Formation solar system
The solar system was formed approximately 5 billion years ago as a result of the compression of a gas and dust cloud, its dimensions are very impressive: the diameter of the orbit of the farthest dwarf planet Pluto is 15 trillion kilometers, a light beam overcomes them in 11 hours. Meanwhile, the solar system makes up only a very small part of our Galaxy - the Milky Way, whose diameter is about 100 thousand light years. We earthlings live almost halfway from the center of the Galaxy to its edge - 27 thousand light years in both directions.
What is the Sun?
The Sun, the only star and the central body of the solar system, rotates around the galactic center at a speed of 220 km/s and completes a full revolution in 226 million years—that’s how long a galactic year lasts. Compared to an earthly year - 365 days - the size of the Galaxy seems simply enormous. The sun is a celestial body - the source of light, heat and life on Earth.
In its structure, the Sun is a huge ball of gas, inside and on the surface of which extremely high temperatures have been maintained for billions of years. The process of converting hydrogen into helium is constantly happening on the Sun.
Scientists call this process a thermonuclear reaction. Hydrogen makes up 74% of the mass of the solar core, helium makes up 25% of this mass. When converting one chemical element in the other, hydrogen particles combine into heavier particles, and at the same time they are released a large number of energy in the form of heat and light.
Because of high temperature gas particles on the Sun - atomic nuclei and free electrons - move at crazy speed. Each nucleus of an atom contains particles called protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive electric charge, neutrons have no charge. Atoms various elements They are distinguished from each other by the number of protons and neutrons, which serve as a kind of “building blocks” for construction. Each nucleus of a hydrogen atom contains one proton, and each nucleus of a helium atom contains two protons and two neutrons.
When four hydrogen nuclei combine together, they form one helium nucleus, photons, and other small particles. It is photons that represent light scattering in all directions. According to scientists, every second about four million tons of matter are converted into radiant energy in the solar core. This energy dissipates into space and reaches the Earth. It is worth noting that near the solar core the temperature is about 14 million degrees, and the radiation power reaching our planet is approximately 1000 watts per square meter surfaces.
Copernicus' heliocentric system
The sun in Greek is called Helios. The Greeks believed that Helios lived in the east in a beautiful palace, surrounded by the seasons - summer, winter, spring and autumn. When Helios leaves his palace in the morning, the stars go out, night gives way to day. The stars reappear in the sky when in the evening Helios disappears in the west, where he transfers from his chariot to a beautiful boat and sails across the sea to the place of sunrise.
IN Ancient Rus' They also worshiped the sun god. They called him Yarilo and in his honor every year in the spring they organized festivals and festivities.
For a very long time, people believed that the stationary Earth rests in the center of the Universe, and all celestial bodies, including the Sun, move around it. (This model is called geocentric: the Greek word “geo” means “Earth.”) Astronomers had a lot of difficulties in studying the movements of stars and planets. It turned out that they were moving along intricate trajectories, making complex loops and zigzags.
But finally, in the 16th century, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric system of the world. It was based on the following statements:
1) in the center of the world is not the Earth, but the Sun;
2) The Earth rotates around its axis;
3) The Earth, like all other planets, revolves around the Sun in a circle.
With the discovery of Copernicus, everything fell into place: it became clear how the planets move around the Sun, and an explanation was found for the apparent movement of the Sun among the stars. The Sun holds with its gravity the planets and their satellites, asteroids, meteorites and other bodies that revolve around it in one direction in elliptical orbits. The planet Mercury closest to the Sun has the highest angular velocity - it makes a full revolution around the Sun in just 88 Earth days; the most distant planet Neptune is 165 years away. Between them are Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. Pluto, discovered in 1930, was considered a planet until August 24, 2006. On that day, based on the latest research results, the International Astronomical Union revoked this status.
Why does the sun shine and warm?
The Sun is located 150 million kilometers from the Earth. Despite such a literal cosmic distance, all vital processes on our planet depend on the Sun.
We could not exist if the Sun suddenly stopped shining and warming. Our planet would become cold and dead. It would become so cold on Earth that not only the water in rivers, seas and oceans would freeze, but even the air that people, animals and plants breathe. Solar radiation supports life on Earth, influences weather and climate, and is involved in photosynthesis.
