smolensk, Dukhovshchinsky, Yartsevsky, Rudnyansky, Kardymovsky districts; after S. L. Dengin - a group of Northern regions; for G.I.Payterov - Ershichesky, Khislavichesky, Roslavlsky, Shumyachsky districts. However, not all the detachments formed by the Regional Party Committee in July 1941 were able to immediately start hostilities. Some of them were scattered in the very first battles with the Nazis, others fought in the battle formations of our troops and withdrew together in case of a forced retreat, and only separate detachments created in advance managed to gain a foothold in the enemy's rear and deploy active military operations.
The main reason for this situation was the lack of training of the personnel of the detachments; mostly they included people of peaceful professions. They had little or no knowledge of guerrilla tactics. It became obvious that without military specialists one cannot count on the wide scope and high efficiency of the partisan movement.
Great assistance in training personnel for fighting behind enemy lines was provided by the headquarters of the Western Front, under whose intelligence department in July 1941 a training center was created - one of the first special educational institutions in the country, designed for mass and systematic training of partisans
Soon, 9 underground organizations were organized in the Dukhovshchinsky district, around which about 50 small armed groups were formed. In the village of Grishkovo, a district partisan detachment was created. Its commander was assigned to the encircled former palette instructor of the company of the 408th rifle regiment A.S. Turovsky, chief of staff - captain G.V. Ochirov. Having settled in this area, the detachment began to noticeably grow at the expense of the local population and servicemen who were surrounded. In the first month, the partisans conducted 8 small battles and managed to almost completely arm themselves with captured weapons. By December, 25 partisan groups were already operating in the Dukhovshchinsky district, which included about 850 people. The bureau of the district committee decided to combine all these forces into the partisan detachment “Death to Fascism” and appoint it as commander P.K.Shmatkov. Also in December 1941, in the southeastern part of the Dorogobuzh district, on the territory of the Kholmetsky, Kryakovsky and Sensky village councils, a detachment of 120 people was organized. FN Demenkov became its commander. The detachment grew rapidly at the expense of the "encirclement" and local youth, and a month later it consisted of 280 fighters.
In a short time, dozens of partisan groups were founded in the Yelnensky region. One of them was formed in November 1941 in the village of Korobets. It was headed by the director of the Korobets secondary school V.V. Kazubsky. This group laid the foundation for the partisan detachment named after Sergei Lazo. In the Sychevsk region at the beginning of October 1941, a detachment "Rodina" was created, consisting of 31 people under the leadership of A. V. Kazakov. The Glinka partisan detachment was headed by F.F.Zimonin, the detachment of the Vskhodsky district - S.I.Barisov and A.M. Rakshinsky, the Yartsevsky detachment - T.Kh. Kondrashkin and F.V. Kuznetsov, Slobovskaya and Semlevsky - M.N. Shultz and M.F. Lukyanov. Immediately after Germany's attack on our country, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) received a request from N.Z.Kolyada to use his experience gained during partisan operations in the civil war to deploy the struggle behind enemy lines with the Germans. The request was granted. In July 1941, he was instructed to lead a special detachment, which included some secretaries of district committees, workers of Soviet institutions and organizations in the northwestern regions of Smolensk.
On August 22, 1941, the front line in the area of the villages of Podvyazye and Ustye of the Ilyinsky District broke through the corps of Colonel L. M. Dovator, who, according to the plan of the command of the Western Front, was supposed to raid the enemy's rear in order to weaken his group, which was preparing to go on the offensive in the direction of Vyazma. Together with the corps, the partisan detachment under the command of N.Z.Kolyada crossed the front line. Reaching the village of Korevo, Demidovsky district, the partisans broke up into groups. They were faced with the task: to reach Velizhsky, Dukhovshchinsky, Ilyinsky, Usvyatsky, Prichistensky, Demidovsky districts and deploy a partisan movement on the ground. Kolyada himself remained in the Slabodsky detachment of M.N. Shultz, which for a while became his base. Kolyada did significant work to unite scattered partisan groups and detachments, turning them into an active combat force.
Along with partisan detachments created by underground party organizations, many of them were formed on the initiative of individual patriots - residents of cities and villages, people of mature and young age. In the Demidov region, for example, the For the Motherland detachment was actively operating, the initiative of which belongs to a resident of the village of Novye Peresudy - Mitrofanov. The organizer of one of the detachments in the Dukhovshchinsky district was Sevastyanov from the village of Kamenka, together with friends - Vorobyov, Metlitsky, Ivanov, Shelenkov from the village of Pastrikhovo. Working underground, they involved reliable people in the future detachment, organized the collection of weapons and ammunition, conducted reconnaissance of the forthcoming area of operations. By December 1941, when the conditions for the deployment of the struggle were prepared, they led the detachment into the forest and began military operations against the invaders.
A noticeable role in the deployment of partisan warfare in the enemy-occupied territory of Smolensk was played by servicemen who were surrounded and unable to break through to join the Red Army, as well as escaped from Nazi captivity. Among them were career commanders who had experience in managing units and subunits in a combat situation, and extensive military knowledge. Our soldiers switched to partisan methods of struggle: they destroyed the enemy's manpower, committed sabotage, and interrupted communications.
In November 1941, in the Dorogobuzh region, a detachment, organized from surrounded by soldiers and commanders, began military activity. It was commanded by Lieutenant - tanker S.V. Grishin.
Sergei Vladimirovich Grishin was born into the family of a peasant - a poor man in the Dorogobuzh village of Fomino. He studied at school, and then, after graduating from the pedagogical college, began to teach rural children. In the fall of 1939, the head of the Vypolzov elementary school, S.V. Grishin, was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army. He became a platoon commander of tanks. In bloody battles with superior enemy formations in June-July 194, part of Grishin withdrew from the western border. Once surrounded, he made his way to his native village of Fomino, where he creates a partisan detachment "13". In March, he goes on a raid in the north-western regions of the Smolensk region. Smashing enemy garrisons, carts, small groups of Germans, sowing panic in the enemy rear, Detachment 13 marched through Safonovsky, Yartsevsky, Dukhovshchinsky and Smolensky districts.
The spring of 1942 passed in continuous battles with the Nazis. The Grishentsy crushed the enemy on the most important strategic highways: Smolensk - Vitebsk, Smolensk - Minsk. Large enemy garrisons were destroyed in Galiski, Bryukhovishche, Shchekuny, Lyubavichi, Volkova. And in the summer, the partisan detachment was transformed into the Special Regiment “13”.
