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1.1 Family budget: essence, concept, types, functions
Budget (English budget) - a list of income and expenses of the state, institution, family or individual for a certain period. On the one hand, the budget is a set, a mass of financial resources, funds that any economic entity (state, enterprise or family) has at its disposal. On the other hand, this is the ratio between the income and expenses of an economic entity, the balance of its funds, characterizing their receipts or expenditures over a certain period, most often one year. In other words, the budget determines the contents of the "money bag": the presence of funds in it or their deficit, the dynamics of its filling or reduction, the channels for the receipt and expenditure of money, the ratio between income and expenditure. Budgets and budgetary regulation exist in any socio-economic system, are inherent in the economy of both market and non-market types. However, the nature of the budget structure, the methods of formation, approval, and execution of budgets in them have a fundamental difference.
The family budget is a plan for regulating the family's cash income and expenses, usually drawn up for a monthly period.
Income is the total amount of money and material goods earned or received by people over a certain period.
Expenses are the money spent on the maintenance of the family. As a result of drawing up a balance of income and expenses of the family, a deficit (shortage) or accumulation (surplus) of the family budget is revealed.
There are three types of family budget: joint, shared and separate.
1) Joint budget.
This is the most common type of family budget. With this method of distributing money, all the funds earned by family members are added together, and then the spouses jointly decide how to distribute the amount received over a certain period of time (usually a month). The biggest plus of this approach is the feeling of unity. Husband and wife together discuss upcoming costs, together they are responsible for calculating funds. The joint type of budget, or "shared purse", is usually used by spouses with approximately equal incomes or couples where the wife is partially or completely dependent on the husband. This option is almost inevitable in the case when a woman devotes herself entirely to caring for a child, and her husband remains the only breadwinner. That is, in fact, the budget becomes individual, but psychologically it is still common - the money is in a certain place, the spouses decide together how to dispose of it. The basis of this approach is trust in each other, mutual responsibility and the ability to find a compromise.
2) Shared budget (Joint - separate).
The joint-separate budget is now becoming increasingly important. This principle works best if the difference between the salaries of the spouses is negligible. To do this, you first need to calculate how much money your family spends each month on food, utilities, household expenses and other needs. Further, this amount is distributed between family members either in half, or in a ratio that the family considers fair, depending on the salary. Thus, everyone has personal money that can be spent at their discretion.
The positive side of such planning lies in the unique combination of a sense of community in the family (as in the case of a “common wallet”) and an element of financial independence from each other.
The share budget is quite universal and suits almost everyone, but only on the condition that both spouses work. This type of family budgeting is also suitable if one of the spouses is extremely frugal. Such people are contemptuously called a miser or miser. More often the role of miser in the family is played by a man. Moreover, his material well-being has little effect on the situation. The defining traits here are such character traits as pettiness, pedantry, and pickiness. But in every situation you can find its positive sides.
After all, scrupulousness, thrift and prudence of such a person are indispensable qualities for housekeeping. In order not to waste money once again, he himself will do a good half of the housework.
3) Separate budget.
A separate budget, as such, is rarely used in its pure form in our country.
This style of family planning comes from the West, where women try to be independent and in no way inferior to men. This type of distribution of money is more accepted among couples in which both spouses have a fairly high income.
Of course, a completely separate budget still does not work. No one will calculate how many grams the spouse ate potatoes, and how much it costs. Everyone provides for himself with what he needs. The money in this case, as a rule, are in different bank accounts. Food is bought together. Some split budget couples simply count how much money they spend on food each month and chip off evenly. When one person runs out of money, he borrows from the other, with the condition of obligatory repayment of the debt.
The advantages of this type of budget are material independence from each other, which helps to avoid conflicts on financial grounds and allows everyone to plan their acquisitions without reporting to anyone.
A separate budget option also helps out if one of the spouses, or both, has some kind of expensive hobby that does not interest the other half at all. There is a more unpleasant reason for such a choice - this is mutual distrust, when spouses suspect each other of hiding true income.