And the Sun shines and warms because it is very hot: at the surface - almost 6 thousand degrees, and in the center - 15 million degrees. At this temperature, iron and other metals not only melt, but turn into hot gases. This means that the Sun is a huge, massive ball consisting of hot gas. In fact, even tiny particles - atoms, from which all living and nonliving things in nature generally consist, cannot exist on the Sun. Atoms, which are very strong on Earth, are split into even smaller particles on the Sun. Every second, 4.26 million tons of solar matter are converted into energy, but this is an insignificant amount compared to the mass of the Sun. Even at a great distance, the Sun can melt ice, raise the temperature of water in rivers and seas, warm or cool the Earth - it can do everything!
How does the inside of the Sun maintain a temperature of millions of degrees all the time? It's very complex and important question, which many astronomers and physicists have pondered for a long time. Now almost all of them have no doubt that in the central part of the Sun there are thermonuclear reactions, as a result of which hydrogen is converted into helium. Moreover, the density of the substance there is 150 times greater than the density of water and 7 times greater than the density of the heaviest metal on Earth - osmium. Such an extraordinary “bonfire” has been burning inside the Sun for billions of years. And while it burns there, the Sun will send light and warmth to each of us and all living things on Earth. Many people wonder: what will happen when the Sun goes out? Scientists answer: there is no need to fear such a turn in the near future. The sun can only go out after it has consumed all the hydrogen it contains and the process of its transformation into helium has stopped. But over the entire existence of the Solar System, less than half of the hydrogen present on the Sun has turned into helium. This means that the Sun will shine and warm for a very long time.
Human observations of the Sun
The first astronomical instrument for observing the Sun was an ordinary stick. It was once used by ancient astronomers. A stick is a very simple tool, of course, but if you stick it vertically into the ground, you can observe the shadow it casts when illuminated by the Sun. In astronomy it is called a “gnomon”. The higher the Sun rises, the shorter the shadow from the gnomon. The shortest shadow occurs at noon, when the Sun is in the south, at its most high point your way.
People came up with different ways, with the help of which you can determine the distance to celestial bodies - the Moon, the Sun, the stars. This required mathematics, very precise measuring instruments, and much more. But the most important assistant in determining the distance to stars and planets was the light beam. There is nothing more agile than a beam; only it can fly as much as 300 thousand kilometers in one second. For example, a light beam from the Sun reaches the Earth in 8 minutes 20 seconds and during this time flies almost 150 million kilometers - this is exactly the distance from the Sun that our Earth is located. +It is very difficult to imagine 150 million kilometers; in ordinary life, people do not have to deal with such distances. If a person goes from Moscow to St. Petersburg, he only has to drive or fly about 700 kilometers. Thousands of kilometers separate Moscow from Vladivostok. Tens of thousands of kilometers will need to be covered to travel around the world. Of course, astronauts were the fastest to orbit the Earth. For example, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, the world's first cosmonaut, circled the Earth in 108 minutes at the first cosmic speed - 8 km/s. And even at the second escape velocity - 11.2 km/s - it would take several months to fly to the Sun.
When people found out how far the Sun was from the Earth, they realized that it was very large. What can we compare the Sun with to understand how big it is? Probably the best thing is with the Earth on which we live. Let's try to imagine a huge empty ball as big as the Sun, and many “small” balls the size of the Earth. How many “small” balls will fit in one big one? It turns out, 1 million 300 thousand! The diameter of the Earth is 12,756.2 kilometers, and the Sun is 109 thousand times larger. The Sun contains about 99.8 percent of the mass of all bodies in the Solar System taken together, which is approximately 2,1027 tons.
Why do solar eclipses occur?
We often have to observe how, on a clear sunny day, the shadow of a cloud, driven by the wind, runs across the Earth and reaches the place where we are. The cloud hides the Sun. During solar eclipse The Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun and hides it from us. +Our planet Earth rotates during the day around its axis, at the same time moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in a year. The Moon, a satellite of our Earth, moves around the Earth and completes a full revolution in 27.3 days. Mutual arrangement of all three celestial bodies is changing all the time. As it moves around the Earth, the Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun. The Moon is a dark, opaque solid ball; it, like a huge curtain, covers the Sun.
A solar eclipse can only occur during a new moon, when the Moon faces the Earth with its dark, unlit side. The Moon, compared to the Sun, is almost 400 times closer to us, and at the same time its diameter is also approximately 400 times smaller than the diameter of the Sun. Therefore, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are almost the same, and the Moon can thus cover the Sun.