Against the regiment "13" the enemy command threw regular units removed from the front, punitive expeditions supported by tanks and aircraft. The newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda” on September 8, 1942, said in the article “Level up with regiment“ 13 ”“: “Every day, units of the partisan regiment“ 13 ”are intensifying their hostilities behind enemy lines. Their successes in August are remarkable. For 28 days of last month, Grishin's detachments destroyed over 1,000 Germans and police officers, derailed 13 military echelons. For good combat work, the regiment "13" received gratitude from the Smolensk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Among the partisans of the Smolensk region awarded by the government are combat commanders and partisans of this regiment. Zvezdaev was awarded the Order of Lenin, Ivanov, Shesternev, Kursanov, Kustov were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
On March 7, 1943, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Grishin the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
One of the partisans who were part of Grishin's detachment, N. I. Moskvin, recalls: “Hitler's intelligence agencies sent saboteurs into the compound many times with the task of destroying Grishin at all costs. In their arsenal there was a potent poison, and cartridges with a bright orange color of the tip for the Browning "Long-07", stuffed with poison. Only the regiment's counterintelligence officers promptly exposed the enemy spies. In the villages, the Nazis generously hung up advertisements, promising a huge reward for Grishin's head. "
In the spring of 1944, the partisan regiment became a special partisan formation "13", its battalions grew into brigades. The unit commander was promoted to lieutenant colonel. By that time, Grishin's compound had derailed 314 trains with the Nazis and equipment, 20 thousand fascists, 295 steam locomotives, 3486 cars, 2 armored trains were killed under the rubble, 97 bridges were blown up and about 6 thousand meters of rails were destroyed 900 cars, 9 tanks, 2 railway. etc. station, 14,562 soldiers and officers were captured, 40 garrisons were defeated.
Once retired lieutenant colonel G. Kreidel confessed in the West German magazine “Verkund”: “This detachment has become one of the most dangerous and active in the rear of the armies“ Center. ”The fight against it cost the German command great efforts and huge sacrifices. The battle with this strong detachment went across the entire strip of the group of forces from north to south, and then again to the north. "
On the basis of the Dorogobuzh partisan groups in December 1941 - January 1942, the detachments "Hurricane", "Dedushka", "Ded", "Chaika" emerged. One of the organizers of the “Hurricane” detachment was a serviceman named Kalugin, who had considerable experience, who was surrounded. Detachment "Grandfather", formed from the soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, led by the Moscow militias Voronchenko and Silantyev. In the Kasplyansky region, senior lieutenant Shlapakov was the organizer of one of the detachments. During the fighting for Smolensk, he was wounded in the leg and ended up in the occupied territory. He paid great attention to reconnaissance of the future area of operations. By secret routes, information about the enemy's garrisons, his forces and intentions came to him from all sides. This made it possible to deliver a series of sensitive blows to the invaders. The partisans destroyed carts, smashed police councils, destroyed bridges.
Guide to guerrilla warfare (translation) of the USSR Armed Forces General Staff
EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES OF GUERRILLA FORMATIONS
The terrain during guerrilla warfare is subdivided into a combat area and a recreation area.
In the recreation area, attacks and sabotage against the enemy, as a rule, are not carried out.
The distance between the combat area and the recreation area on rough terrain should be at least 10 km, on flat terrain - 15 km.
Organization of rest
Rest in a war zone
Movement should be carried out only at night. The best place to stop for rest is in the forest. When stopping to rest in an open area, to organize observation, it is necessary to occupy heights.
You should not sleep twice in the same place, as well as in daytime recreation areas.
Scheme 9... War zone and recreation area
When stopping during the day, it is necessary to organize observation, at night - to set up double guard posts (Scheme 10).
Guarding far away is ineffective.
It is important to constantly hide from enemy observation from the air. The most dangerous are combat and transport helicopters, which can take partisan detachments and subunits by surprise.
It is necessary to establish an alarm procedure for each day so that the guerrilla knows his responsibilities in the event of an enemy attack. At the same time, assembly points are appointed, where subunits and personnel should arrive in the event of a surprise attack by the enemy.
Scheme 10... Organization of security
Breakdown of the partisan camp
The area where the partisan camp is located must be well camouflaged from air surveillance. The camp site should be protected from the wind and selected on dry terrain. It is always humid in meadows; on clay soil, due to its poor water resistance, it is also often very damp.
The forest with dense undergrowth is also wet and damp. Therefore, sandy soil is most favorable for setting up a camp. It is best to camp on a small slope rather than flat ground.
The place for pitching tents is determined by the platoon commander, he also indicates the order of their camouflage. For camouflage purposes, tents should be dispersed over the terrain. For camouflage, it is advisable to use protective raincoat-tents, branches and other improvised means.
The platoon leader determines the procedure for using fire, according to which sand, earth, or other means must always be near the fire for its rapid extinguishing. It is not recommended to use water for extinguishing a fire, since the generated steam helps the enemy to find the location of the detachment or subunit.
The territory of the camp is cleared of trees and stones. After that, tents are set up and immediately camouflaged.
Only strict observance of order in the camp ensures its rapid curtailment and the organization of the march, including at night and in adverse weather conditions (rain, snow).
It is necessary to take drinking water from flowing springs, use water from rivers and lakes only in extreme cases and be sure to boil it. Contaminated water should be filtered using available means (Figure 11).
Scheme 11... Drinking water source equipment
For the platoon, a latrine is equipped, which should be located aside from the camp, and a garbage pit.
The equipment of a latrine and a garbage pit is an integral part of hygiene by the personnel of a partisan detachment or unit.
Determining the weather
Signs of improving weather:
Evening fog formation;
The appearance of individual cumulus clouds that move in the direction of the wind;
The formation of cirrus clouds at high altitude, under which separate cumulus clouds move at high speed.
Signs of good weather:
Evening lightning;
Strong dew in the evening or in the first half of the night;
High flying swallows and croaking frogs;
Morning fog that dissipates when the sun rises;
Separation of white shreds from large clouds;
The appearance of globular cumulus clouds.
Signs of a sudden change in weather:
Simultaneous formation of various types of clouds (stratus, cumulus, lamb or cirrus);
Red morning dawn (indicates possible afternoon rain);
Torn pieces of clouds flying fast and low.