The main function of the family budget is to control the current financial affairs of the family through a balanced distribution of income and expenses. It is clear that the expenses that are made by the family during the month should not be less than the income received by it during this period.
The following functions of the family budget are planning (it consists in the distribution of finances according to the necessary items of expenditure) and analysis (assessment of expenses, their necessity and usefulness and the possibility of repeating them in the future).
The budget also performs a restrictive function, forcing one to think about the possibility and expediency of certain expenses, and a regulatory function (after all, it is designed to regulate income and expenses). After compiling the family budget and making calculations for all items, you need to make sure that the expenditure side of the budget does not exceed the revenue. If, nevertheless, such a trend is found, then one should either find a way to reduce costs for certain items, or look for additional sources of funding.
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Family budget - This is a plan for managing family income and expenses, usually for one month.
There are two types of family budget: joint and separate.
A joint family budget is when all the income of family members is added to one wallet and spent on the needs of the family.
Separate - everyone has their own wallet (bank account), everyone manages money at their own discretion, general expenses (food, accommodation, children) are divided either equally or in proportion to the level of earnings of family members.
The family budget is based on three important components: accounting, control and planning.
Accounting implies the calculation of income and expenses, the daily entry of data on the amounts spent into a specialized computer program.
Control necessary to avoid unplanned expenses and to understand the financial situation of the family at the moment.
Planning helps to correctly distribute the available funds and expected income in all categories - food, accommodation, education, clothing, transport.
Sources of family income
Family income– This is the money that the family receives from other individuals or organizations.
Sources of family income- this is what the family receives money from or from where.
Main items of expenditure
The first item in your budget – Savings(or the formation of family capital).
The second item in the family budget is Nutrition
Transport - remember that the cost of transport is the cost of not only your money, but also your time.
Personal expenses
It is difficult to recommend anything for this item of family budget expenditures. Only the person himself knows how much and in what quantities he needs subscriptions to fitness centers, going to a restaurant, movie tickets, and so on.
Children's expenses
When the toy boxes are bursting from excess, this is not yet an indicator that the child is satisfied and happy. Much more important for him is time with his parents. A surplus of toys can be used for family charity.
Expenses for utilities, household needs, communications, and so on are more or less constant values. Therefore, they need to be accounted for, but there is no need for their detailing and constant monitoring.
personal disposable income
disposable personal income is the total income available for direct use by households (DDI).
Disposable personal income is based on national income:
RLD = ND - corporate profits + dividends on shares of individuals - taxes (direct) + transfer payments (social payments).
Corporate profits, being part of the national income, disintegrate into three parts:
1.taxes on corporate profits that go to state revenue - therefore, this part of corporate profits cannot be included in the RLD;
2. undistributed profit - part of the profits of corporations, remaining at their disposal and intended for the expansion of production, that is, for the growth of investments;
the remaining profit can be paid to the owners of the shares in the form of dividends. Shareholders can be individuals (households) and firms. Disposable personal income includes dividends received only by private individuals.
If we ignore the existence of the state, and also neglect the fact that corporations pay only part of their profits to households in the form of dividends, then between there is no difference between national income and disposable personal income.
Nominal income - the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period, it also characterizes the level of cash income, regardless of taxation.
Disposable income is income that can be used for personal consumption and personal savings. Disposable income is less than nominal income by the amount of taxes and obligatory payments, i.e. These are funds used for consumption and savings.
Real income - represents the amount of goods and services that can be bought with disposable income during a certain period, i.e. adjusted for changes in the price level.
Income is the ultimate goal of the actions of each active participant in the market economy, an objective and powerful incentive for his daily activities.
Income is a monetary assessment of the results of the activities of an individual (or legal) person as a subject of a market economy. In economic theory, “income” refers to a sum of money that regularly and legally comes into the direct disposal of a market entity.
Savings of the population
Savings is the part of income that is not used for current consumption.