The distances of the Sun and Moon from the Earth do not remain constant, but change slightly, since the orbits of the Earth around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth are not circles, but ellipses. In this regard, solar eclipses are total, when the Moon completely covers the Sun, or annular, when the Moon is at its greatest distance from the Earth and the lunar disk is smaller than the solar one. If the Moon passes not in the middle of the Sun, but along the edge, it is said to be a partial eclipse.
The shadow that the Moon casts on the Earth moves along the Earth's surface at a speed of 1 km/s, i.e. faster than a rifle bullet. The diameter of the shadow spot is less than 270 km. +The band of a solar eclipse is very small compared to the surface area of the Earth. Around the shadow spot there is a penumbra region, it is much larger (6-7 thousand km). There is a partial eclipse here.
from Wikipedia, photo from the Internet
Lesson planning for grade 4_ Knowledge of the world (subject) Date:_______________________ Lesson No.________30_____________ Lesson topic: The sun is a source of light and heat. OBZH “Historical information about fire protection” Triune goal Educational: to form an idea of the Universe, the size and nature of the Sun as the center of the Solar system and the closest star to us as a source of light and heat. Introduce students to the science that studies the Universe.
Design of a notebook: weather, topic Introductory conversation What can you say about the Sun? Answer: The sun has the shape of a ball. It is in the sky, which means it is a celestial body. What can you say about the Sun from personal observations? Answer: The sun gives us light and warmth. Our life on Earth is possible only thanks to the Sun. Even in ancient times, people understood this and revered the Sun. While observing the Sun, people came up with a lot of riddles, proverbs, and sayings. A golden apple is rolling on a blue saucer. (Sun) Not a fire, but it burns painfully, not a lantern, but shining brightly, not a baker, but baking. (Sun) IV. Operational stage Read the text, highlight the most important thoughts about the Sun. (The sun illuminates and warms our planet. Without sunlight and heat, life on Earth would be impossible.) Work in pairs. Using the text, fill in the missing data: The Sun is closest to the Earth... (star). (hot) cosmic body. The sun has the shape of... (a ball). The diameter of the Sun is... (109) times greater than the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is... (330 thousand) times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ... (150 million) kilometers.. Why is she so blue? (There is a lot of water on Earth.) Not only does the Earth have a lot of water, but it also has an airy atmosphere, and this envelope gives the planet its blue color. What else can you say about planet Earth? (It is a small planet in size. It is the third planet from the Sun. Earth's neighbors are Mars and Venus.) Please note: Earth has a natural satellite. Who has already guessed what it is called? (Moon) Why is the Earth also called a planet garden? (Because plants grow on it.) And also because there is life on Earth thanks to the Sun. Man has always sought to use sunlight and heat, without which life on planet Earth would be impossible. (This thought runs through the entire lesson.) OBZH “Historical information about fire protection” The history of mankind is continuously connected with fire. For people, fire has been the main benefactor and one of the most dangerous enemies for centuries. Forests, villages, cities burned in fiery whirlwinds, people and animals died. And already in Ancient Greece and Rome, there were special teams consisting, as a rule, of slaves and freedmen, whose duties included putting out fires. The appearance of the first fire pump (or fire water pipe), invented by the Alexandrian scientist Ctesibaeus, who lived in the 12th century, also dates back to ancient times. BC. legislative force in the fight against domestic fires, recognizing them as the most common. In the code of law of Ivan III (1497) it is written: “Do not give the lighter a belly, execute him with the death penalty.” Later, in 1504, fire safety rules were issued, which prescribed: do not heat huts and bathhouses in the summer unless absolutely necessary, do not keep in the evenings at home
fire (spears, lamps, candles), all fire-hazardous industries (blacksmithing, pottery, gunsmithing, glassblowing, etc.) and should be located away from buildings. In fact, under Ivan III, the main directions of fire fighting took shape - preventing and extinguishing fires. Description of fire work: “Every firefighter hero, all his life in war, risks his neck every minute, and then especially: crawling on roofs in winter, in icy conditions, when water flows from torn sleeves in streams, when the thick cloth of a jacket and pants (and you can’t bend the dry cloth) ) will be made like a splint, and the clumsy ones - huge boots, on iron nails, for accuracy, will be made like cast iron. And such a frozen uncle in icy boots climbs the icy steps of the stairs onto the flaming roof and performs the most puzzling acrobatic exercises there; sometimes, cowering on the rapids of the cornice from the advancing fire and waiting for the rescue ladder, half of the body presses against the wall, and the other hangs over the abyss... Axemen, whose helmets sparkle through the clouds of black smoke, revealing the iron of the roof, are constantly at risk of falling into a fiery tartar. And the fireman, following the fireman, climbs into an unknown room full of smoke, and, at the risk of suffocating or being blown up by some supply of kerosene, looks for where the fire is and pours it out. It is difficult in winter, but unbearable in summer, when fires are frequent. VII. Control and recording of knowledge Written test: What is the significance of the Sun for life on Earth? How do people use solar energy? VIII. Health-saving technologies IX. Homework Page question No. Reflective-evaluative stage What did you like? Grade
In the world of interesting things 3rd grade date_________
Topic: “The sun is a source of light and heat.”