Bad weather signs:
Swiftly advancing cirrus clouds;
Cirrus clouds moving at high altitude;
Rapidly piling up cumulus clouds;
West or south wind;
A sharp change in wind direction in clear weather;
Formation of a uniform gray mass of cumulus or stratus clouds;
Moisture of rocks or pebbles;
Sudden appearance of dew;
Low-flying swallows, disturbing frogs and fish;
Pale yellow sunset;
Halo around the sun or moon;
Twinkling stars.
Cold weather can be identified by the following:
Formation of fog in the evening and at night with calm in low places;
The appearance on clear, windless winter days of light fog;
Strengthening of the frost, weakened during the day, by the evening
The appearance of a yellowish-orange color in the morning dawn.
Emergency catering
For food in an emergency, you can use fruits, vegetables, potatoes, berries, mushrooms, herbs, game, poultry, fish, frogs, snails.
For soups, you can use green or ripe grains of corn, oats, rye, or wheat.
Potatoes can be baked in a fire or boiled.
For baking bread, you can use corn, oats, rye, or wheat.
To make coffee, you can use grains of barley or acorns, having previously roasted them on a tin sheet until black-brown, then rubbed and brewed with boiling water.
For brewing tea, you can use linden blossom, juniper and elderberry berries.
Sorrel, young dandelions, juniper berries, young spruce shoots can be used as seasonings for meat, fish and soups.
Forest and meadow herbs can be added to vegetables and soups. For this purpose, nettle, sorrel, spring peel, plantain, dandelion leaves, and yarrow are used.
Peas, lentils and beans must be soaked before use.
In addition, you can use tree bark, reeds (reeds), seeds of conifers, young ears of corn, various nuts, unripe fruits.
The meat is best cooked.
The fish can be boiled (at least 15 minutes) or fried.
Chickens and other poultry can also be boiled, baked in clay (clay layer 2 × 3 cm) or fried.
Frog legs are best roasted over a fire.
Cook the snails for two hours.
Boil small pets (cats, dogs, rabbits) and hares over a fire in whole or in parts.
Getting an explosive from mines
The main source of explosives is various mines removed from minefields.
Due to lack of time, the enemy can only clear roads, and indicate the main part of the minefield with pointers.
From one anti-tank mine, depending on its type, you can get from 3 to 6 kg, an anti-personnel mine - 100-200 g of explosive.
The dismantling of mines is fraught with great danger.
The explosion of an anti-tank mine is equivalent in strength to that of a 105 mm projectile. The explosion of an antipersonnel mine corresponds to the explosion of a hand grenade.
Mines are defensive and are used primarily by defending troops. Therefore, you will have to deal with Swiss-made mines, which greatly facilitates the task.
Organization of mine clearance
Initially, it is necessary to identify the minefield and determine the type of mines installed, then - to establish the capabilities for hidden demining and transportation of the removed mines.
To remove mines from a minefield, a demining group is assigned as follows:
Group leader;
Security department (two or three people armed with automatic rifles);
Fencing department (two people, 30-meter thin rope, wire coil, barbed wire scissors, shovel, pickaxe, probes);
Transport compartment (several people or one or two pack animals).
Removing anti-tank mines
About 10–20% of anti-tank mines are installed for anti-handling and have special devices for detonating them.
The procedure for removing an anti-tank mine should be as follows:
Remove soil from the discovered mine;
Attach a piece of wire up to two meters long to the mine;
Connect the wire to the rope;
Choose a shelter;
Remove the mine from its installation site. If it does not explode, remove the pressure cover and fuse. Then transfer the mine to the transport department (Scheme 12).
After removing the mine, be sure to mask the place of its installation.
Removal of antipersonnel mines
Anti-personnel mines have a low specific pressure, so they are more dangerous for the demining group.
Anti-personnel mines can be removed manually.
Removal and clearance of antipersonnel pressure mines of the type “43” and “59” should be avoided. Tension mines are also of great danger.
Scheme 12... Organization of mine clearance
Making improvised explosives
Nitrocellulose can be used to make an improvised explosive. It can be obtained in the chemical industry either dry or wet.
Wet nitrocellulose burns well, dry - explodes easily.
If necessary, wet nitrocellulose can be dried in the sun or in a well-ventilated area.
Dry nitrocellulose is filled in cans, various containers (boxes), into which detonator cap No. 8 is inserted, as well as a fuse or detonating cord.
The explosive effect of nitrocellulose is much lower than that of a conventional explosive and amounts to about 20% of the power of TNT or plastic. Therefore, when calculating the charge, instead of 100 g of explosive, it is necessary to take 500 g of nitrocellulose.
The denser the nitrocellulose is compressed, the better its explosive properties.
Containers filled with nitrocellulose must be handled very carefully: protect from pressure, shock, falling, moisture.
Making homemade blasting charges
Guerrillas rarely have the necessary standard explosive charges at their disposal. Therefore, many charges must be made from improvised means (anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, artillery shells and mortar mines, aerial bombs). The destructive effect of homemade charges is high. They may be as good as prefabricated charges, but transporting and handling them is often inconvenient and difficult. All homemade explosive charges have high shrapnel capabilities, so they should be detonated from a long distance or from reliable cover.
Ammunition storage
Despite the difficult conditions, the storage of ammunition in the partisan detachment, as well as their maintenance, must be organized according to all the rules.
Protect ammunition from moisture, rain, snow, direct sunlight, heat and pollution.
It is advisable to store them in their original packaging.
Ammunition storage
Ammunition should be stowed in a dry place on boards, wooden grates and covered with tarpaulins or raincoats.
Ammunition should not be placed near heating devices and open flames.
Good air circulation must be ensured by free placement of packages. The distance between the packages should be about 2 x 3 cm.
Control and maintenance of unpackaged ammunition
Damp ammunition must be dried in the air, not in the sun.
Remove dirt from cartridges and grenades with a rag. The oil ring between the liner and the projectile is not removed. Gasoline, kerosene and other solvents are not used for wiping ammunition.
During extreme cold weather, prevent the formation of ice on cartridges, grenades and other ammunition. In the event of icing of ammunition, it is timely to remove the ice and dry the ammunition.
Control and maintenance of packed ammunition
If mold forms on the ammunition, it must be dried, wiped and transferred.
In case of icing, remove ice from the ammunition, check the integrity of the packaging. Dry and transfer ammunition if necessary.
Do not use ammunition with mechanical damage.
Certain types of ammunition are very sensitive to impacts. This applies to fuses, projectiles with fuses installed and cumulative ammunition. Falling from a height of one meter on solid ground or from a height of two or more meters on soft ground can disable them without visible damage. In peacetime, such ammunition is not fired. In wartime, the decision is made based on the situation.
