For the first time in all the time I have been blogging, I will allow myself to greet you the way it is done throughout the Muslim world - Assalamu Aleikum! Today there will be an article with a very unusual format about how I learned to read the Koran at the age of 9, but then successfully forgot everything. A few years later he made another attempt to learn to read the Holy Scriptures, and later he taught people himself.
For those who have long wanted to learn to read Arabic, I have prepared a nice gift at the end of the article. In addition, only for readers of my blog - a special and very profitable offer! But, see all this below, and now, with your consent, I will begin my story...
Not to say that I had a dream since childhood - read quran. It all started very funny, back in 1994, my grandmother sent me, a seven-year-old boy, to buy bread from a nearby stall. According to the law of meanness, the bread had just sold out, and I had to head to the market. At the entrance, I noticed an old aksakal, who had laid out some books on the table and was twirling them in his hands.
The old man turned out to be a humorist and decided to make fun of the little boy (that is, me), called him over and asked: “Baby, I don’t know what you’re looking for, but it’s not that important. Better buy the Koran from me - it will feed you all your life.” I confess that before this I knew exactly as much about the Holy Book of Muslims as the leader of the Ubra-Kuku tribe from Rwanda knows about you and me.
Despite his venerable age, this old man could give a head start to many modern marketers. Imagine, from a huge crowd, accurately identify someone who might be interested in the Koran, call him over and correctly click on the “sick” button, so that the desire to buy here and now will prevail over all objections. However, he could not sell me anything, since I only had enough money in my pocket for bread. But he gave me a strong desire to convince my granny of the need for this much-needed purchase.
It didn’t take me long to persuade my grandmother to buy the Holy Scriptures. It turned out that she herself had been thinking for a long time about how to hand me over to the mullah “on bail.” So, with the light hand of that elder, on one of the most beautiful days I walked with a confident gait to an old woman who was teaching children to read the Koran. At first everything went smoothly and orderly, I was reputed to be a successful student, but then it turned out that either I was not quite smart, or the woman had a methodologically illiterate approach to teaching children. In a word, I soon lost interest in learning.
As they say, I called myself a milk mushroom - get into the basket, I had to grit my teeth and study. By the way, there is such a tradition: after a person finishes studying the Koran, they conduct “guran-chykhan”. Like a graduation party in a modern way, relatives bring all sorts of “goodies”, gifts and money, but the mullah gets it all. I didn’t quite like this arrangement, I strained and studied (no matter how) - but the mullah was in chocolate.
It’s embarrassing to admit, but one thing made me happy – now everything was behind me. Everyone was a winner - the mullah received gifts and money, my grandmother fulfilled her dream, and I thought I could read quran. Although, I really could read, only my mother’s laziness took over over time. The fact is that you had to constantly read so as not to forget the language. But make the little tomboy sit and read for two hours every day while your friends are playing football outside the window. But, as it turned out later, it was not about me, but about teaching. The teaching methodology was built fundamentally incorrectly. But the understanding of this came later. After two or three years, I “safely” forgot everything.
How to learn to read the Qur'an correctly?
At about 14 years old, the muse visited me again, and I wanted to master the language of my forefathers. Oh yes, let me clarify – I am Persian by origin and my ancestors spoke Farsi. Probably, it was genetics that contributed to my good endeavors. So I ended up with a very respected teacher who taught reading the Koran - Hajj Vagif. I just recently found out that he passed away...
A few words about my teacher - I have met few such sympathetic and kind people in my life. It felt like he put his whole self into our teaching. A man of respectable age went to the mountains every day, worked in the garden for 10-12 hours, and came home in the evening and began studying. He was a most worthy man!
I still remember the words of my mentor, which he said on the first day of my training: “I will teach you to read the Koran so that you will never forget the rules of reading. Even if 20 years pass and during that time you never look at Arabic writing, you will still be able to read the Holy Scriptures freely.” Considering my sad experience, his words were perceived with irony. Subsequently it turned out that he was right!
So, learning to read the Quran consists of four main components:
- Learning the alphabet (in Arabic the alphabet is called “Alif wa ba”);
- Learning to write (unlike the Russian language, everything is much more complicated here);
- Grammar (Tajweed);
- Direct reading.
At first glance, everything may seem simple, like one-two-three. In fact, each of these stages is divided into several sub-stages. The main point here is that you definitely need to learn to write CORRECTLY in Arabic. Note, not correctly, but correctly. Until you learn to write, you cannot move on to grammar and reading. It was this aspect that was missed in the methodology of my first mentor. You already know what this omission led to.
Two more important points: first, using this method you will only learn to write and read in Arabic, but not to translate. For in-depth education, people travel to Arab countries, where they spend 5 years chewing on the granite of science. Second, immediately decide which Quran you will use to study. Yes, yes, there is a difference in this too. Many old teachers teach in the Qur'an, which is popularly called "Ghazan".
I don’t recommend doing this, since then it will be difficult to “switch” to the modern Koran. The meaning of the text is the same everywhere, only the font is very different. Of course, “Gazan” is simpler, but it is better to immediately start learning with a new font. I know that now many people do not quite understand the difference. To make it clearer, the font in the Quran should be as shown in the picture below:
Profitable proposition!!!
By the way, you can also choose your favorite case and stand there. Yes, the number of Korans is limited, since they are simply not allowed to be carried across the border anymore.
Let's assume that you have the Koran (or you), it's time to move on to the alphabet. Here I recommend starting a notebook right away and remembering your 1st grade. Each letter will need to be written out in a notebook 100 times. The Arabic alphabet is not as complex as the Russian alphabet. Firstly, there are only 28 letters in it, and secondly, there are only two vowels: “alif” and “ey”.
On the other hand, it can complicate the understanding of the language. After all, in addition to letters, there are also sounds: “a”, “i”, “u”, “un”. Moreover, almost all letters (except for “alif”, “dal”, “zal”, “ray”, “zey”, “uau”) are written differently at the beginning of the word, in the middle and at the end. Many people find it very difficult to read from right to left. Everyone is used to reading “normally” - from left to right. But here it’s the other way around.
Personally, this made me uncomfortable when learning to write. It is important here that the bias in handwriting is from right to left, and not vice versa. It took me a long time to get used to this, but in the end I brought everything to automaticity. Although, sometimes it also happens that I forget about the slope. By the way, here is the Arabic alphabet (yellow frames highlight letter writing options depending on their location in the word):
At first, it is very important that you write as much as possible. You need to get better at this, since during this period the foundation of your training is built. In 30 days, it is quite possible to memorize the alphabet, know the variants of writing letters and learn to write. For example, your humble servant did it in 18 days. Although, then the mentor noted that this was a record! I found all this very interesting, and learning was easy.
Once you have learned the alphabet and you can write, you can move on to grammar. In Arabic it is called “tajwid” - the rules of reading. Grammar can be learned directly while reading. There is only one nuance - in the Koran the beginning is not where we are used to. The first mentor began training “from the end” of the Quran (in ordinary books this is the beginning), and the second did the right thing - the training began with surah 1 of the Quran “Al-Fatiha”.
Then you will need to read 1-2 pages every day, 10 times each. This takes about an hour or two at first. Then the number of pages can be increased. The maximum I read was 15 pages. We came to class, read a passage from the Koran - homework, received feedback from the mentor, he pointed out mistakes and gave a new assignment. And so for almost 3 months! After you are already perfect read quran, you can try to learn “avaz” - reading by singing. I didn’t succeed completely, but still...
Friends, of course, it is impossible to convey everything that can be told through an article. Therefore, if you have a desire to learn to read Arabic, look for madrassas or tutors in your city. Today this is no longer a problem. I am sure that live training will be 100 times more effective. If you do not have such an opportunity, then here is the promised present at the beginning of the article - download and install the Zekr program on your computer. It will help you learn to read and listen to the Scriptures. The program is absolutely free. Wikipedia article about the program, there is also a download link.
Let me finish my thoughts here. I really hope that the article was useful to you. I will be glad to read your thoughts in the comments, write whatever you think (within reasonable limits), I am ready to discuss everyone’s opinion. In conclusion, I want to show you a very interesting documentary film “The Koran” from National Geographic:
P.S. I remind you once again about the 15% discount in our online store.
Tajweed refers to the rules that govern the pronunciation of letters when reciting the Quran. The reading of the Muslim holy book is based on the definition and application of various rules, such as tanwin. These rules are of great importance.
Koran
The name of the Muslim holy book comes from the Arabic root qara'a and means "to put things together", "to read" or "to read aloud". The Koran is a collection of religious instructions.
Today the Arabic text of the Koran is the same one that was written in 609 AD. It has still not changed since the life of the prophet, and no one has the right to change the words of the Koran.
Although the text of this book has been preserved in its original form, the appearance of the copies has undergone significant changes. During the time of the prophet, the Koran was written without vocalization marks. Then they added vocalizations and after that the dots were also included. The rules of Tajweed are intended to help people read the Qur'an correctly.
The Muslim holy book has been translated into more than 40 languages. However, Muslims are encouraged to study and read the Quran in Arabic, even if it is not the native language of the believer.
Features of the Arabic language
Arabic belongs to the Semitic group. Currently, it is characterized by diglossia: a combination of modern standards and colloquial features. Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of the Arab world. It is used in media and education, but is mostly written but not spoken. It is syntactically, morphologically and phonologically based on classical Arabic, which is the language in which the Qur'an was written.
Arabic is written from right to left using a rapid alphabet. In this system, words are made up of two types of symbols: letters and
Definition and meaning
"Tajweed" (Arabic: تجويد taǧwīd: IPA: ) is an Arabic word. It can be translated - “diction”, “eloquence”. The word itself comes from the root ǧ-w-d (دوج). This term refers to the rules that govern the pronunciation of letters when reading the Qur'an.
The rules of Tajweed require a clear pronunciation of each letter from its point of articulation and define its characteristics. It is about pronunciation and reading the holy book is different from reading other Arabic texts. The rules of reading, tajwid, are directly related to prosody (a system of phonetic means - height, strength, duration of sound) and articulation.
Letters in the text of the Qur'an may have different expressions depending on the linguistic context, so Tajweed rules must be used when identifying them. This means that when reading, the text must be carefully considered, which will ensure correct pronunciation.