To ensure the perception, comprehension and primary memorization of ideas about the Sun as the closest star to the Earth, about its size and distance from the Earth to the Sun; show the importance of the Sun for all life on Earth; about the ancient luminary - the deity and his image in folk art.
To foster respect for the history and traditions of ancestors, to form correct self-esteem, interaction and solidarity in the team.
Develop coherent speech when defending a project.
1. Organizational and preparatory stage.
2. Setting learning goals.
What is nature?
What kind of nature is there?
What objects belong to inanimate nature?
What objects do we classify as living nature?
Would you like to go on a trip? Where would you like to travel?
Guess the riddle: You warm the whole world,
You don't know fatigue
Smiling at the window
And everyone calls you... (sun)
Is it possible to travel to the Sun?
I propose to find out what natural objects the Sun belongs to? (Inanimate nature. It is in the sky and is visible only during the day.). Prove it.
The conclusion is: The sun is an object of inanimate nature.
How cheerful and kind it is! The sun wishes us Have a good day and great job!! Who's ready to get to know him better?
What is the sun?
The sun is a coin,” the stingy one grumbled.
No, a frying pan! - the glutton cried.
“No, it’s a loaf,” the baker said.
Compass,” the sailor said with conviction.
The sun is a star, the astronomer explained.
“A kind heart,” the dreamer decided.
So, everyone answers differently. We will also answer this question.
What questions do you think you should find answers to in order to learn more about the Sun?
What is this?
What form?
What size?
How far?
How much weight?.
Why is it necessary?
Let's turn to our experts.
Who found the meaning of “Sun” in the dictionary?
“SUN” is the central body of the Solar System, a hot plasma ball. Chemical composition: hydrogen – about 90%, helium – 10%, other elements – less than 1%. The source of solar energy is the nuclear transformation of hydrogen into helium in central region sun. Temperature 15 million 0 WITH."
Do you understand everything in this text? ( No)
In what style is the text written? ( In scientific. To understand it, you need to know scientific terms.)
But we can highlight the main and understandable things. (information understandable for children is highlighted on the slide).
Sun Shape
What does the Sun look like?
On the board and on your cards are drawings of objects whose shape is similar to the Sun. Color them.
Let's check. What objects did you color? What shape does the sun have? (ball shape)
Working from the textbook
You can also find information on the textbook page page 101 (reading the text and answering questions about the content)
Let's draw a conclusion based on what we read. Why is the Sun important to the Earth?
A word from the expert...
The sun has warmed and illuminated the Earth for billions of years. Thanks to its light and warmth, life arose and continues to develop on earth.
For people and all living things on Earth, the Sun is a source of light and heat; crops and life on the planet depend on it. People have always revered the Sun and this can be seen in oral folk art.
Work according to the textbook: Let's read the poem by Yakov Akim “Our Light, Sun!” - How long do you think it will take us to fly to the sun?
What do you think, is the Sun harmful or beneficial?
4. Formation of skills in scientific organization of work.
We must scientifically substantiate the importance of the Sun for life on Earth. For this, in addition to theoretical knowledge, we also need practical knowledge.
It rises from the East and brings light and warmth, and when it enters the West, it becomes dark and cool, and there is a change of day and night. And depending on the height of the Sun and the movement of the Earth around it, the seasons change.