Equipment for ammunition depots in the open air
Equipment for ammunition depots in the open air is difficult and requires some knowledge.
Scheme 13... Ammunition depot equipment:
1 - gutter; 2 - a camouflage sod layer; 3 - waterproof material to protect against moisture ingress; 4 - logs or boards to cover the pit; 5 - boxes with ammunition (distance between packages 2 × 3 cm); 6 - flooring made of boards or beams; 7 - support logs for flooring; 8 - sand or small pebbles (layer width not less than 70 cm); 9 - several layers of wild stone
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Data on losses from the Nazis
Escaped
Partisan casualties data
Appendix 5
Summary table of data on the battle for the camp of the Bryansk city partisan detachment,
Bear ovens.
A source | Data from the plaque on the monument. | (Bryansk regional party-Zansky detachment). | (Bryansk city party-Zansky detachment). | From the memorandum of the NKVD administration in the Oryol region to the secretary of the Oryol regional committee of the CPSU (b). |
|
| Killed | |||||
Losses from the partisans |
(died of wounds) |
||||
Number of Nazis who participated in the attack on the camp | Over 800 (skier soldiers) |
History of the Bryansk Territory. XX century. / V., - Klintsy, 2003 .-- S. 270.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 .-- P. 360.
In the name of life // "Bryansk teacher's newspaper". - 2003. - No. 4 - P. 9.
Attachment 1.
Appendix 2.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 .-- S. 63.
In the same place. - S. 64.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 - P. 368.
In the same place. - S. 64.
Appendix 4.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 - P. 369.
GKU BO GABO TSDNIBO, f.1671. - Op. 1. - D.3. - L. 5.
Appendix 3.
In the same place. - L. 7.
Appendix 3.
Http: // ru. wikipedia. org / wiki
Appendix 3.
Attachment 1.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 .-- P. 41.
Appendix 5.
Attachment 1.
Http: // www. ***** / heroes228.htm
Attachment 1.
& page = 3
Book of Memory. Bryansk region. Volume 1. - Bryansk: Grani Publishing House, 1994, - P. 515.
GKU BO GABO TsDNIBO, f.1650. - Op. 1. - D.302. - L. 7.
Book of Memory. Bryansk region. Volume 1. - Bryansk: Grani Publishing House, 1994, - P. 281.
GKU BO GABO TSDNIBO, f.1671. - Op. 1. - D.3. - L. 6.
Book of Memory. Bryansk region. Volume 1. - Bryansk: Grani Publishing House, 1994, - P. 417.
GKU BO GABO TSDNIBO, f.1671. - Op. 1. - D.3. - L. 5.
Http: // www. ***** / html / info. htm? id =
GKU BO GABO TSDNIBO, f.1671. - Op. 1. - D.3. - L. 5.
Http: // www. ***** / html / info. htm? id =
Http: // www. ***** / html / info. htm? id =
GKU BO GABO TSDNIBO, f.1671. - Op. 1. - D.3. - L. 7.
Http: // www. ***** / heroes228.htm
Written by war ... Letters, diaries, memoirs of participants in wars and military conflicts of the twentieth century. - Klintsy: publishing house of the State Unitary Enterprise "Klintsovskaya City Printing House", 2012. - P. 136.
And the Fatherland called the sons. Bryantsy during the Great Patriotic War. Collection of documents and materials. - Tula: Priokskoe book publishing house, 1985. - P. 131.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 .-- P. 66.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of documents and materials. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1962 .-- P. 100.
GKU BO GABO TSDNIBO, f.1650. - Op. 1. - D.302. - L. 5.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of documents and materials about the Bryansk partisan region during the Great Patriotic War. - Tula: Priokskoe book publishing house, 1970 .-- P. 122.
Appendix 2.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of documents and materials. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1962 .-- P. 103.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of stories of former partisans. - Bryansk: Bryansk worker, 1959 .-- P. 67.
In the same place. - S. 42.
Partisans of the Bryansk region. Collection of documents and materials about the Bryansk partisan region during the Great Patriotic War. - Tula: Priokskoe book publishing house, 1970 .-- P. 123.
Memorable places of partisan glory
Form of the event: class hour using interactive technologies.
Purpose: To instill a sense of patriotism and pride in the native land
Children age: 5-6 grade.
1. Acquaintance of students with materials about the history of memorable places of the city of Bryansk and its heroes during the Great Patriotic War
2. Formation of a sense of pride and love for hometown and land
Equipment: Computer, projector, screen
Preliminary preparation:
1.Study students of materials about Bryansk and the heroes of the Bryansk region
2.Involving children to create a presentation
Registration:
In the office, you can hang pictures and posters about Bryansk. Pupils can bring their photographs against the background of the city's sights, you can make an exhibition of photographs and compositions of children "My hometown"
Move: (Music "My affectionate and gentle animal" or other soulful music sounds, not on the slide)
I died many years ago
And he was buried without honors and without awards.
Now my grave is lost
And not even a mound remained in this place.
No one will come to cry over me
A bouquet of wildflowers won't bring
And only the rain caresses me
He washes away with a transparent tear.
As if to blame people
He wants to make amends as soon as possible.
And sometimes, in despair, it will burst
And hurricanes will pass over the earth
So that those who live do not forget
How we suffered in that war ...
Teacher: We don't forget our heroes. Their memory is immortalized in granite, bronze and our hearts.
Partizan Square
Disciple: The eternal flame of glory was lit in Bryansk on Partizan Square on September 17, 1966. It burns at the majestic monument - a monument to the soldiers and partisans of the Great Patriotic War. A requiem sounds on the square near the monument. It was written and presented to the city by the composer, People's Artist of the USSR D. B. Kabalevsky. Every day, on a holiday and on weekdays, residents of Bryansk and its guests come here to bow to the courage, fortitude, heroism of the living and the fallen. The guard of honor is changing at the monument. Here the Yunarmeys are on watch. On the pedestal are lines from the popular partisan song of A. Sofronov and S. Kats: The Bryansk forest was rustling severely ...
(Include video clip)
The monument to the soldiers and partisans of the Great Patriotic War consists of three sculptural groups, in the center of which is a seventeen-meter pylon. The words “For our Soviet Motherland” and “Eternal glory to the heroes who fell in the battles for the freedom and independence of our Motherland” are embossed on the pylon in gold. 1941 - 1945 ".