The savings of the population occupy a special place among economic phenomena, since they are at the intersection of the interests of citizens, the state and organizations specializing in the provision of financial services. On the one hand, savings are the most important indicator of the standard of living, directly related to consumption, income and expenditure of the population. On the other hand, the population's savings are a valuable resource for economic development, a source of investment and lending to the economy. Personal savings of citizens are the subject of activity of a number of financial and non-financial organizations that perform intermediary functions in the movement of capital.
The population makes savings: form a reserve in case of unforeseen expenses; for the purchase of expensive goods; interest income; provide a sense of independence (stinginess); carry out commercial transactions.
The main components of the financial assets of the population are:
Deposits and deposits in banks in rubles and foreign currency, including on plastic cards;
Cash in the hands of the population;
Investments of the population in securities; stocks of funds of the population in cash;
The reserve of insurance premiums of the population.
Insurance- a special type of economic relations, designed to provide insurance protection for people (or organizations) and their interests from various kinds of dangers.
Insurance (insurance business) in a broad sense - includes various types of insurance activities (actual insurance, or primary insurance, reinsurance, co-insurance), which in combination provide insurance protection.
Insurance in the narrow sense is a relationship (between the insured and the insurer) to protect the property interests of individuals and legal entities (insured) in the event of certain events (insurance events) at the expense of monetary funds (insurance funds) formed from the insurance premiums paid by them (insurance premium ).
The relationship between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines exactly how the insurance fund will be formed and how it will be spent, is a method for creating insurance products. In the process of historical development, three methods of creating insurance products have been developed - self-insurance, mutual insurance, commercial insurance.
V personal insurance the object of insurance is property interests related to the life, health, work capacity and pension provision of the insured or the insured person. Personal insurance includes:
Life insurance.
Accident and illness insurance.
Health insurance.
V property insurance the object of insurance is property interests related to the possession, use and disposal of property. Property insurance includes:
Property insurance;
Liability Insurance;
Business risks insurance;
Financial risk insurance.
Property insurance includes:
Insurance of property of enterprises and organizations;
Property insurance of citizens;
Transport insurance (means of transport and cargo);
Insurance of other types of property, except for those listed above.
The division of insurance into industries is based on fundamental differences in the objects of insurance. The division of insurance into industries does not allow identifying those specific insurance interests of individuals and legal entities that make it possible to carry out insurance. To specify these interests, they are distinguished from insurance industries by industries and types of insurance.
The type of insurance is the insurance of specific homogeneous objects in a certain amount of insurance liability at the appropriate tariff rates. Insurance relations between the insurer and the insured are carried out by types of insurance. We give only examples of some of the most common types of insurance.
“Budget (from the English budget - purse, bag, leather bag) is a scheme of income and expenses of a certain person, established for a certain period of time. On the one hand, the budget is a set, a mass of financial resources, funds available to any economic entity (state, enterprise or family). On the other hand, this is the ratio between the income and expenses of an economic entity, the balance of its funds, characterizing their receipts or expenditures over a certain period, most often one year. In other words, the budget determines the contents of the "money bag": the presence of funds in it or their deficit, the dynamics of its filling or emptying, the channels for the receipt and expenditure of money, the ratio between income and expenditure.
Budgets and budgetary regulation exist in any socio-economic system, are inherent in the economy of both market and non-market types. However, the nature of the budget structure, the methods of formation, approval, and execution of budgets in them have a fundamental difference.
A family budget is a plan for regulating family income and expenses, usually drawn up for a monthly period in the form of a table, a balance of family income and expenses, this is a financial plan that sums up family income and expenses for a certain period of time. Traditionally, there are three types of family budget: joint, jointly - separate (equity participation) and separate. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages, and only the members themselves can choose which option suits them best.
A joint budget is the most common type of family budget. With this method of dividing money, all the funds earned by family members are added together, and then both spouses decide how and on what to spend the money. The idea of a joint budget came to us from patriarchal families, where the man worked and the woman ran the household. Today, a common wallet is used by spouses with approximately equal incomes.