Rules for reciting the Qur'an Tajwid may include changing the duration of a sound, stress, or even adding a special sound to the normal sound of a letter. In general terms, it is the study of how sequences or single letters are pronounced, subject to rules of coartulation that change the pronunciation of combinations of sounds in a linguistic context.
Structure of Tajweed Rules
It is quite complex, since these rules can have branches. For example, there is a basic rule - nun with sukun and tanwin, which is specific to one Arabic letter "nun", which does not have a vowel sign, and "tanwin", which is a sign that letters at the end of nouns can have.
This rule has four branches, each rule in them has a set of letters that accompany "nun with sukun" or "tanwin". Moreover, their own rules can stem from them, for example, the rule of idgam (merger) is one of four rules and has two more directions: “idgam with gunna” and “idgam without gunna.” In addition, gunna (nasal sound) has four different levels: most complete, complete, incomplete and most incomplete.
Calcal rule
It applies to the following letters: "د", "ج", "ب", "ط", "ق" when they have the sukun diacritic. This also applies to the same set of letters when stopping on them, even if they have a vowel. In fact, this is the pronunciation of such letters in which the organs of speech are mutually removed without adding any of the three vowels. This pronunciation differs from ordinary letters with cloth in that during their pronunciation the organs of speech collide.
Tafhim rule
It applies to a variety of letters: "ظ", "ق", "ط", "غ", "ض", "ص", "خ", regardless of whether they have diacritics or vowels. This rule, in essence, represents veralization - additional consonantal articulation of sounds.
The rule of "nun" and "mim" of mushaddad
It is related to the two letters “nun” (ن) and “mim” (م) and should be used when they have a superscript shadda, regardless of the vowel that is next to it. In this case, the sound should be read in two counts with gunna (gunna - nasalization of sound).
Lama Sakina Rule
This rule is related to lam sakinah "ل" when it comes after the letter "alif" ("ا") at the beginning of nouns. The rule applies if lam is followed by one of these letters: "س", "ش", "ص", "ض", "ط", "ز", "ر", "ذ", "د", "ث ", "ت", "ن", "ل", "ظ".
Norms of sukuna and tanwin
Nun with sukun in the Qur'an is nun without the vowel ن or nun with the diacritic sukun ن, and it becomes the form nun with a small mim sign "ن". Tanwin is the doubling at the end of a word of one of the three vowels.
There are four rules regarding nun with sukun and tanwin, each of which is explained below.
Izhar
The concept itself comes from a word meaning “to reveal, to show,” so when applied, the letters must be clearly expressed. This Tajweed rule applies to the letters "ء", "ه", "خ", "ح", "ع", "غ" following nun with sukun or tanwin. In this case, the pronunciation of the sound [n] in the letter “nun” with sukun or in tanwin should be clear and precise
Idgham
The meaning of this word can be defined as “fusion”. When this rule of Tajweed is applied, noon with sukun or tanwin merges with the next letter. The rule of idgam is divided into idgam with gunna and idgam without gunna.
The first group includes four letters: م, ن, و, ي. When one of them is placed after nun with sukun or tanwin, the sound [n] is not pronounced while the consonant sound of these letters is doubled. In this case, doubling is pronounced with gunna - nasalization.
In the second case we are talking about two letters: ر, ل. With their similar arrangement, there is no pronunciation of the sound [n], and doubling of the consonant occurs without gunna.
Iqlab
The meaning of this word is change. When using this Tajweed rule, noon with sukun or tanwin changes to mim "م", and this is specific to only one letter "ب". At the same time, the sound itself is stretched into two counts with the guna. It must be pronounced inextricably with the letter itself.
Ikhfa
The word itself is translated as “to hide.” The essence of this Tajweed rule is that the pronunciation of letters not included in the three previous rules ("ص", "ذ", "ث", "ك", "ج", "ش", "ق", "س" , "د", "ط", "ز", "ف", "ت", "ض", "ظ"), standing after nun with sukun or tanvin, are stretched into two counts, they are muffled and pronounced with gunna.
Bismillagyi rrahImani rrahIum.
بِسْـــــمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّح ِ يمِ
§1. Introduction.
Glory to Allah, the Most High, the Almighty, the Lord of the worlds.
Blessings from Allah to the prophets who professed the true religion of Islam. Greetings and peace to the servants of Allah who follow the path of Islam.
Dear reader, the Koran is a book whose author is not a person, but the creator of all things, the speech (kalam) of Allah Almighty sent down by him to the Prophet Muhammad ( May Allah bless him and greet him) through the angel Gabriel, and has come down to us through transmission from generation to generation.
The Qur'an contains 114 suras (chapters), and suras consist of verses. There are a total of 6666 verses in the Quran. For convenience, the text of the Koran is divided into 30 juzes. The most valuable sura of the Koran is “Al-FatihIa” (the first sura), the most valuable verse is “Ayatul-Kursiy”, and the surah “Ikhlas” is also very valuable.
The Qur'an contains general constitutional principles, it talks about the best sides and qualities of a person, so that one can follow them, and the worst sides, so that a person knows what to beware of.
The hadith says: “The best of you is the one who has learned the Qur'an and taught others,” therefore, having comprehended the value and greatness of the Qur'an, we must know the rules and decency of reading it. The value of studying and reading the Qur'an is very great, so we list some of the adabs (respects) that students and readers of the Qur'an should observe:
1. The first and obligatory adab is to read the Quran with pure intention. This intention should be protected from thoughts of showing off and receiving praise.
3. It is sunnah for the reader of the Quran to sit in a clean place, wearing clean clothes, facing the Kaaba.
4. Putting the Qur'an on the ground, even if it is clean, is disrespect for it. The sunnah is to read the Qur'an by placing a pillow or a special stand under it.
6. On shelves where religious books are stored, the Koran must be placed at the very top. You can't put anything on it.
7. Taking any paper with a verse from the Koran into toilets or similar dirty places or reading it out loud is prohibited.
8. Before starting to read the Quran, it is sunnah to say “ AgIZubillagiya mina shieldIani rrajum» « Bismillaghi rrahImani rrahIum" and end with the words " Sadakallagul gIazum"After which they read Surah FatihIa."
11. Before reading the Quran, it is advisable to brush your teeth with a siwak or rinse your mouth with water.
12. If someone, while reading the Quran, hears the call to prayer (adhan) or someone's greeting, he should stop and listen to the call to prayer or respond to the greeting, and then continue reading the Qur'an.
13. In the heart of the reader of the Qur'an there must be the conviction that he is sitting before Allah Almighty and reading his speech.
14. When reading the Koran, being distracted, looking around, talking with other people, or thinking about worldly life is prohibited.
Every letter of the Koran that we read in Arabic, even without understanding the meaning and meaning of the words of the holy book, brings enormous positive potential to the register of deeds and actions of a Muslim.
Insha Allah this book will help us learn to read the Qur'an correctly with tazhvid. May Allah bless us on the righteous path. Amine!!!
Tazhvid is a science through which the correct reading of the Holy Quran is achieved, which eliminates distortions of the semantic meaning of the book of Allah.
The essence of tajweed is to master the pronunciation of Arabic letters in the variants of their classical (Quranic) phonetics through mahrazh.
Mahraj- this is the use of established mechanisms for pronunciation of each letter and its variants, allowing to achieve the proper sound.
§2. Arabic alphabet and writing.
Arabic letters vary in height and location relative to the line. We will measure them with the first letter of the Arabic alphabet (alif), which is a vertical dash. Arabs write and read from right to left, and an Arabic book begins where a Russian book ends.
In Arabic there are no major and minor, small and capital letters. All letters have the same meaning. The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 consonants.
§3. Hard, soft and medium consonants.
If the middle part of the tongue is raised and close to the hard palate (middle part of the palate), then a soft consonant is obtained, if the back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate (back of the palate), then a hard consonant is obtained, an intermediate position of the tongue gives a middle consonant. This difference in the position of the tongue can be traced when pronouncing Russian letters (ы) and (и), syllables (da) and (dia), the tip of the tongue in both cases occupies the same position near the upper teeth. The color is the same (in the first case – hard, and in the second – soft). Arabic consonant ( د ) occupies an intermediate position between Russian hard (d) and Russian soft (d). We will call such consonants (medium). The middle consonants have an e-shaped connotation.
The following letters are considered hard consonants
(ق, خ, غ, ض, ص, ظ, ط ).
§4. Short vowels and vowels.
There are no vowels in the Arabic alphabet. To indicate short vowel sounds, symbols are used that are written above or below the consonant letters after which they come.
A short vowel sound (a) indicated by a small dash above the consonant is called ( ﹷ ) (fathIa), a short vowel sound (i) indicated by a small dash under the consonant letter ( ﹻ ) is called (kyasra), a short vowel sound (u) indicated by a comma above the consonant letter ( ﹹ ) is called (zamma). The absence of a vowel sound is indicated by a small circle above the consonant letter ( ﹿ ) and is called (sukun), where ( ـ ) – conditional consonant.
So, these icons along with (alif) ( اَ, اِ, اُ ) form the vowels (a), (i) and (u) and are called their vowels.
§5. Graphic forms letters of the Arabic alphabet.
Of the 28 consonant letters, 22 letters have four graphic forms and are connected in both left and right sides, the remaining six letters: ( ا ) alif, ( ر ) ra, ( ز ) behind, ( ذ ) hall, ( د ) gave and ( و ) vav in one right direction and have two graphic forms.
Each letter changes its shape depending on its position in the word, there are four such forms:
Isolated form
|
Jim |
Alif |
|||
|
XIA |
||||
|
Zvad |
Wedding |
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|
Gain |
GIain |
TIA |
||
|
Qaf |
||||
|
Gyamza |
Lam-alif |
Gya –ha |
Initial form
Middle form
Final form
| ـل |
§6. Letter (ا ) (alif), a vertical dash, does not independently indicate any sound, together with vowels ( اَ, اِ, اُ ) forms sounds (a, i, y), is pronounced by freely exhaling air from the end of the throat, without the participation of the tongue, (alif) indicates the length of the vowel (a), serves as a stand for (gyamza) ( ء ).