Memorial complex "Partizanskaya Polyana"
Disciple: Created in a picturesque forest near Bryansk. Here in September 1941, partisans of the Bryansk city and Bryansk district detachments raised the banner of the sacred struggle for the freedom and independence of our Motherland. In the solemn silence, the words of the partisan oath sounded: “For the burned cities and villages, for the death of our women and children, for torture, violence and abuse of my people, I swear to take revenge on the enemy cruelly, mercilessly and relentlessly. Blood for blood and death for death! "Surrounded by slender pines and mighty oaks, one involuntarily recalls lines from the verses of our fellow countryman, the poet Nikolai Gribachev:
In the Bryansk forest there is silence, silence.
The war has died down in the Bryansk forest,
And over the graves of those who are dead,
The yellow sun flows down from the foliage ...
Disciple: On the territory of the Partizanskaya Polyana memorial complex in the depths of the forest, a memorial block crowned with a star and a laurel branch is gleaming. The obelisk is dedicated to the combat affairs of the D.E. Kravtsova. The brigade operated from August 1941 to September 1943. It included the Bryansk city partisan detachment named after D. Kravtsov, detachments named after A. Parkhomenko and J. Sverdlov, which united 640 people's avengers. On the obelisk - the results of a two-year combat activity of the partisans: 46 enemy trains were derailed, 39 railway and highway busts were blown up, more than 12 thousand fascists were destroyed. A white marble stele dedicated to the N. Shchors partisan brigade has been installed on the territory of the Partizanskaya Polyana memorial complex. The brigade consisted of 1,053 people. The brigade was commanded by Mikhail Petrovich Romashin, who in August 1942 was awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for his heroic deeds in the fight against the Nazi invaders.
Pupil: Partisan nature reserve "Round Lake" tract at the site of the Bezhitsk city partisan detachment named after A.I. Vinogradov is a tribute to the heroic deeds of the brave avengers from the proletarian Bezhitsa. An obelisk was erected on the mass grave of the perished partisans, at the base of which is an image of the Order of the Patriotic War. The words are engraved on the pylon: “Great deeds are immortal. The name of the partisans who died in battles with the Nazi invaders in 1941-1943 are immortalized on the memorial stele. Partisan dugouts have been restored. The author of the reserve at Krugloye Lake is the architect V. Gorodkov. Bronze bust of the commander of the Bezhitsa city partisan detachment A.I. Vinogradov, who died in battles with the Nazi invaders, was installed in the park named after him on Pochtovaya Street in the Bezhitsky District of Bryansk. The surviving comrades-in-arms planted a commemorative tree next to the bust - an oak, which was moved from the detachment's camp. He is a true witness to the past of the legendary partisan forest.
Mound of Immortality
Disciple: On May 7, 1967, the Mound of Immortality was laid in the city park "Nightingales". Today it is a majestic structure crowned with a huge five-pointed star. Kurgan has become one of those holy places, without which the appearance of the regional center is inconceivable. The sacred land from the mass graves in the cities and villages of the Bryansk region, from the legendary places of the hero cities, from the Bulgarian Shipka - the symbol of the brotherhood of the Slavic peoples - was brought to the site of the laying of the Kurgan by mothers whose sons did not return from the war, war veterans, heroes of the Soviet Union, order holders Glory, leaders of the partisan movement and the underground, soldiers of the Soviet Army.
The Kurgan is an earthen embankment with a total volume of over 20 thousand cubic meters and a height of 12 meters. At the base of the Kurgan is a gun barrel with a capsule, which contains an appeal to the descendants of the Bryants of 2017: “Dear comrades, friends, people of the XXI century! .. Never forget the heroic past of our partisan land! Always remember at what cost your grandfathers got freedom! Take care of it like the apple of your eye ... We will bequeath to you the most precious thing a person has - pride in his Motherland! Love your country the way we loved it, your older comrades, like-minded people, friends. Increase the power of the Motherland! "
Having drunk the cup of suffering all the way down,
You passed away young.
But in our memory for all time
Stay alive forever!
No, time has no power over us
Our grief will not kill him!
We wash your ashes with tears
Learning to be grateful.
Olya Korneeva
Disciple: When the war began. Olya Korneeva from Lyubokhna was 14 years old. In November 1941, Olya's father, leaving the encirclement, came to Lyubokhna. He was injured. At home, he received some medical treatment and went to the partisans, while Olya remained in the village. She helped the people's avengers: at night she pasted leaflets, during the day she went to the highway or crossroads and watched the movement of enemy equipment and manpower. Olya was an executive and courageous person.
In August 1942, the Nazis seized her and threw her into prison. During interrogations, the Gestapo beat the young patriot, drove the fingernails of the needles into the fret. But Olya did not say a word about the partisans. Then they cut off her right hand, and a few days later they brought her to be shot. It was August 19, 1942 soda. Next to her, at the edge of the pit, stood an elderly man, also sentenced to death. They had their eyes rolled over. The old man tore off the bandage. Olya did the same.
Olga Korneeva was posthumously awarded the medal "For Courage".
Vitya Sentyurin
Pupils: WAR, with tears and grief, entered the house where Vitya Sentyurin lived, trampled on his childhood, his youthful dreams, his love for music, for friends, for school. He was only 15 years old, fifteen boyish years.
From the memoirs of Sister Viti. "- To the rear with my sisters - I won't go, and don't ask!" - My brother categorically declared when uncle Nikolai Mikhailovich came to our house and advised the whole family to evacuate to the rear along with other partisan families. Viti's father and mine remained a liaison of his brother's detachment, my mother did not want to go without him either. At that time, my father worked as the head of the city's security guard (there was one). He and his subordinates guarded warehouses with food, manufactured goods and weapons. The order was: “To keep everything safe and sound until the last day. And if a German breaks through, destroy everything. " For a long time my mother tried to persuade me to go to the rear with the family of Nikolai Mikhailovich. And when I agreed, she asked:
Please look after your brother, he is just a child, do not let him go anywhere. You never know what can happen on the way, there is a war. And then, you heard that he doesn't want to go to the rear. He wants to fight. Well, what kind of warrior is he? Please, take him to the rear.