The conclusion was this: only in the light can plants grow well, but in the dark they die. This means that all life on Earth depends on the Sun.
Sunlight is reflected in objects.
Since ancient times, people decorated dishes, clothes, composed riddles and proverbs about the sun. Holidays were held in his honor.
The ancient Slavs revered the Sun as a deity. YARILO (Yar). The first time Yarilov's Day was celebrated in April - as a holiday of rebirth to life. The second time is closer to mid-summer. Young people gathered outside the village, they chose a girl, this was Yarila’s bride, they dressed her in all white, and decorated her head with a wreath. They placed her near a birch tree, danced around her, sang songs, and honored Yarila and Yarilikha. With the onset of darkness, numerous candles were lit - this is a sign of the return of the Sun.
Let's go back to the question we asked at the beginning of the lesson.
Can we go on a trip in the sun?
6. Reflection.
Guys, our lesson has come to an end. Did you like him? Complete the mood for the suns.
The sun makes people happy and warms the earth with its warmth. It gives its warm rays to each of us. It lives in every person, and from this we become kinder, more affectionate, more attentive. The sun lives in each of us!
Children! Be like the Sun! Our heart loves the words “I love you!” - it will learn to say these words to a pebble, a sparkling grain of sand, grass, a flower... and the whole world.
U kind person radiant, sunny smile. Let's once again give our smiles to each other.
7. Lesson summary:
The mass of the Sun is times the mass of the Earth and 750 times the mass of all other planets combined.
The sun is a powerful source of energy. The sun is a powerful source of energy. The Sun is the closest star to us. The Sun is the closest star to us. The sun is a hot ball of gas. The sun is a hot ball of gas. The Sun belongs to the spectrum of yellow G stars with a surface temperature of about The Sun belongs to the spectrum of yellow G stars with a surface temperature of about K. The Sun mainly consists of hydrogen with an admixture of 10% helium. The Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen with an admixture of 10% helium. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. Nuclear reactions constantly occur on the Sun. Nuclear reactions constantly occur on the Sun.
At times, large dark spots can be seen on the Sun. Watching sunspots Through a telescope, Galileo noticed that they were moving across the visible solar disk. On this basis, he concluded that the Sun rotates around its axis. Observing sunspots through a telescope, Galileo noticed that they were moving across the visible solar disk. On this basis, he concluded that the Sun rotates around its axis. Spots are non-permanent formations. The number and shape of sunspots is constantly changing. Spots are non-permanent formations. The number and shape of sunspots is constantly changing.
“The sun is a source of light and heat!”
The idea of the project, its goals and objectives
The sun looks from the sky
Millions of years.
The sun is pouring down on the earth
And warmth and light.
But the sun will shine
And goes away
A living heart
It warms day and night.
So the heart is better
The sun itself.
No clouds
They won't overshadow him!
(D. Gulia. Translation by S. Marshak)
Strategic partner – school library, children's library, parents .
Implementation time frame – 1 Week .
Main goals of the project
To ensure the perception, comprehension and primary memorization of ideas about the Sun as the closest star to the Earth, about its size and distance from the Earth to the Sun; show the importance of the Sun for all life on Earth; about the ancient luminary - the deity and his image in folk art.
To foster respect for the history and traditions of ancestors, to form correct self-esteem, interaction and solidarity in the team.
Develop coherent speech when defending a project.
Project objectives
To develop in children the ability to highlight the main, essential things in the material being studied, to compare and generalize facts.
Create conditions for the development of speech and independent research activities.
Fundamental Question
Why is life on Earth impossible without the Sun?
Problematic issues
What natural objects does the Sun belong to?
What is the importance of the Sun for life on planet Earth?
What was the significance of the sun for people in ancient times?
Study question
What is the significance of the nearest star, the Sun, for all life on Earth?
After completing the project, students will be able to:
- Explain the importance of the sun for life on Earth.
- Explain how the sun affects human life.
Project participants
Students in grades 3-4 can participate in the project.
Project participants:
students of grade 3 "B"
Project coordinators
Project stages
- Formulating the project theme;
- Formulating the goals and objectives of the project;
- Dividing participants into groups;
- Choosing a research topic;
- Search for information by each group;
- Discussion of emerging issues;
- Materials processing;
- Report on completed work;
- Summarizing.
- Project release (wall newspaper)