§8. Letter (ز ) (za), sound (z) – middle consonant. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue approaches the top of the lower teeth. Connects only on the right side with the previous letter. Vowel(s) after ( ز ) is pronounced e-shaped.
|
زِرْ |
زَرْ |
اُزْ |
اِزْ |
اَزْ |
|||
|
اُرْزُ |
اُزْرُ |
اِزْرُ |
أَزْرُ |
زُرْ |
|||
§9. Letter (م ) (mime), sound (m). The letter (mime) is a middle consonant sound, similar to Russian (m). Pronounced: lips touch each other, passing air through the nose. Connects in both directions and has four graphic shapes. After ( م
|
ـمِـ |
|||||||||
|
رُزْ |
رُمْ |
مُزْ |
مُرْ |
اُمْ |
اِمْ |
اَمْ |
|||
|
زَمْرُ |
اِرْمِ |
رَمْزُ |
اِمْرُ |
اَمْرُ |
اُمِرَ |
اَمَرَ |
|||
|
اَرْزَمْ |
مَمْزَرْ |
زَمْزَمْ |
اَمْزَرْ |
رَمْرَمْ |
مَرْزَمْ |
مَرْمَرْ |
|||
§10. Letter (ت ) (ta), sound (t) similar to Russian (t) denotes a middle consonant sound, has four graphic forms, connects in both directions. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth just below the middle. After ( ت ) vowel (a) is pronounced e-shaped.
|
ـتِـ |
|||||
|
تُمْ |
مُتْ |
تِمْ |
مِتْ |
تَمْ |
مَتْ |
|
مَرَرْتُ |
اَمَرْتِ |
زُرْتِ |
تَرِزْ |
مَتَرْ |
تَمَرْ |
|
مُرِرْتُمْ |
مَرَرْتُمْ |
اُمِرْتُمْ |
اَمَرْتُ |
اَمَرَتْ |
اُمِرْتُ |
§eleven. Letter (ن ) (nun) and sound (n) - the middle consonant sound is connected in both directions and has four graphic forms. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue comes into contact with the convex place of the gums of the upper palate behind the front teeth, air is passed through the nose. After ( ن ) vowel (a) is pronounced e-shaped.
|
ـنِـ |
|||||
|
نَمْ |
مِنْ |
مَنْ |
زِنْ |
اِنْ |
اَنْ |
|
نَزِنُ |
نَزِرُ |
نِمْتُمْ |
اَنْتُمْ |
نِمْتَ |
اَنْتَ |
|
اَمْرَرْنَ |
مَرَرْتُ |
مُرِرْنَ |
مَرَرْنَ |
اُمِرْنَ |
اَمَرْنَ |
§12. Letter (ي ) (ya) and sound (y) - the middle consonant is similar to Russian (y), but is pronounced more energetically from the middle of the tongue, has four graphic forms, and is connected in both directions. If ( يْ ) with (sukun) completes a syllable, then together with the preceding (a) it forms a diphthong (ay), while both sounds that make up the diphthong become even more e-shaped, but less energetic, for example (baytun - beytun).
|
ـيِـ |
|||||
|
رَمْيُ |
رَاْيُ |
مَيْتُ |
زَيْتُ |
اَيْمُ |
اَيْ |
|
اَيْمَنْ |
نَيْمَنْ |
ميْمَنْ |
مَيْزَرْ |
مَرْيَمْ |
يَمَنْ |
|
مَيْتَيْنِ |
اَرْمَيْنِ |
اَيْمَيْنِ |
رَمْزَيْنِ |
زَيْتَيْنِ |
اَمْرَيْنِ |
§13. Letter (ب ) (ba), sound (b) – middle consonant sound. Pronounced: lips press well together. It has four graphic forms, connects in both directions. After ( ب ) vowel (a) is pronounced e-shaped.
|
ـبِـ |
|||||
|
رَيْبُ |
بَيْنُ |
بَيْتُ |
بِنْتُ |
اِبْنُ |
اَبْ |
|
مِنْبَرْ |
اَبْرَمْ |
رَمْرَمْ |
بَيْرَمْ |
بَرْبَرْ |
زَيْنَبْ |
|
زَيْنَبَيْنِ |
مِبْرَمَيْنِ |
بَيْرَمَيْنِ |
مِنْبَرَيْنِ |
بِبَيْتَيْنِ |
بِاَمْرَيْنِ |
§14. Letter (ك ) (kaf), sound (k) similar to Russian (k), has four graphic forms, connected in both directions. Pronounced from the end of the tongue and the beginning of the throat, the root of the tongue rises slightly. Before (fathI) and (kaasra) it softens a little.
|
ـكِـ |
|||||
|
مَكْرُ |
بَكْرُ |
كَيْ |
كُنْ |
كُمْ |
كَمْ |
|
تَرَكَ |
يَكْتُبُ |
كَتَبَ |
تَرْكُ |
كَنْزُ |
كَرْمُ |
|
مُمْكِنْ |
كُنْتُ |
اَمَرَتْكَ |
اَمَرَكَ |
كَتَبْتُمْ |
يَتْرُكُ |
§15. Letter (ل ) )lam (and sound (l). The middle consonant sound, similar to the Russian soft (l), has four graphic forms, connects in both directions. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue, together with its side, rests against the base of the upper two incisors of the canine and tooth. After ( ل ) vowel (a) is pronounced e-shaped.
|
ـلِـ |
|||||
|
كِلْ |
لَنْ |
لُمْ |
لَمْ |
بَلْ |
اَلْ |
|
اَكْمَلَ |
اَلْزَمَ |
اَنْزَتَ |
كَمُلَ |
لَزِمَ |
نَزَلَ |
|
اَكَلْتُمْ |
اَكَلْتُ |
اَكَلْتِ |
اَكَلْتَ |
اَكَلْنَ |
اَكَلَتْ |
|
مُتَزَلْزَلْ |
مُتَزَلْزِلْ |
يَتَزَلْزَلُ |
تَزَلْزَلَ |
يَلَمْلَمْ |
بُلْبُلْ |
§16. Letter (و ) (vav) and sound (v) - denotes a voiced labiolabial consonant sound. Pronounced: rounded and slightly elongated lips approach, but do not touch each other, leaving a rounded hole in the middle for air to pass through. Connects to the right side with the previous letter. If ( وْ ) s)sukun) completes a syllable containing a vowel (a), then it forms a diphthong (av) which is pronounced with rounded lips, and the entire diphthong approaches (ov).
After ( و ) vowel (a) has an e-shaped mark.
|
وَرَمْ |
لَوْ |
نَوْ |
رَوْ |
اَوْ |
||
|
وَكَمْ |
وَلَمْ |
وَلَنْ |
وَمَنْ |
وَتَرْ |
||
|
وَيْلُ |
كَوْنُ |
يَوْمُ |
دَوْمُ |
اَوْلُ |
||
|
اَوْتَرْتُمْ |
اَوْلَمْتُمْ |
مَوْكِبْ |
كَوْكَبْ |
وَزَنْ |
||
§17. Letter (ه ) (гя, ha) and sound (гь, h) – denotes a voiced consonant sound. Pronounced from the end of the throat, this exhalation with the participation of the voice has four graphic forms, connecting in both directions. The vowel (a) after (гь, h) sounds e-shaped.
|
ـهِـ |
||||||
|
هُمْ |
هِيَ |
هُوَ |
هَلْ |
هَمْ |
هَبْ |
|
|
لَهُمْ |
وَهَمْ |
لَهَبْ |
وَهَبْ |
اَهَمْ |
زُهْ |
|
|
اَمْهِلْهُمْ |
اِلَيْهِمْ |
اِلَيْهِ |
مِنْهُمْ |
مِنْهُ |
بِهِمْ |
|
§18. Letter (ف ) (fa) and sound (f) - middle labial-dental, connects in both directions, has four graphic forms. Pronounced: The bottom of the upper front teeth touches the inside of the lower lip.
|
ـفِـ |
|||||
|
نَفَرْ |
كَفَنْ |
فَلَكْ |
كَفْ |
فَنْ |
فَمْ |
|
كِفْرُ |
زِفْرُ |
فِكْرُ |
فَهْمُ |
فَوْزُ |
فَوْرُ |
|
اِفْهَمْ |
يَفْهَمُ |
فَهِمَ |
نَوْفَرْ |
نَوْفَلْ |
فُلْفُلْ |
|
يَنْفَرِدُ |
اِنْفَرَدَ |
يَفْتَكِرُ |
اِفْتَكَرَ |
يَفْتَتِنُ |
اِفْتَتَنَ |
§19. Letter (ق ) (kaf) and sound (k) - denotes a hard, voiceless consonant, connects in both directions, has four graphic forms. Pronounced: from the end of the root of the tongue from the deepest part of the larynx. A sound comes out similar to the croaking of frogs.
|
ـقِـ |
|||||
|
قِهْ |
قِفْ |
قُمْ |
قُلْ |
قِنْ |
زُقْ |
|
لَقَبْ |
قَمَرْ |
قَلَمْ |
فَوْقُ |
قَبْلُ |
قَلْبُ |
|
يَنْقَلِبُ |
اِنْقَلَبَ |
يَقْتَرِبُ |
اِقْتَرَبَ |
قَلَقْ |
قُمْقُمْ |
|
فَرْكُ – فَرْقُ |
فَلَكْ – فَلَقْ |
كَدَرْ – قَدَرْ |
|||
§20. Letter (ش ) (shin) and sound (sh) - denotes the middle consonant sound, connects in both directions, has four graphic forms. Pronounced: from the middle of the tongue. After ( ش ) vowel (a) has an e-shape. Similar to Russian (sh) with some softening.
|
ـشِـ |
|||||||
|
شَمْ |
شَقْ |
شَرْ |
بُشْ |
وَشْ |
|||
|
نَشْرُ |
شَهْرُ |
شِرْبُ |
بِشْرُ |
شَكْ |
|||
|
مُشْتَهِرْ |
مَشْرِبْ |
مَشْرَبْ |
شُرْبُ |
شُكْرُ |
|||
|
يَبْرَنْشِقُ |
اِبْرَنْشَقَ |
يَشْتَهِرُ |
اِشْتَهَرَ |
مُشْتَرَكْ |
|||
§21. Letter (س ) (sin) and sound (s) - a middle consonant sound, connected in both directions, has four graphic forms. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue touches above the middle of the lower front two teeth. Vowel(s) after ( س ) has an e-shape.