At the age of 15, Vitya was short. In physical education lessons, he was the last in the ranks, he was not taken to the school's basketball team, they said: "Grow up, kid." But in the string orchestra, led by the teacher Vasily Ivanovich Bruse, Vitya Sentyurin was considered the best dombra player. Many times in reporting concerts, he led the part of the mandolin, sometimes played the lead part on the piano. He played the trumpet, replaced the drummer, and Vitya sang beautifully. His voice was admired by everyone who listened to him at concerts. A pupil of the school, Sergei Baranenkov, wrote about him in the district newspaper. He was called the Dyatkovo nightingale. And the head of the choir V.I.Bruse predicted a great future for him on stage. Once at a parent meeting, he told Viti's mother:
He needs to be given a higher musical education, it would be nice to send him to the Gnessin School. Your son has great talent. The ideas of the teacher and Viti himself did not come true - the Great Patriotic War began. So, on August 18, 1941, dozens of carts loaded with household goods, with small children, next to whom were women and old people, left Dyatkovo in the direction of Yelets. These were mainly the families of the partisans who remained in the city. Together with them, next to the carriage, where the belongings of the family of Uncle Kolya were, were his daughters, his wife, and I and my brother Vitya. He behaved very unusual, several times lagged behind the carts under various pretexts. But I remembered my mother's order, ran after him and led him to the carts. The older convoy, Uncle Kolya's wife, Aunt Shura, also watched over him. She tried to convince my brother that he should go to the rear, that it is too early for him to fight. Two days later, my brother disappeared. On the cart I found a note: “I don’t want and will not go to the rear, and therefore at night, secretly, I run away from you. Do not look for me, Aunt Shura. beat the fascists with adults. Don't be angry, I am doing what every member of the Komsomol would do ... "This is all that remains of my brother. Then, two years later, I learned that Vitya was in a passing car along with the soldiers who were driving to the front line. The front line, safely reached Dyatkovo. And immediately went to a meeting with the commander of the partisan detachment - Nikolai Mikhailovich Sentyurin, Uncle Kolya, I told him everything about his escape from us, tearfully asked him to be taken into the partisan detachment. And Uncle Kolya surrendered ...
The fact that my brother, a fifteen-year-old boy, was a brave intelligence officer, was told to me by a former partisan Sergei Nikolaevich Baranenkov. He fought in the same detachment with Vitya. And now, many years later, on September 17, on the Day of the Liberation of the Bryansk region, he comes to Dyatkovo to meet with the surviving comrades. 13 people from the numerous relatives of the Sentyurins died during the war. Among them is my brother Vitya. Many episodes of the partisan life of the detachment's son (as the adults called him), the young intelligence officer, were told by his friends, my parents. For military merit, valuable information that a fifteen-year-old intelligence officer obtained for the detachment, he was awarded the medal "For Military Merit". On his account there are dozens of letters of gratitude from the commander and commissar of the partisan detachment, many certificates of honor, which are kept in the school museum of military glory. Retired teacher A.I. Tarakanova collected materials about the partisans. She taught them, she did everything for people to remember the guys who gave their lives for their Motherland.
It was 1943. Retreating, the Nazis destroyed everything that came into their hands. They robbed and killed innocent people.
It was in those days that a punitive detachment of Germans was located in the village of Star, Dyatkovsky district, - the former partisan Olga Iosifovna Fless, who fought in the same detachment with Vitya, told me. - It was there, in Old, that the command of the detachment sent a group of scouts. Among them was the son of the detachment, the young partisan Vitya Sentyurin. They obtained valuable information about the location of the German units, their equipment, tanks, and heavy guns. Vitya and his comrades completed the task. It was necessary to return to the detachment, but the boys were hungry, they did not eat anything for two days, they decided to go into one of the houses and ask for a piece of bread. The hostess took pity on the children, fed them and, wiping away her tears, warned:
The Germans will appear - leave. They will not see that you are children, they are raging, retreating, cruelty, there is no limit. She carefully opened the curtain and sat down on the floor in fright. The Germans were approaching her house. - Run through the back door, vegetable gardens. Yes, bend down, maybe, kids, you will be lucky. There was nothing to do. The guys crawled out into the yard on their bellies. They crawled to the nearest edge of the forest, felt that they were safe here and the Germans would not reach them, stood up to their full height and ran as best they could. But the Germans still spotted them. At this moment, two machine gun fires sounded and the young scouts fell to the ground lifeless. Their life was cut short. The guys did not return to the squadron. By evening, everyone learned that they had died. The commander ordered to bury the brave scouts as it should be. In the middle of the night, the partisans made their way to the place where the guys were lying, and carried them into the forest, risking their lives.
They buried them, - Olga Iosifovna Fless, a partisan, told me with all the honors, even volleys were fired. My mother, who was paralyzed after the death of her son, asked me to erect a monument to Vitya next to my father's grave in the Dyatkovo cemetery. I fulfilled the request of my mother and the partisans who fought with Vitya and erected a beautiful marble monument to him. Vitya was only 15 years old when a fascist bullet ended his life.
From the photograph attached to the monument, a very young face of a boy who fought and died for his homeland looks. This is how he will remain in the memory of those who remember him. On the Day of Liberation of the Region, September 17, I come to my brother's grave and almost always see that someone has laid LIVE FLOWERS at the foot of the monument. FRIENDS REMEMBER HIM. OTHERWISE CANNOT BE.
Vanya Khandeshin
Disciple: Before the war, Vanya Khandeshin lived in the village of Solodukhino, Dyatkovo district. He studied at the Lyubogoschenskaya seven-year school. The boy was not yet 14 years old when bullets and shell fragments whistled over his native village. The fascists came. A little time passed, and Vanya, as the son of a partisan, together with his brother Kolya, ended up in a fascist camp. But Vanya was not like that to meekly await the end. He flees the camp, taking his brother with him, and finds a partisan detachment. Vanya became a partisan intelligence officer.
In the early spring of 1943, before flying to Moscow to the Suvorov School, Vanya, together with the platoon commander Ivan Ilyushin and the partisan Yegor Simkin, went to the village of Batskino to find out the situation. At the village of Motsanovka, the group stumbled upon the Nazis. A skirmish ensued, in which Ilyushin and Simkin were killed. Vanya was seriously wounded, he went blind. The Nazis captured the young partisan and tried to find out from him information about the location of the detachment. They promised to take him to Berlin and cure him. But Vanya did not say a word. He was shot. Ivan Khandeshin was posthumously awarded the medal "For Courage".
(The poem is read by a student in a soldier's uniform)
We don't need posthumous glory,
Though our fate is bitter
After all, the highest award for all of us is
Your memory of us for centuries!
Just don't forget us in the hustle and bustle,
Do not betray those who perished for you.
Be merciful and happy
And pray more often for us!
