Instructions

First of all, you need to sort the set of data that you want to analyze according to the selected criterion. Then combine the obtained data groups into table columns. In some cases, the data required for the solution may not be enough, then they need to be calculated using an appropriate statistical formula or mathematical formulas.

Based on the task, you should calculate the desired pattern using the values ​​of the required series. When carrying out this calculation, the basic formulas of statistics are used: averages, indices, indicators. These formulas with an explanation of the conventions can be found in textbooks or on the Internet.

As a rule, the resulting calculation needs to be presented in the form of a graphical image. To do this, in the program in which you are working, you need to select a column and select the desired image: a graph or a diagram.

On the basis of the calculations and graphic images, it is necessary to analyze the data obtained, compare them with each other and thus find the answer to the problem question.

Helpful advice

The most convenient tool for solving statistical problems is the MC Excel program, which greatly simplifies all operations.

On the Internet, it is easy to find samples of solved problems in statistics that can be used as an illustrative example.

Statistics is a social science that develops methods and theoretical principles used in statistical practice. Statistics studies social phenomena, as well as their internal characteristics and differences.

Instructions

Statistics are divided into several blocks depending on the object of study. General theory of statistics includes economic and social statistics. General theory develops methods and principles for the statistical study of social phenomena.

The tasks of economic statistics include the analysis of indicators reflecting the state of the economy. Economic statistics studies the features of the distribution of productive forces and the availability of material, financial and labor resources. Social statistics creates a system of indicators in order to characterize the lifestyle of the population, as well as various aspects of social relations.

Statistics collects information, compares and interprets it. Moreover, the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the phenomenon always coexist together and form a single whole. The phenomena and processes of social life that statistics study are in constant change. By collecting, analyzing and processing mass data on these changes, statistical patterns are revealed.

The subject of studying statistics is a social phenomenon, its dynamics and direction of development. This science explores the socio-economic processes that are massive in nature, and also studies the factors that determine them.

There are three stages of working with statistical data: collection, grouping and summary, processing and analysis. Data collection is a massive, scientifically organized observation, with its help, primary information is obtained about individual facts of the phenomenon under study. Grouping and summary helps categorize many factors into groups and subgroups. The results for each of them are drawn up in the appropriate tables.

The final stage of statistical research is analysis, which includes the processing of statistical data, as well as the interpretation of the results. At the final stage, conclusions are drawn about the state of the phenomenon under study and the patterns of its development are revealed.

Other social sciences use statistics to validate their theoretical laws. History, economics, sociology and political science use conclusions based on statistical research.

Related Videos

Sources:

• redov.ru, General theory of statistics

It is believed that the father of the European school of logic was Aristotle. It was he who made the first steps to systematize and substantiate the main logical laws, as well as the forms and rules of logical constructions.

Logic as a philosophical category in the modern sense originated in Greece in the 6th century BC. NS. The word logic itself means nothing more than "the science of correct thinking." That is, logic in its original understanding to a certain extent formalized concepts such as reasoning, proof, etc.

Thus, the study of logic allows you to master the forms, methods and laws of correct thinking, and also contributes to the development of reflexive skills and critical perception - both your own and others' judgments.

In addition, logical thinking allows you to determine in the development of your own position on various issues, as well as judgments and the necessary argumentation on them.

The study of logic as a scientific discipline makes it possible to form a fairly wide range of competencies based on this, to solve a number of problems in various fields of activity.

Logic as a science

As an academic discipline, logic performs a number of important functions in the educational process. It allows you to expand knowledge, gives the necessary methods of correct, rational thinking, helps to instill the necessary discipline of the mind.

During its existence as a philosophical concept and scientific discipline, logic has been continuously developing and improving, while experiencing many methods and approaches.

Having originated in Ancient Greece, it gained a strong impulse in the Middle Ages and its further development in the Renaissance, and this process is not even today.

Ultimately, the study of the laws of logic helps to increase the productivity of mental processes not only in educational, but also in production activities.

As an academic discipline, logic pursues quite specific goals in the educational process, such as teaching the student to identify and distinguish the most important logical forms, perform operations of generalization and limitation of names, their division and definition, determine the truth and falsity of a statement, test hypotheses, correctly pose questions, and much more.

The study of logic helps to accustom a person to a certain culture of thinking based on the laws of logic, which will avoid contradictions in reasoning and theoretical constructions.

Logic allows you to substantiate your own point of view, backing it up with serious argumentation, thereby providing a solid position in a scientific dispute.

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Tip 4: What is material science as a discipline

Materials Science is one of the most important disciplines for technical specialties. Just as it is impossible to learn to read without knowing letters, it is impossible to understand more complex sciences without materials science.

Objectives of materials science as an academic discipline

Students in the study of materials science must learn to understand the structure, physical, chemical, magnetic, optical, thermal properties of various materials and substances of which they are composed. They need to understand how this knowledge is applied in a practical way, and not just in theory. The purpose of studying materials science is to understand what processes occur in substances, as well as how they can be controlled and influenced by them. It is necessary to know how the physicochemical properties of materials change under external thermal, mechanical or chemical action on them. It is also very important to understand how to exploit this or that material or construction and whether it can be used at all in a particular case. A future specialist simply must be competent in these matters. The knowledge that a student acquires when studying materials science can be useful in almost any industry, in design, as well as in solving specific technological problems.

Interdisciplinary

Materials science as an academic discipline is notable for the fact that it is built at the intersection of several other sciences. These are such sciences as mathematics, chemistry, physics. Without basic knowledge in these areas, the study of materials science will be very problematic. And without studying such a course as materials science, it will be very difficult in the future to comprehend the basics of such disciplines as "Resistance of Materials", "Technical Mechanics", "Theoretical Mechanics", "Machine Parts" and many others.

Significance for science in general

Just as it is impossible to move forward and look into the future without knowing history, so it is impossible to advance in the scientific field and create new fields, new materials with special, unique properties, without knowledge in the field of materials science. The application of knowledge gained in the course of studying materials science has become widespread in many areas of industry. New ways of processing materials and their processing have appeared. Thanks to this knowledge, it is possible to create new, cheaper and safer types of production. All these innovations in science would be impossible without the classical knowledge of materials science.

Every organization faces many logistical challenges every day. The subject of "logistics" is being introduced into the curriculum of many specialists. Problem solving is one of the best ways to consolidate what you've learned. To solve problems on logistics various methods are applied, including those from other scientific fields.

You will need

• - the text of the problem;
• - training manual on logistics;
• - pen and paper;
• - a computer with a spreadsheet editor.

Instructions

Determine the method to be applied to solve the problem. tasks(most often it is indicated in the condition tasks). Mathematical methods include probability theory, theory of random processes, mathematical statistics, logic, matrix theory and others.

The methods of the theory of operations research are also used: linear, nonlinear, dynamic, the theory of queuing and inventory management, the theory of efficiency, simulation, etc. Methods of technical cybernetics are also used, such as forecasting theory, theory of large systems, theory of graphs, schedules, information, general control theory, etc.

In the tutorial on logistics you can find theoretical aspects of applying the required method, as well as problem solving. Take them apart and use them to get an answer to yours. By the way, most problems can be solved by more than one method, so you can always check the correctness of the reasoning.

After checking, rewrite and complete the task completed on the draft in accordance with the teacher's requirements. At the end tasks be sure to highlight the answer.