|
ـسِـ |
||||||
|
سِلْ |
سِنْ |
سِرْ |
سَمْ |
بَسْ |
||
|
سَمَكْ |
سَلَفْ |
سَبَقْ |
سَقَرْ |
سَفَرْ |
||
|
مُسْرِفْ |
مًسْلِمْ |
مَسْكَنْ |
مَسْلَكْ |
فَرَسْ |
||
|
يَسْتَيْسِرُ |
اِسْتَيْسَرَ |
يُسْلِمُ |
اَسْلَمَ |
سِمْسِمْ |
||
§22. Letter (ث ) (ċa) and sound (ċ) – forms the middle interdental consonant, has four graphic forms. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue protrudes strongly, and the top of the tongue touches the bottom of the upper front teeth. Vowel(s) after ( ث ) takes on an e-shape.
|
ـثِـ |
|||||||
|
ثَمَرْ |
ثَمَنْ |
ثِنْ |
ثَمْ |
ثِبْ |
بَثْ |
||
|
مَثَلْ |
مُثْلُ |
مُثْلُ |
ثَيْبُ |
ثَوْبُ |
ثَوْرُ |
||
|
يُثْبِتُ |
اَثْبَتَ |
يُكْثِرُ |
اَكْثَرَ |
اَمْثَلْ |
كَوْثَرْ |
||
|
يَسْتَثْقِلُ |
اِسْتَثْقَلَ |
يَسْتَكْثِرُ |
اِسْتَكْثَرَ |
||||
|
سَلْسُ – ثَلْثُ |
سَبْتُ – ثَبْتُ |
سَمَرْ – ثَمَرْ |
|||||
§23. Letter (ص ) (garden) and sound (s) – denotes a hard consonant sound. To pronounce correctly ( ص ), one must vigorously pronounce the consonant ( س ), while the lips are slightly rounded, the tip of the tongue touches the middle of the lower front teeth. Connects in both directions, has four graphic forms.
|
ـصِـ |
|||||
|
بَصَرْ |
صَبَرْ |
صَرَفْ |
فَصْ |
صِفْ |
صُمْ |
|
يَسْتَبْصِرُ |
اِسْتَبْصَرَ |
يَنْصُرُ |
نَصَرَ |
صَبْرُ |
قَصَبْ |
|
اِنْتَصَبَ – اِنْتَسَبَ |
صَيْفُ – سَيْفُ |
صَفَرْ – سَفَرْ |
|||
§24. Letter (ط ) (tIa) and sound (tI) - denotes an emphatic consonant that has some similarities with Russian (t), connects in both directions, has four graphic forms. Pronounced as (ta) in order of increasing hardness and tension (strength) of pronunciation. The tip of the tongue touches the base of the upper front teeth, and the back of the tongue rises higher, while the sound itself (t) receives a harder shade.
|
ـطِـ |
|||||
|
فَقَطْ |
قَطْ |
بَطْ |
شَطْ |
طَيْ |
طَلْ |
|
مَطَرْ |
طِفْلُ |
طُهْرُ |
طَرَفْ |
طَلَبْ |
وَطَنْ |
|
طَوْلُ |
طَيْرُ |
مَرْبِطْ |
مَوطِنْ |
مَسْقَطْ |
مَطْلَبْ |
|
يَسْتَوْطِنُ |
اِسْتَوْطَنَ |
يَنْفَطِرُ |
اِنْفَطَرَ |
يَصْطَبِرُ |
اِصْطَبَرَ |
|
مُسْتَتِرْ – مُسْتَطِرْ |
سَبْتُ – سَبْطُ |
تَرَفْ – طَرَفْ |
|||
§25. Letter (ج ) (jim) and sound (j) - denotes a voiced consonant, which is a combination of the sounds (d) and (zh), as if merging into one inseparable sound; in Russian the sound is close to (j). Connects in both directions, has four graphic forms. Pronounced: from the middle of the tongue. A serious mistake is the replacement of one continuous sound (j) with two (d) and (zh), as well as a firm, unsoftened pronunciation of this sound.
|
ـجِـ |
|||||
|
جَبَلْ |
جُلْ |
جَبْ |
جِنْ |
جَرْ |
جَمْ |
|
جَهْلُ |
جَوْرَبُ |
جَوْهَرُ |
فَجْرُ |
اَجْرُ |
جَمَلْ |
|
يَسْتَجْوِبُ |
اِسْتَجْوَبَ |
يَسْتَجْلِبُ |
اِسْتَجْلَبَ |
يَتَجَوْرَبُ |
تَجَوْرَبَ |
§26. Letter (خ ) (ha) and sound (x) - denotes a voiceless solid consonant similar to Russian (x). Pronounced from the beginning of the throat, it is much more energetic than the Russian (ha), so that a strong stream of air creates a scraping sound. Connects in both directions, has four graphic forms.
|
ـخِـ |
|||||
|
خَلَفْ |
خَشَبْ |
خَبَرْ |
خَرَجْ |
خَلْ |
خَبْ |
|
مَخْبِرْ |
مَخْرَجْ |
خَوْفُ |
خَمْرُ |
خَتْمُ |
خَيْرُ |
|
يُخْبِرُ |
اَخْبَرَ |
يُخْرِبُ |
اَخْرَبَ |
يُخْرِجُ |
اَخْرَجَ |
|
يَسْتَخْرِجُ |
اِسْتَخْرَجَ |
يَسْتَخْرِبُ |
اِسْتَخْرَبَ |
يَسْتَخْبِرُ |
اِسْتَخْبَرَ |
§27. Letter (ح ) (хIа) and sound (хI) denotes a voiceless fricative soft consonant sound, which has no correspondence in the Russian language. Connects in both directions. Pronounced from the middle of the throat without the use of the tongue. In its pronunciation, the main role is played by the epiglottis, which approaches the back wall of the pharynx, forming a gap. To do this, you need to start pronunciation with a simple exhalation, gradually turning into a loud whisper. In this case, you need to make sure that the mouth is wide open, and the tongue is completely relaxed and does not participate in the pronunciation of the sound. Vowel(s) after ( ح ) is pronounced e-shaped.
|
ـحِـ |
|||||
|
مُحْسِنْ |
حَسَبْ |
حَسَنْ |
حَجْ |
حِلْ |
حَيْ |
|
يَمْتَحِنُ |
اِمْتَحَنَ |
اَحْسَنْ |
مَحْفَلْ |
مِنْحَرْ |
مَحْشَرْ |
|
يَحْرَنْجِمُ |
اِحْرَنْجَمَ |
يَسْتَحْسِنُ |
اِسْتَحْسَنَ |
يَحْتَمِلُ |
اِحْتَمَلَ |
|
اَرْخَمْ – اَرْحَمْ |
خَتْمُ – حَتْمُ |
خَلْقُ – حَلْقُ |
|||
§28. Letter (ع ) (gIain) and sound (gI) - denotes a voiced fricative consonant sound that has no correspondence in the Russian language. This sound is a voiced parallel to the voiceless consonant ( ح ) (xI), i.e. pronounced from the middle of the throat, from the depths of the oral cavity (in the pharynx) without the direct participation of the tongue, but with the participation of the voice. Connects in both directions, has four graphic forms.
|
ـعِـ |
|||||
|
عَرَ |
مَعَ |
سَعْ |
عَمْ |
عَنْ |
بِعْ |
|
جَعْلُ |
جَمْعُ |
عُمْرُ |
عِلْمُ |
عَمَلْ |
عَجَبْ |
|
عَنْبَرْ |
عَرْعَرْ |
جَعْفَرْ |
عَيْلَمْ |
عَسْكَرْ |
عَبْعَبْ |
|
بَلْغُ – بَلْعُ |
بَغْلُ – بَعْلُ |
غَيْنُ – عَيْنُ |
|||
§29. Letter (غ ) (gyayn) and sound (gъ) - denotes a solid voiced consonant, which is a voiced parallel to the consonant ( خ ) (x), connects in both directions. Pronounced from the beginning of the throat less energetically than ( خ ) (X). The scratching sound in it is heard weaker than in (x). Arabic consonant ( غ ) has some similarities with the burry posterior palatal non-rolling ( ر ))R(.
|
ـغِـ |
|||||||
|
فَرْغُ |
بَغْلُ |
غَيْرُ |
غِلْ |
غَبْ |
غَمْ |
||
|
اِغْفِرْ |
اِغْلِبْ |
غَيْبُ |
مَغْرِبْ |
مَبْلَغْ |
غَبْغَبْ |
||
|
يَسْتَغْفِرُ |
اِسْتَغْفَرَ |
يَشْتَغِلُ |
اِشْتَغَلَ |
||||
§thirty. Letter (د ) (dal) and sound (d) - denotes a consonant sound similar in sound to the corresponding Russian (d) connected only on the right side with the previous letter. Pronounced: the tip of the tongue touches the middle of the upper front teeth. Arabic consonant ( د ) occupies an intermediate position between Russian (d) and Russian soft (d).
|
قَدْ |
زِدْ |
رِدْ |
دُفْ |
دُبْ |
دُمْ |
||
|
دُهْنُ |
دَهْرُ |
دَلْكُ |
دَبْغُ |
دَفْعُ |
دَرْسُ |
||
|
اَرْدَرْ |
اُقْعُدْ |
اُشْدُدْ |
هُدْهُدْ |
فُدْفُدْ |
دُلْدُلْ |
||
|
يَسْتَرْشِدُ |
اِسْتَرْشَدَ |
يَعْتَدِلُ |
اِعْتَدَلَ |
||||
§31. Letter (ض ) (zvad) and sound (ż) – is a noisy toothed voiced hard sound for pronunciation ( ض ) it is necessary to pronounce a hard sound (l) with the intonation of the sound (z) by moving the tongue from the side to the upper molars with the fang. Connects in both directions, has four graphic forms.