Disciple: By decision of the Oryol Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, preparation for partisan warfare began in July 1941. In the Bryansk region, 72 partisan Detachments were formed, by October 27 more were created. In total, during the years of occupation, 27 partisan brigades and 139 detachments operated. The partisan detachments and the underground consisted of over 60 thousand people. From the very first days of the occupation, partisan detachments provided armed assistance to the units of the Red Army. Despite the fact that during this period the detachments were small in number, they conducted combat operations with the enemy: they set up ambushes, blew up highway and railway bridges, and destroyed communications.
Alexey Shumavtsov
Disciple: Sixteen-year-old boy from Dyatkovo Alyosha Shumavtsov on the first day of the Great Patriotic War asked the military commissar:
Send me to the front.
It's early, son. We will call when necessary.
But they called soon, however. Alexei Shumavtsov was appointed head of the underground Komsomol-youth intelligence group in Lyudinovo. This group performed extremely important tasks of the command of the Soviet Army and partisans. She obtained ammunition, medicines, clothing and German documents for the partisans, helped those in danger to go into the forest, collected information about the deployment of German troops and the concentration of their equipment, distributed newspapers and leaflets. Under the leadership of Alexei Shumavtsov, a group of Lyudinovskaya youth arranges numerous sabotage. Alexei Shumavtsov personally takes part in the arson of German warehouses with uniforms and fuel, informs the Soviet command of information about the location of German troops. The actions of the underground Komsomol youth group worried the German command. It takes measures to search for underground members. Taking advantage of the denunciation of the fascist henchman, the invaders arrest a group of Lyudinov activists and shoot them.
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, for the courage and heroism shown in the struggle against the fascist invaders, the head of the underground Komsomol youth group Alexei Semyonovich Shumavtsov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Vladimir Ryabok.
Disciple: The youth detachment was commanded by the secretary of the district committee of the Komsomol Vladimir Ryabok. Preparing for the meeting of the invaders, the partisans mastered military science, got acquainted with the terrain, set up bases, places of their future camps.
We will create such a front here so that the enemy could not take a single step without fear ..., - said V. Ryabok at a meeting of the Komsomol organization on October 7, 1941, on the day of the capture of Dyatkovo by the Germans.
Vladimir was born in Bryansk in 1914. His father worked as a train driver on a steam locomotive. And Vladimir, after completing the eight-year school, entered the Dyatkovo technical school. In the rank of heat engineer, he left for the Urals, and then returned to his native land and entered the glass factory in Stari. Former partisan Vera Sevskaya remembered the fact that the partisans took the oath: “The partisans took an oath: to take merciless revenge on the German invaders ... The turn came to Vladimir. As now I see him in front of me. A young blond guy with a submachine gun on his chest, he scanned the faces of his comrades with his blue eyes and said solemnly and firmly: “I will fight the Germans while my hands are holding weapons, while my heart is beating. I will fight for our land, despising death. " It was Volodya and his comrades who blew up the bridge over the Bolva River when a German tank column was approaching. This slowed down the enemy's advance. Komsomol members conducted many successful military operations, and Ryabok was always ahead, resourceful and dexterous. Comrades recall: "Next to Volodya it was a shame to look weak, insecure, everyone was drawn to him, he enjoyed great prestige among young people." The Soviet region in the rear of the enemy was a strong point in the performance of combat missions for both army units and neighboring partisan detachments. They instilled fear in the enemy, did not give him rest day or night. The ground burned under the feet of the fascists. Dyatkovo district, along with Navlinsky and Suzemsky, was almost completely freed from enemies for a long time. There was even a military enlistment office in Dyatkovo. He called young men into the Soviet army and sent them to the front line. The partisans sought to expand the boundaries of the Soviet region. In early May Ryabok went with a group of comrades to the village of Verkhi to destroy the enemy garrison there. This battle turned out to be the last for him: the commander could not take care of himself, he always went first ... Posthumously he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The grave of the Komsomol leader is located in Dyatkovo.
Dmitry Emlyutin
Disciple: In October 1941, he headed an operational group but the organization and leadership of the partisan movement in the Bryansk region, later was appointed commander of the United partisan detachments and brigades operating in the Bryansk and Oryol regions. After the liberation of these regions, he held responsible positions in the headquarters of the partisan movement of the Central Front and the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement at the Headquarters of the Supreme Command. For military services to the Motherland and impeccable service in the KGB, he was awarded the Orders of the Red Banner (1950), the Red Star (1945), medals "For Military Merit" (1944), "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree and three other medals, and also the Hungarian tabletop medal "Partisan Glory".
In April 1942, all partisan detachments operating in the area of the Bryansk forests were united under a single command of D.V. Emlyutin. Deep behind enemy lines, 57 detachments and brigades fought against the enemy under his command.
The partisans of the Bryansk region conducted hundreds of military operations, liberated from the invaders and held under their control a vast territory, which was called the Bryansk partisan region. The territory of this region stretched for 260 kilometers from north to south and 40-50 kilometers from east to west and included more than 500 settlements with a population of over 200 thousand people. In the Partisan Territory, party and Soviet bodies, collective farms were restored, industrial enterprises and workshops, four airfields, post office and communications were working, newspapers were published, medical centers and hospitals functioned, a lot of mass political work was carried out among the population. It was a Soviet bastion behind enemy lines that withstood repeated attacks by punishers and regular troops of the Hitlerite army. The attacks were especially strong in July - August 1942. The Nazis threw in about 100 thousand of their soldiers against the partisans, whose actions were led by the headquarters of three corps. The Bryansk partisans, in cooperation with the people's avengers of Ukraine, fought heavy battles with the punishers for more than a month, who did not manage to liquidate the Bryansk partisan region. The fight against the enemy did not stop day or night. Bryansk partisans, led by an experienced Chekist D.V. Emlyutin, they blew up railway bridges, echelons, ammunition depots, destroying enemy garrisons. For example, garrisons were defeated in the large settlements of Trubchevsk, Suzemka and Lokte. On the night of March 8, 1943, partisans under the direct leadership of D.V. Emlyutin blew up the so-called Blue Bridge across the Desna in the Vygonichi region. The most important section of the Bryansk - Gomel railway was put out of action for more than a month ... "
We promise to remember the moments of war
And we bow our heads mournfully
Before all who are dead and who are alive
Who, having accomplished his feat of arms,
Bequeathed to descendants to live in peace forever
And he gave his life without hesitation.
Teacher: Summing up (reflection).
Literature:
1. The Great Patriotic War in lyrics and prose. In 2v.: T1-M.: Bustard: Veche, 2002-512s. (Library of Russian classical fiction)
2. We carry this date in our hearts: Collection., - Bryansk: State Unitary Enterprise “Bryans.obl.polygr. association "2008-192s.