|
ـضِـ |
|||||
|
عَرْضُ |
ضَعْفُ |
ضَبْطُ |
ضَهْبُ |
عَضْلُ |
ضَيْفُ |
|
نَضْرِبُ |
اَضْرِبُ |
تَضْرِبْ |
اِضْرِبْ |
مِضْرَبْ |
مَضْرِبْ |
|
يَسْتَضْغِطُ |
اِسْتَضْغَطَ |
يَسْتَضْعِفُ |
اِسْتَضْعَفَ |
يَضْطَرِبُ |
اِضْطَرَبَ |
|
بَعْدُ – بَعْضُ |
وَدْعُ – وَضْعُ |
دَرْسُ – ضَرْسُ |
|||
§32. Letter (ذ ) (zal) and sound (z) – denotes an interdental voiced consonant. To pronounce this sound correctly, the tip of the tongue must touch the edge of the upper teeth, so that air passes between the tongue and the upper front teeth. The front part (tip of the tongue) will be visible in the gap between the upper and lower front teeth; the lips, especially the lower one, should not touch the teeth. Connects only on the right side. Vowel(s) after ( ذ ) has an e-shape.
|
ذُقْ |
ذُبْ |
عُذْ |
خُذْ |
مُذْ |
اِذْ |
|
ذِهْنُ |
ذِكْرُ |
بَذْلُ |
اِذْنُ |
مُنْذُ |
ذَرْ |
|
يَبْذُلُ |
بَذَلَ |
يَذْهَلُ |
ذَهَلَ |
مَذْهَبْ |
ذَهِبْ |
|
اَبْذَلْ – اَبْزَلْ |
بَذْلُ – بَزْلُ |
ذِفْرُ – زِفْرُ |
|||
§33. Letter (ظ ) (za) and sound (z) – denotes a hard sound similar to ( ط ), connects in both directions. This is an interdental emphatic consonant, which is an emphatic parallel to the interdental voiced consonant ( ذ ). Connects in both directions, has four graphic forms.
To pronounce correctly ( ظ ) it is necessary that the tip of the tongue is slightly visible from under the upper front teeth when pronouncing the consonant more energetically ( ذ ), at the same time giving the speech organs an already acquired emphatic structure. After ( ط ) vowel (a) has an e-shape.
|
ـظِـ |
|||||
|
لَظْ |
عَظْ |
حَظْ |
فَظْ |
ظِلْ |
ظَنْ |
|
عِظَمْ |
ظَلَفْ |
ظَمَرْ |
حَظَرْ |
نَظَرْ |
ظَفَرْ |
|
ظُهْرُ |
ظُلْمُ |
حِظْلُ |
ظِلْفُ |
ظَلْفُ |
نَظْمُ |
|
مُظْلِمْ |
مُظْهِرْ |
مَنْظَرْ |
مَظْهَرْ |
اَظْفَرْ |
اَظْهَرْ |
|
يَظْلِمُ |
ظَلَمَ |
يَنْظُرُ |
نَظَرَ |
يَظْهَرُ |
ظَهَرَ |
|
يَسْتَظْلِمُ |
اِسْتَظْلَمَ |
يَسْتَعْظِمُ |
اِسْتَعْظَمَ |
يَنْتَظِمُ |
اِنْتَظَمَ |
|
ظَهْرُ – ضَهْرُ |
حَظَرْ – حَضَرْ |
ذَفَرْ – ظَفَرْ |
|||
|
اَعْزَمْ – اَعْظَمْ |
اَزْهَرْ – اَظْهَرْ |
زَهَرْ – ظَهَرْ |
|||
§34. Long vowels.
To convey the length of vowels (a, i, y) in writing, the letters ( ا, ى, و ). In Arabic they are called ( hIuruful madda). In combination with short vowels (a, i, y), they give a length of pronunciation twice as long as short vowels.
1. The length of the vowel (a) is given by a combination of letters ( ا, ى, و ) with a vowel (fatkhIa) above the previous letter. In this case (fathIa) is placed vertically, but in some publications it is also placed horizontally.
2. The length of the vowel (i) is given by the combination of the letter ( ى ) with a vowel (kyasra) under the previous letter. At the same time (kasra) is placed vertically in some publications, and horizontally in others.
3. The length of the vowel (y) is given by the combination of the letter ( و ) with a vowel (zamma) above the previous letter, while in the Quran of the Kazan Publishing House (zamma) is written larger than usual.
Exceptions to this rule are the following words:
|
اَ ْلاُولَى |
اُولَئِكَ |
اُولاَءِ |
اُولاَتِ |
اُولِى |
اُولُو |
|
اِعْمَلُوا |
اِعْلَمُوا |
قَالُوا |
اَمِنُوا |
اَمَنُوا |
4. Thus, each of the letters ( ا, ى, و ) in Arabic writing have two different functions: they either represent vowel sounds ( اَ, ىِ, وُ ) and in this case have their own vowels, or indicate the length of the preceding vowels (a, i, y) and in this case they do not have their own vowels. To begin with, it is recommended to pronounce long vowels as long as possible, and short vowels – abruptly, briefly, achieving a clear contrast in pronunciation between them.
It is necessary to carefully monitor the difference in the pronunciation of long and short vowels. Depending on the length of pronunciation, the meaning of the word changes, so this rule must be strictly observed.
(جَمَلٌ ) – jamalun – camel, ( جَمٰالٌ ) – jamaalun – beauty.
|
اِعْلَمِى |
اُنْصُرِى |
اُشْكُرِى |
اِعْلَمَا |
اُنْصُرَا |
اُشْكُرَا |
||
|
مُنْفِقَانِ |
مُخْلِصَانِ |
مُسْلِمَانِ |
مُكْرِمَانِ |
||||
|
مُنْفِقُونَ |
مُخْلِصُونَ |
مُسْلِمُونَ |
مُكْرِمُونَ |
||||
|
مَطْلُوبُونَ |
مَنْصُورُونَ |
مُخْلِصَاتْ |
مُسْلِمَاتْ |
||||
|
سَامْ |
شَامْ |
جَاهْ |
نَارْ |
حَالْ |
مَالْ |
||||
|
حَالِى |
هَادِى |
قَاضِى |
رَاضِى |
عَالِى |
بَارِى |
||||
|
كَمَالْ |
جَمَالْ |
حَرَامْ |
حَلاَلْ |
سَلاَمْ |
كَلاَمْ |
||||
|
غُبَارْ |
غُلاَمْ |
غُرَابْ |
نِظَامْ |
حِسَابْ |
اِمَامْ |
||||
|
اَمْرَاضْ |
اَمْوَاتْ |
اَعْلاَمْ |
اَعْمَالْ |
اَحْوَالْ |
اَمْوَالْ |
||||
|
مَكَاتِبْ |
كَوَاكِبْ |
جَوَاهِرْ |
شَوَاهِدْ |
عَوَامِلْ |
قَوَاعِدْ |
||||
|
اِفْسَادْ |
اِصْلاَحْ |
اِظْهَارْ |
اِخْلاَصْ |
اِعْلاَمْ |
اِكْرَامْ |
||||
|
صَالِحْ |
فَاتِحْ |
طَالِبْ |
مَاهِرْ |
صَابِرْ |
عَالِمْ |
||||
|
تُوبِى |
طُوفِى |
قُولِى |
تَابَا |
طَافَا |
قَامَا |
||||
|
يَطُوفُ |
تَقُومُ |
يَقُولُ |
تُتَابُ |
يُطَافُ |
يُقَالُ |
||||
|
يَعْمَلُونَ |
تَقُولُونَ |
يَطُوفُونَ |
تَقُومُونَ |
يَقُولُونَ |
يَتُوبَانِ |
||||
|
تَرْجِعُونَ |
تَعْرِفُونَ |
يَشْهَدُونَ |
يَحْلُمُونَ |
تَدْخُلُونَ |
يَحْتَسِبُونَ |
||||
|
تُضْرَبُونَ |
يُنْصَرُنَ |
تُكْرِمُونَ |
يُخْلِصُونَ |
تُسْلِمُونَ |
يُكْرِمُنَ |
||||
|
يَسْتَحْرِجُونَ |
تَسْتَشْهِدُونَ |
يَحْتَسِبُونَ |
تَكْتَسِبُونَ |
يَجْتَمِعُونَ |
|||||
Letter ( ي ) (ya) in contrast to ( ا ) (alif) and ( و ) (vav) has all four graphic forms and is connected in both directions, at the end of the word under ( ى ) no dots are placed.
|
شِينْ |
سِينْ |
حِينْ |
قِيلْ |
فِيلْ |
مَيلْ |
||
|
حَكِيمْ |
عَزِيزْ |
بَصِيرْ |
سَمِيعْ |
عَلِيمْ |
كَرِيمْ |
||
|
اِدْرِيسْ |
غِفْرِيتْ |
مِعْطِيرْ |
مِسْكِينْ |
||||
|
تَحْسِينْ |
تَبْرِيكْ |
تَدْرِسْ |
تَعْلِيمْ |
||||
|
يَعِيشُ |
يَمِيلُ |
يَبِيعُ |
عِيشَ |
مِيلَ |
بِيعَ |
||
|
مُسْلِمِينَ |
مُكْرِمِينَ |
مُصْلِحِينَ |
تَرَاوِيحْ |
تَوَارِيخْ |
تَبِيعِينَ |
||
§35. Tashdidun - strengthening of consonants.
In the Arabic alphabet, each consonant can be short or double. Doubling of consonants is indicated not by repetition of the letter, as in Russian, but by a special superscript above the letter that should be pronounced as doubled ( ـ ). This icon is called (shadda), and the doubling phenomenon is called (tashdidun)– gain. This icon is placed above the consonant letter. The vowels (fatkhIa) and (zamma) are placed above the icon ( ﳳ, ﳲ ), and (kasra) under the letter ( ﹽِ ).
Doubled consonants are pronounced together as one consonant, but longer and more intensely than the corresponding short consonants.
Particular attention should be paid to the phenomenon of doubling a consonant sound (tashdidun), as this changes the meaning of the word.
(دَبُورٌ ) – daburun – west wind
(دَبُّورٌ ) – dabburun – wasp
|
رَبُّ – رَبْبُ |
رَبِّ – رَبْبِ |
رَبَّ – رَبْبَ |
|||
|
حَجَّ |
جَرَّ |
بَرَّ |
اَمَّ |
اَنَّ |
اِنَّ |
|
حَقُّ |
ذَمُّ |
شَكُّ |
حَجُّ |
جَرُّ |
بَرُّ |
|
زُقِّ |
دُبِّ |
كُلِّ |
خُفِّ |
دُرِّ |
بُرِّ |
|
اَدَّبَ |
سَخَّرَ |
وَحَّدَ |
فَجَّرَ |
كَثَّرَ |
دَبَّرَ |
|
ذُكِّرَ |
لُقِّبَ |
كُفِّنَ |
نُعِّمَ |
عُظِّمَ |
عُطِّرَ |
|
غُيِّرَ |
صُوِّرَ |
صُنِّفَ |
شُمِّرَ |
كُمِّلَ |
عُلِّمَ |
|
تَبَدُّلْ |
تَسَخُّنْ |
تَوَحُّدْ |
تَحَجُّرْ |
تَكَبُّر |
تَدَبُّرْ |
|
تَفَضُّلْ |
تَعَسُّبْ |
تَعَشُّقْ |
تَيَسُّرْ |
تَعَزُّزْ |
تَحَرُّفْ |
§36. Tanvin.
There is no indefinite article in Arabic. Its functions are performed by the ending nun (n) called ( tanvin) (adding sound (n)). This ending indicates the uncertainty of the subject denoted by the given noun and adjective, for example:
كِتَابٌ – kitabun, كَبِيرٌ – kabirun.
Tanwin represents a double vowel icon ( ﹱ ) – tanvin fatkhIa, ( ـٌ ) – tanvin zamma, ( ـٍ ) – tanvin kasra, which are read as (an), (un), (in). Tanvin fatkhIa and tanvin zamma are placed above the letter, and tanvin kasra below the letter.
|
فَوْتٍ |
فَوْتٌ |
فَوْتًا |
ثَوْبٌ |
ثَوْبٍ |
ثَوْبًا |
|
عَوْذٌ |
طَوْدٍ |
فَرْقًا |
لَوْحٌ |
فَوْجٍ |
لَيْثًا |
|
حَوْضٌ |
عَرْضٍ |
عَرْشًا |
فَوْسٌ |
فَوْزٍ |
دَوْرًا |
|
شَوْقٌ |
خَوْفٍ |
فَرْغًا |
شَرْعٌ |
غَيْظٍ |
سَوْطًا |
§37. Tashdidun with tanvin.
In the Arabic language there are often words where tashdidun and tanwin are combined in one word ( ـًّ, ـٌّ, ـٍّ ). In a word ( ـ ) (shadda) is always placed above the letter, (tanvin fathIa) and (tanvin zamma) are placed above (shadda), and (tanvin kasra) under the letter above which (shadda) is placed.
|
رَبٌّ – رَبْبُنْ |
رَبٍّ – رَبْبِنْ |
رَباًّ – رَبْبَنْ |
|||
|
مَنًّا |
كَفًّا |
مَسًّا |
جَرًّا |
بَرًّا |
حَبًّا |
|
بِرٍّ |
عِزٍّ |
حِسٍّ |
حِلٍّ |
سِرٍّ |
سِتٍّ |
|
كُلٌّ |
بُرٌّ |
خُفٌّ |
اُمٌّ |
ذُلٌّ |
ذُرٌّ |
|
مُهْتَزًّا |
مُخْضَرٍّ |
مُحْمَرًّا |
مُسْفَرٌّ |
مُسْوَدٍّ |
مُبْيَضًا |
|
مُسْتَحِبٍّ |
مُسْتَرِدًّا |
مُخْتَصٌّ |
مُضْطَرٍّ |
مُنْسَدٌّ |
مُحْتَجٍّ |
|
مُضِرٌّ |
مُسْتَعِدٍّ |
مُسْتَدِلاًّ |
مُسْتَحِلٌّ |
||
§38. Alif and gyamzatun.
In Arabic, in addition to 28 consonants, there is one more letter ( ء ) called (gyamza), it is pronounced from the end of the throat, only air retention occurs in the laryngeal part, as when pronouncing the Russian hard sign (aъ). The sign (gyamza) is usually called a glottal plosive, heard before or after the pronunciation of any vowel. Gyamza can be written in a word independently or with a stand. The letters ( أ ) – (alif), ( ؤ ) – (vav), ( ئ ) – (ya). Acting as a stand, they themselves do not indicate any sounds, but the letter ( ى ) is written without dots below. FathIa, zamma, tanvin fatkhIa, tanvin zamma and sukun are written above the gyamza ( ءَ, ءُ, ءً, ءٌ, ءْ ), and kyasra and tanvin kyasra under gyamza ( ءِ, ءٍ ).
At the beginning of a word, gyamza is always written with an alif as a stand:
أَسَدٌ – a-sadun, أُمٌّ – u-mmun, إِبْرَةٌ – and-bro.
In the middle of a word, these letters serve as a stand for gyamza:
(ا, و, ى ).
At the end of the word gyamza is written without a stand with a vowel and with a tanvin:
دُعَاءً – dugIá-an, شَيْءٍ – shay-in, مَاءٌ – má-un.
Gyamza with sukun is read as a Russian hard sign in the word:
مُؤْمِنْ – mu'min.
Alif and gyamza can be written in nine variants:
|
ئـ ـئـ ء |
ا أ ـا ـأ |
|||||
|
يَقْرَاُ |
قَرَاَ |
اَخَذَ |
اَمَرَ |
|||
|
يَقْرَأُ |
قَرَأَ |
أَخَذَ |
أَمَرَ |
|||
|
مَاْخُوذٌ |
مَاْمُورٌ |
يَاْخُذُ |
يَاْمُرُ |
|||
|
مَأْخُوذٌ |
مَأْمُورٌ |
يَأْخُذُ |
يَأْمُرُ |
|||
|
مُسْتَهْزِئٌ |
مُبْتَدِئٌ |
قَارِئٌ |
قُرِئَ |
|||
|
مُؤَلِّفٌ |
مُؤَذِّنٌ |
مُؤْمِنٌ |
يُؤْمِنُ |
|||
|
مَائِلٌ |
سَائِلٌ |
قَائِمٌ |
قاَئِلٌ |
|||
|
مَسْئُولٌ |
سَئَلَ |
بِئْرُ |
بِئْسَ |
|||
|
مَسَآءُ |
يَشَآءُ |
سَآءَ |
شَآءَ |
|||
|
مُسِىءُ |
يَسِىءُ |
يَجِىءُ |
جِىءَ |
شِىءَ |
||
|
جُزْءُ |
بُرْءُ |
مِلْءُ |
فَيْءُ |
شَيْءُ |
||
|
مُرُوءَ ةُ |
قُرُوءُ |
وُضُوءُ |
يَسُوءُ |
سُوءُ |
||
|
اِمْرَأَةُ |
اِمْرُؤٌ |
اِمْرِئٍ |
اِمْرَأَ |
اَلْمَرْءُ |
||
|
جُزْأَةُ |
جُزْؤُهَا |
جُزْئِهَا |
جُزْأَهَا |
اَلْجُزْءُ |
||
§38. Ta-marbutaﺔ = ت, ة .
Feminine names end with a special letter ( ﺔ , ة ) called (ta-marbuta) (related ta). Unlike the letter ( ت ) ta-marbuta is used only at the endings of feminine names, that is, at the end of words, so it can only have a separate ( ة ) or final ( ﺔ ) shape. In a separate form ( ة ) is written after letters that are not connected on the left side, ( ا, ر, ز, د, ذ, و ) (alif, ra, za, dal, zal, and vav), and in the final form ( ﺔ ) after the remaining 22 letters.
|
جَمِيلَةٌ |
شَهِيدَةٌ |
سَعِيدَةٌ |
حَمِيدَةٌ |
فَرِيدَةٌ |
عَزِيزَةٌ |
|
نَعِيمَةٌ |
شَرِيفَةٌ |
نَظِيفَةٌ |
عَفِيفَةٌ |
سَلِيمَةٌ |
حَلِيمَةٌ |
|
حُرَّةٌ – حُرَّاتٌ |
كَرَّةٌ – كَرَّاتٌ |
مَرَّةٌ – مَرَّاتٌ |
|||
§40. Hidden vowels.
In Arabic there are words with hidden vowels ( ا, و, ي ) (alif, vav, ya). Special icons are used to indicate hidden vowels.
Hidden ( ا ) (alif) is indicated by a vertical dash above the letter ( ـ ) instead of the slanted icon (fathIa) ( ﹷ ).
|
هَذَا |
قُرْاَنْ |
رَحْمَنْ |
اِلٰهٌ (اِلاٰهٌ ) |
||||
|
اَدَمُ |
اَمَنُ |
لَكِنْ |
هَؤُلاَءِ |
ذَلِكَ |
|||
|
اِسْحَقْ |
اِسْمَعِيلْ |
اِبْرَهِيمْ |
اَمَنَّا |
اَخِرُ |
|||
Hidden ( و ) (vav) is indicated by a larger than usual zamma icon – ( ـ ) instead of ( ﹹ ).
Enlarged (zamma) (ـ ) always takes a long time to read.
The length of the vowel sound (a) can also be expressed by combining the letter ( ـى, ـيـ ) with FatkhI.
|
اَنَّى |
مَتَى |
لَدَى |
عَلَى |
اِلَى |
|
مُوسَى |
اَعْلَى |
تَعَلَى |
شَتَّى |
حَتَّى |
|
فَتَرْضَى |
يَتَزَكَّى |
مُرْتَضَى |
يَحْيى |
عِيسَى |
|
عُقْبَيهَا |
فَسَوَّيهَا |
زَكَّيهَا |
دَسَّيهَا |
سَوَّيهَا |
The length of a vowel sound (a) can also be conveyed by a combination of letters ( و, ـو ) with FatkhI.
|
رِبَوا |
غَدَوةٌ |
حَيَوةٌ |
ذَكَوةٌ |
زَكَوةٌ |
صَلَوةٌ |
§41. Solar and lunar consonants.