3. Sokolov Y.D. Bryansk is an ancient city: Historical and local history essays. - Bryansk: ZAO "Chitai - Gorod" Publishing House, 2006-640s., Ill.
4. T. K. Dandykin. In the name of the fallen and the living. Partisan struggle in the Bryansk region 1941-1943. Publishing house "Pridesenye" Bryansk 2000-260s., Ill.
5. Bryansk region of the 20th century: Historical and artistic narratives. -Bryansk: ZAO "Chitai-Gorod" Publishing House, 2003-288s., Ill.
The partisan movement has repeatedly proved its effectiveness during the wars. The Germans were afraid of the Soviet partisans. "People's avengers" destroyed communications, blew up bridges, took "tongues" and even made weapons themselves.
History of the concept
Partizan is a word that came to Russian from the Italian language, in which the word partigiano denotes a member of an irregular military detachment enjoying the support of the population and politicians. Guerrillas fight using specific means: war behind enemy lines, sabotage or sabotage. A distinctive feature of guerrilla tactics is covert movement in enemy territory and a good knowledge of the terrain. In Russia and the USSR, this tactic has been practiced from time immemorial. Suffice it to recall the war of 1812.
In the 1930s, in the USSR, the word "partisan" acquired a positive connotation - this was the name given only to partisans fighting for the Red Army. Since then, in Russia, this word is extremely positive and is almost never used in relation to enemy guerrilla groups - they are called terrorists or illegal military formations.
Soviet partisans
Soviet partisans during the Great Patriotic War were controlled by the authorities and performed tasks similar to those of the army. But if the army fought at the front, then the partisans had to destroy enemy routes of communication and means of communication.
During the war years, 6,200 partisan detachments worked in the occupied lands of the USSR, in which about a million people took part. They were managed by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement, developing coordinated tactics and directing them towards common goals to the disparate partisan associations.
In 1942, Marshal of the USSR Kliment Voroshilov was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the partisan movement, and they were asked to create a partisan army in the rear of the enemy - German troops. Although the guerrillas are often thought of as indiscriminately organized units of the local population, the "people's avengers" behaved in accordance with the rules of strict military discipline and took the oath of office like real soldiers - otherwise they would not survive in the brutal conditions of war.
Life of the partisan
The worst of all was for the Soviet partisans, who were forced to hide in the forests and mountains, in the winter. Before that, not a single partisan movement in the world had faced the problem of cold - in addition to the difficulties of survival, the problem of camouflage was added. The partisans left footprints in the snow, and the vegetation no longer hid their refuge. Winter dwellings often impaired the mobility of the partisans: in the Crimea, they built mainly terrestrial dwellings like wigwams. In other areas, dugouts prevailed.
Many partisan headquarters had a radio station, with the help of which they communicated with Moscow and transmitted news to the local population in the occupied territories. With the help of the radio, the command gave orders to the partisans, who, in turn, coordinated airstrikes and provided intelligence information.
There were also women among the partisans - if for the Germans, who thought of a woman only in the kitchen, this was unacceptable, then the Soviets in every possible way agitated the weaker sex to participate in the partisan war. Women scouts did not fall under the suspicion of enemies, women doctors and radio operators helped in sabotage, and some brave women even took part in hostilities. It is also known about the officer's privileges - if there was a woman in the detachment, she often became the "field wife" of the commanders. Sometimes everything happened the other way around and wives instead of husbands gave orders and intervened in military issues - such a disorder was tried by the higher authorities to suppress.
Partisan tactics
The basis of the "long arm" tactics (as the Soviet leadership called the partisans) was the implementation of reconnaissance and sabotage - they destroyed the railways along which the Germans delivered trains with weapons and food, broke high-voltage lines, poisoned water pipes or wells in the enemy's rear.
Thanks to these actions, it was possible to disorganize the enemy's rear and demoralize him. A great advantage of the partisans was that all of the above did not require large human resources: sometimes even a small detachment could implement subversive plans, and sometimes even one person.
When the Red Army was advancing, the partisans attacked from the rear, breaking through the defenses, and unexpectedly thwarted an enemy regrouping or retreat. Prior to this, the forces of partisan detachments were hiding in forests, mountains and swamps - in the steppe regions, the activities of partisans were ineffective.
Partisan warfare was especially successful in Belarus - forests and swamps hid the "second front" and contributed to their success. Therefore, the exploits of the partisans are still remembered in Belarus: it is worth remembering at least the name of the Minsk football club of the same name.
With the help of propaganda in the occupied territories, the "people's avengers" could replenish the fighting ranks. However, partisan detachments were recruited unevenly - part of the population in the occupied territories kept their nose to the wind and waited, while other people familiar with the terror of the German invaders were more willing to join the partisans.
Rail war
The "second front", as the German invaders called the partisans, played a huge role in the destruction of the enemy. In Belarus in 1943, there was a decree "On the destruction of enemy railway communications by the method of rail war" - the partisans had to wage the so-called rail war, blowing up trains, bridges and damaging enemy tracks in every possible way.
During the operations "Rail War" and "Concert" in Belarus, the movement of trains was stopped for 15-30 days, and the army and equipment of the enemy were also destroyed. Undermining enemy trains even in the absence of explosives, the partisans destroyed more than 70 bridges and killed 30 thousand German soldiers. On the first night of Operation Rail War alone, 42,000 rails were destroyed. It is believed that during the entire war, the partisans destroyed about 18 thousand enemy formations, which is a truly colossal figure.
The partisans launched a large-scale production of handicraft weapons and even tanks. Local workers created special secret workshops - with primitive equipment and a small set of tools, however, engineers and amateur technicians managed to create excellent samples of parts for weapons from scrap metal and improvised parts.
In addition to repairs, the partisans were also engaged in design work: “A large number of self-made mines, machine guns and partisans' grenades have an original solution both for the entire structure as a whole and for its individual units. Not limiting themselves to inventions of a “local” nature, the partisans sent a large number of inventions and rationalization proposals to the mainland. "
The most popular handicraft weapons were homemade submachine guns PPSh - the first of them was made in the Razgrom partisan brigade near Minsk in 1942. The partisans also made "surprises" with explosives and unexpected types of mines with a special detonator, the secret of which only their own knew. "People's Avengers" easily repaired even blown up German tanks and even organized artillery battalions from repaired mortars. Partisan engineers even made grenade launchers.