The consonants of the Arabic language are divided into the so-called “solar” and “lunar”.
Solar consonants are those consonants that are pronounced with the tip of the tongue (i.e., front-lingual); the remaining consonants are called lunar.
1. “Sunny” letters.
There are 14 solar letters in the Arabic alphabet:
ن, ل, ظ, ط, ض, ص, ش, س, ز, ر, ذ, د, ث, ت
If after the definite article ( ال ) is one of the 14 solar letters, then the letter ( ل ) is not pronounced in nouns, and the sun letter is doubled.
|
هَذَاالَّذِى |
مَاالْحُطَمَةُ |
مَاالْقَارِعَةُ |
هَذَاالْبَلَدُ |
|
بِئْسَ ا ْلاِسْمُ |
فَقُلْنَااضْرِبْ |
تَحْتِهَاا ْلاَنْهَارُ |
مَنْ ذَاالَّذِى |
|
عَلَى النَّاسِ |
اِلَى النَّاسِ |
يَاءَيُّهَاالنَّاسُ |
اِهْدِنَاالصِّرَاطَ |
|
قَالُواادْعُ |
قَالُوااتَّخَذَ |
فِى الصُّدُورِ |
فِى ا ْلاَرْضِ |
|
وَاَتُواالزَّكَوةَ |
وَاَقِيمُواالصَّلَوةَ |
اُوتُواالْكِتَابَ |
لَقُواالَّذِينَ |
|
وَعَمِلُواالصَّالِحَاتِ |
|||
§ 42 . Vassalizationgyamzy. (اَلْوَصْلُ )
If a word that has an article is preceded by a word ending with a vowel sound, and if these two words are not separated by a pause (pronounced together), then the article of the second word loses its gyamza along with its vowel.
This disappearance of gymza is called Vasilyating gyamzy (from the Arabic word وَصْلَةٌ – connection). In this case, the alif is retained on the letter, and the gyamza above the alif is replaced by the icon ( Vasla) () or not indicated at all.
|
اِهْدِنَاالصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ |
أَلْكِتَابُ أَلْكَبِيرُ – أَلْكِتَابُ ٱ لْكَبِيرُ |
|
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وَهَذَاالْبَلَدِ ا ْلاَمِينِ |
أَلْجَرِيدَتُ أَلْجَدِيدَةُ – أَلْجَرِيدَتُ ا لْجَدِيدَةُ |
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§43. Rules for reading nun-sukun and tanwin.
Wu nun-sukun ( نْ ) and tanwin four reading rules, depending on which of the 28 alphabetic letters comes after them.
1. Reading clearly – izghar (اِظْهَارْ ) – if after nun-sukun ( نْ ) is followed by one of the letters called "clear reading letters" or "guttural sounds" ( ا, خ, غ, ح, ع, ه ) and gymza ( ء ), then the sound ( ن ) is pronounced expressively, clearly and separately from the indicated letters.
Gunna- this is the pronunciation of nun-sukuna ( نْ ) and tanvin, through the oral and nasal cavities, in order to reduce their sound expressiveness. The length of nosalization is two alifs.
3. Doubling (assimilation) – idgham (إِدْغَامْ ) is when a nun-sukun or tanwin at the end of a word turns (assimilates) into the subsequent letter, doubling it, and subsequently this letter is read with tashdid.
The letters of idgama include ( ي, و, ن, م, ل, ر ).
In cases where nun-sukun or tanwin are followed by the letters ( ي, و, ن, م ), then idg'am is done with gunna.. And if nun-sukun or tanvin is followed by ( ل ) or ( ر ), then idg'am is done without gunna.
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مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ – مِرْرَبِهِمْ |
مِنْ مَسَدٍ – مِمْ َمَسَدٍ |
مِنْ وَلِيٍّ – مِوْوَلِيٍّ |
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هُدًى مِنْ – هُدَمْ مِنْ |
اِلَه ٌوَاحِدٌ – اِلَهُوْوَاحِدٌ |
وَمَنْ لَمْ – وَمَلْ لَمْ |
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خَيْرًا يَرَهُ – خَيْرَىْ يَرَهُ |
شَيْئًا نُكْرًا – شَيْئَنْنُكْرًا |
لَنْ نُؤْمِنَ – لَنْنُؤْمِنَ |
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غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ – غَفُورُرْرَحِيمٌ |
وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ – وَمَيْ يَعْمَلْ |
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هُدًى لِلْمُتَّقِينَ – هُدَلْ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ |
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4. Concealment – Ikhfa (اِخْفَا ) – in cases where nun-sukun or tanwin is followed by the following 15 letters ( ك, ق, ف, ظ, ط, ض, ص, ش, س, ز, ذ, د, ث, ت, ج ), then (nun) is pronounced with gunna.
2) Mutajanis (مُتَجَانِسٌ ) is an idg'am between the below-mentioned letters of the same gender (i.e. letters that have a common mahraj). There are 3 types of such letters: ( ت, د, ط), (ث, ذ, ظ), (م, ب ).
(ت And ط), (ط And ت), (د And ت), (ت And د), (ذ And ث), (ظ And ذ), (م And ب )
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وَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ – وَقَالَطَّائِفَةٌ |
لَئِنْ بَسَطْتَ – لَئِنْ بَسَتَّ |
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وَجَدْ تُمْ – وَجَتُّمْ |
أَثْقَلَتْ دَعَوُاالله – أَثْقَلَدَّعَوُاالله |
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إِذْظَلَمُوا – إِظَّلَمُوا |
يَلْهَثْ ذَلِكَ – يَلْهَذَّلِكَ |
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اِرْكَبْ مَعَنَا – اِرْكَمَّعَنَا |
3 ) Mutakarib (مُتَقَارِبٌ ) is the idg'am between ( ل And ر ), as well as between ( ق And ك ).
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أَلَمْ نَخْلُقْكُمْ – أَلَمْ نَخْلُكُّمْ |
بَلْ رَفَعَهُ – بَرَّفَعَهُ |
§ 4 4 . Madda (اَلْمَدُّ ).
Lengthening the sound of the letter above which there is an icon (~) – (madda), occurs at 4-6 (alifah). The duration of one alif is equal to the time of squeezing or unclenching one finger.
An extra-long vowel sound is formed:
1. When a long syllable in one word is followed by gyamza ( ء ) with vocalization. Such syllables are read 4 times longer than short ones and are indicated by an additional icon ( ~ ) (madda) from above.
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سَوَ اۤءٌ |
هَؤُ لاۤءِ |
اُولَئِۤكَ |
جَاۤءَ |
شَاۤءَ |
سَاۤءَ |
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جِىۤءَ |
مِيكَاۤۤئِيلُ |
جَبْرَ ۤۤئِيلُ |
اِسْرَ ۤئِيلُ |
يَاۤءَ يُّهَا |
سَاۤئِلٌ |
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وَضُوۤءُ |
يَسُوۤءُ |
سُوۤءُ |
مُسِىۤءُ |
يُسِىۤءُ |
يَجِىۤءُ |
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سِيۤئَتْ |
قِرَاۤءَةٌ |
مَاۤئِلْ |
قَاۤئِمْ |
قَاۤئِلْ |
قُرُوۤءُ |
2. When a long word is followed by another word beginning with alif ( ا ) with vocalization. Such syllables must be read 3-4 times longer than a short syllable.
4. When a long syllable is followed by a letter with a sukun. Such syllables must be read 4 times longer than a short syllable. These also include words written abbreviated at the beginning of some surahs of the Koran.
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اَ ْلاَ ۤنْ |
اَلْحَاۤقَّةُ |
ضَاۤلاًّ = ضَاۤلْلاً |
كَاۤفَّةِ = كَاۤفْفَةِ |
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نۤ = نُوۤنْ |
دَاۤبَّةٌ |
يُحَاۤدُّونَ |
وَلاَ الضَّاۤلِّينَ |
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كۤهَيَعۤصۤ = كَاۤفْ هَايَاعَيْۤنْ صَاۤدْ |
الۤمۤصۤ = اَلِفْ لاۤمْ مِۤيمْ صَاۤدْ |
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طَسۤمۤ = طَا سِيۤنْ مِيۤمْ |
الۤمۤ = اَلِفْ لاۤمْ مِۤيمْ |
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يَسۤ = يَا سِيۤنْ |
طَهَ = طَا هَا |
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5. It is recommended to stretch syllables at the end of words before a pause, when a long syllable is followed by a letter with a sukun, which is formed only before the pause. The length of such syllables is from 1 to 4 times, depending on the type of word. The letter does not indicate longitude.
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وَ الْمَرْجَانْ |
وَ النَّاسْ |
فَيَكُونْ |
سَفِلِينْ |
يَعْمَلُونْ |
6. When the letters ( وْ ) or ( ىْ ) with sukun is preceded by a letter with fatkhIoi, the syllables (av) or (ay), called diphthongs, are read as long syllables that must be drawn out by 1.5 - 2 alif.
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خَيْرٌ |
يَوْمَ |
نَوْمَ |
كَوَّنَ = كَوْوَنَ |
سَوْفَ |
اَوْ |
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اِيَّاكَ |
وَ الصَّيْفْ |
اِلَيْكَ |
عَلَيْكُمْ |
لَيْسَ |
بَيْنَ |
§45. Waqf.
1. In the Quran, above the icons that stand at the end of each verse (‘) there are letters ( ج, ط And لا ). When reading where the letters are ( ج, ط ) it is recommended to pause, and where ( لا ) – read without stopping.
2. At the end of the verse, if the word ends with a letter with vowels (fathIa, kasra, zamma or tanvin kasra, tanvin zamma) and if we pause or stop at this place, then these vowels are not read, and the word ends with a letter with sukun.
3. If the word ends with the letter ( و ) or ( ي ) with any vowels and we pause or stop, then their vowels are omitted, and the previous sound is prolonged.
§46. Some rules for reading the Koran.
1) Emphasis on words.
In an Arabic word, in addition to one main stress, there may be one or two minor ones.
The place of the main stress is determined by the following rules:
a) In two-syllable words, the main stress is always on the first syllable.
b) In polysyllabic words, the main stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the word, if the second syllable from the end is short. If the second syllable from the end is long, then the stress falls on this second syllable from the end.
Secondary stress falls on those long syllables that did not receive primary stress according to the above rules.
Thus, the main stress is the emphasis on one of the syllables by the force of exhalation (and, consequently, the volume of pronunciation) with a simultaneous increase in the tone of the voice, and the secondary stress is only forceful and is not accompanied by an increase in tone.
The alternation of main-stressed, secondary-stressed and unstressed syllables, as well as long and short ones, constitutes the characteristic rhythm of Arabic speech and reading, without mastering which one cannot learn to read the Koran correctly.
2) Word (الله ).
If the letter preceding this word has a vowel, (fathIa) or (zamma), then the word الله is read firmly: if the preceding letter has a vowel (kyasra) - the word الله reads softly:
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رَحْمَةُ اللهِ |
مِنَ اللهِ |
هُوَ اللهُ |
اَللهُ |
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عِنْدِ اللهِ |
بِاللهِ |
نِعْمَةُ اللهِ |
زِينَةُ اللهِ |
3) Letter (ر ).
Letter ( ر ) is read firmly when it has a vowel (fathIa) or (zamma), softly when it has a vowel (kasra).
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مِنْ شَرِّ |
كَفَرُوا |
وَ الرُّوحُ |
بِرَبِّ |
وَرَأَيْتَ |
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زُرْتُمُ الْقَبِرَ |
خَيْرُ الْبَرِيَّةِ |
ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ |
وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ فِىنَار |
لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ |
When the letter ( رْ ) with sukun, then it is read according to the same rule, looking at the vowel of the previous letter
If behind the letter ( رْ ) with sukun followed by solid letters خ, غ, ض, ص, ط, ظ, ق with the vowel (fatkhIa) or (zamma), then it is read firmly, without paying attention to the vowel of the previous letter. If these letters come with a vowel (kyasra), the letter ( ر ) reads softly.
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ظَفَرْ |
مَرْمَرْ |
مُرِرْتُمْ |
أُمِرْتُمْ |
مَرَرْتُمْ |
أَمَرْتُمْ |
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فَاَثَرْنَ بِهِ |
وَانْحَرْ |
اِرْمِ |
ظَمَرْ |
حَظَرْ |
نَظَرْ |
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اَرْخَمْ |
فَرْقُ |
فِى ا ْلاَرْضِ |
صُدُورْ |
اَ ْلاَرْضُ |
وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ |
4) Rule of qalqala. Letters of kutbujad.
If the words have the following five letters ( د, ج, ب, ط, ق ) come with a sukun, they are pronounced expressively with some shaking, reminiscent of a hard sign in the Russian language.
6) Sakta.
In the Quran, when reading in four places, there is a short pause of sound and breathing at the same time, which is called ( sakta), after which reading immediately continues. This is between the words:
1) 18th sura “The Cave” ( كهف ) verse (1) عِوَجًا س قَيِّمًا
2) 36 surah “Yasin” ( يس ) verse (52) مِنْ مَرْقَدِنَا س هَذَا
3) 75th Surah “Resurrection” ( قيامة ) verse (27) مَنْ س رَاقٍ
4) Surah 83 “Weighing” ( مطففين ) verse (14) بَلْ س رَانَ
7) Pause.
When there is a pause, words can end in three ways: with a sukun, with a fatkhIu, or with the letter ( هْ ) with sukun.
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يَعْلَمُونْ – يَعْلَمُونَ |
يُؤْمِنُونْ – يُؤْمِنُونَ |
نَسْتَعِينْ – نَسْتَعِينُ |
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حَامِيَهْ – حَامِيَةٌ |
تَوَّابَا – تَوَّابًا |
يُسْرَا – يُسْرًا |
§47. Places where judgment must be made in the Qur'an.
1) In sura اَلْأَعْرَافُ at the end of verse 206 ( وَلَهُ يَسْجُدُونَ )
2) In sura الرَّعْدُ at the end of the 45th verse ( وَظِلَالُهُمْ بِالْغُدُوِّ وَالْاَصَالْ )
3) In sura النَّحْلُ at the end of the 19th verse ( وَهُمْ لَا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ )
4) In sura اَلْإِسْرَاءُ at the end of the 107th verse ( يَخِرُّونَ لِلْاَذْقَانِ سُجَّدَا )
5) In sura مَرْيَمً at the end of the 57th verse ( خَرُّوا سُجَّدًا وَبُكِيًّا )
6) In sura اَلْحَجُّ at the end of the 18th verse ( إِنَّ اللهَ يَفْعَلُ مَا يَشَاءُ )
7) In sura اَلْفُرْقَانُ at the end of the 60th verse ( وَزَادَهُمْ نُفُورَا )
8) In sura النَّحْلُ at the end of the 25th verse ( وَيَعْلَمُ مَا تُخْفُونَ وَمَاتُعْلِنُونَ )
9) In sura السَّجْدَةُ at the end of the 15th verse ( وَهُمْ لَا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ )
10) In sura ص at the end of the 24th verse ( وَخَرَّ رَاكِعًا وَأَنَابَ )
11) In sura فُصِّلَتْ at the end of the 37th verse ( إِنْ كُنْتُمْ إِيَّاهُ تَعْبُدُونَ )
12) In sura النَّجْمُ at the end of the 62nd verse ( فَاسْجُدُوا لِلَّهِ وَاعْبُدُوهُ )
13) In sura الاِنْشِقَاقُ at the end of the 21st verse ( وَ إِذَا قُرِئَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقُرْآنُ لَا يَسْجُدُونَ )
14) In sura العَلَقُ at the end of the 19th verse ( وَاسْجُدْ وَاقْتَرِب )
The word "tajweed" is a masdar (verbal noun), the root of which is the verb "jaada" - to succeed, to excel. In the context of the Quranic sciences, this term has a narrower meaning, the essence of which boils down to “the correct reading of the Holy ", that is, in such a manner of reciting Revelation, when all known rules and norms are observed.
The issue of maintaining correct pronunciation is reflected in the Quran itself. Thus, the Creator makes a command to believers:
“And read the Quran measuredly” (73:4)
At first glance, the verse deals primarily with character, speed and manner of recitation. But in fact, this means that all letters and sounds must be pronounced properly, all existing rules must be observed, of which there are not two or three, but much more. For example, the rules of assimilation (idgam ma'a-l-'unna, iqlab, ikhfa ma'a-l-'unna), dissimilation (qalkalya), observance of longitude (madd) and pause (waqf) and so on.
How did Tajweed come about?
The Koran, being the Revelation of the Almighty, given to all humanity, requires a special attitude, which includes, among other things, the manner of reading. It is known that during the life of the Final Messenger of God (s.g.v.), Ibn Mas’ud had a beautiful manner of reciting the Book. He not only recited the Quran with expression, but also observed all the necessary rules of grammar and pronunciation.
The relevance of the emergence of such a science as Tajweed is obvious. Many people do not know the peculiarities of even their native language, and may make mistakes in pronunciation and grammar. What can we say about the unfamiliar language in which the main religious text is written?! Arabic is not the easiest language, and the situation was complicated to a certain extent by the fact that other peoples began to come to Islam from the very dawn of the religion. They had certain cultural differences from the Arabs, in particular related to the linguistic component. In this situation, there was a risk that people might make mistakes while reciting the Qur'an, which would affect the meaning. To avoid this, the importance of forming a special system of rules, which was called “Tajweed,” became obvious.
In general, it can be noted that Tajwid is a Quranic science, the main goal of which is to ensure correct pronunciation and reproduction of sounds, avoiding any excesses or omissions.
Why is Tajweed so important?
Reading the Holy Qur'an according to all the rules has many advantages that influence both the reciter (kariya) and the audience listening to it. Tajwid allows you to take into account all the points that are usually involved by kariyas during the recitation of the Text in a chant. However, it would be a mistake to believe that automatic adherence to the rules of Tajweed ensures that a person becomes a reciter with a unique style of recitation. This requires long-term practice and analysis of other kariyas. The essence of competent and beautiful reproduction of the text of the Koran comes down to determining how best to set pauses, draw out vowel sounds, soften the pronunciation of consonants and correctly pronounce individual sounds (for example, hamza).
Separately, it is worth mentioning such an aspect of reading the Quran as the speed of text reproduction. According to the unanimous opinion of scientists and practitioners, it is best to read the Quran in a slow rhythm, following all the rules as correctly as possible. This tempo in Arabic is denoted by the word “tartil”. However, among professionals in the field of competent recitation of the Holy Scriptures, a medium tempo called “tadwir”, as well as a fast rhythm called “khadr”, are common.
Failure to comply with the rules of Tajweed is fraught with errors that can seriously change the meaning of the Quranic text. For example, one of the most common defects is the case when at the end of Surah “Fatiha” a person reproduces the word “lost” - “dalliin”, not through the letter “d”, but through “z”. With this reading, the meaning changes to the word “continuing”:
“Lead us on a straight path. Dear those to whom You have given grace, and not the dear those who are under Your wrath and those who are lost" (1:7)
Obviously, the word “continuing” completely changes the original meaning of the verse.
There are also implicit errors that do not change the meaning of the Quranic text, but contradict the generally accepted manner of reproducing certain moments of the Quranic text. For example, an implicit error may occur when a person does not properly draw out the “u” sound in the word “lyahu”, which occurs in Surah Ikhlas:
“Ue lam yakul-lyahuu kufueen ahade” (112:4)
Translation of meaning:“And there was no one equal to Him”
From the point of view of the Arabic language, its meaning, if the reader does not extend the sound “u” in the indicated place, he does not make any mistake. However, from the point of view of the norms accepted among the Kari, this point will be considered a minor drawback.
Let us also note that in modern editions of the Koran, which were published in different countries of the world, some rules of Tajweed are reflected in the text through special signs, which are marked in different colors. This printing technique is actively used only in special cases, when publishers pursue the goal of making the Quranic text convenient for people who are beginning to study Arabic and Tajweed. However, it is becoming common to designate the name “Allah” in red. Also, other words that denote the Almighty are highlighted in red (for example, Master - “Rabbu”).