Jointly - separate (shared) is currently becoming increasingly important. This principle works best if the difference between the salaries of the spouses is negligible. To do this, you must first calculate how much money the family spends each month on food, utility bills, household expenses and other needs. Further, this amount is distributed among family members either in half, or in a ratio that the family considers fair. Thus, everyone has personal money that can be spent at their own discretion.
A separate budget, as such, is rarely used in its pure form in our country. This style of family planning came to us from the West, where women try to be independent and in no way inferior to men. This type of distribution of money is more accepted among couples in which both spouses have a fairly high income.
The level of income of members of society is the most important indicator of their well-being, as it determines the possibilities of the material and spiritual life of an individual: recreation, education, health maintenance, and satisfaction of basic needs. Among the factors that have a direct impact on the amount of income, in addition to the size of the wage itself, is the dynamics of retail prices, the degree of saturation of the consumer market with goods.
To assess the level and dynamics of the income of the population, indicators of nominal, disposable and real income are used.
Nominal (NT) - the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period, as well as characterizing the level of cash income, regardless of taxation. Usually, nominal income (calculated in monetary terms) also includes cash transfer payments (allowances, pensions, scholarships, etc.).
Disposable income (DI) is income that can be used for consumption and personal savings. The disposable income is less than the nominal income by the amount of taxes and obligatory payments, i.e. These are funds used for consumption and savings. To change the dynamics of disposable income, the indicator “real disposable income” is used, calculated taking into account the price index.
Real income (RI) - represents the amount of goods and services that can be bought with disposable income during a certain period, i.e. adjusted for changes in the price level.
The desire to maximize one's income dictates the economic logic of behavior for any market entity. Income is the ultimate goal of the actions of every active participant in the market economy, an objective and powerful incentive for daily activities.
But high personal incomes are beneficial not only to the individual, it is also a socially significant benefit, since they are, ultimately, the only source of meeting general needs, expanding production, and also supporting low-income and disabled citizens.
Recipients of market income are always concerned about three issues: the reliability of its sources, the efficiency of the use of income, and the justification of the tax burden. These questions can be answered by examining education and the movement of aggregate income.
Income is a monetary value of the results of the activities of an individual (or legal) person as a subject of a market economy. In economic theory, “income” refers to a sum of money that regularly and legally comes into the direct disposal of a market entity.
Income is represented by money, which means that the condition for its receipt is effective participation in the economic life of society: we live on wages or at the expense of our own entrepreneurial activity. In any case, we must do something useful for other people, and only then will they give us a part of the money at their disposal (in the same way, we do not part with our money until we acquire something useful for us).
Consequently, the very fact of receiving monetary income is an objective evidence of the participation of this person in the economic life of society, and the amount of income is an indicator of the scale of such participation. After all, money is perhaps the only thing in the world that cannot be given to oneself, i.e. money can only be obtained from other people.
The direct dependence of income on the result of market activity is violated only in one case - when it is objectively impossible to participate in it. These are such categories of the population as pensioners, young people of working age, the disabled, dependents, and the unemployed. They are supported by the whole society, on behalf of which the government regularly pays them cash benefits. Of course, these payments form a special element of total income, but they are not "market" ones.
Market income is always the result of our efforts to benefit other people. Therefore, it is largely determined by the coincidence of the goods and services we offer with the demand made by other people. The interaction of supply and demand is an objective mechanism for the formation of income in a market economy, including the income of the population. Of course, in such a mechanism there are elements of a random, and therefore unfair, but there is no other way to generate income in a market economy.
For the majority of the population, the concept of "financial planning" is associated with those people who earn more than they spend (income exceeds expenses). This is a tragic fallacy. Financial planning is just as important, and perhaps even more important, for those who have money falling faster (expenses exceed income) than they come in, those who spend money they have not yet received (for example, credit card holders), those who lives on a salary and painfully dreams of its increase. No need to think that financial planning is an insanely complex process that can only be handled with the help of a highly paid consultant. A consultant is really needed, but not always and not for everyone. Most of the steps in the planning process are simple and cost-free.
The financial planning process can be represented as a diagram.
Fig 1. Financial planning process
Our life is made up of needs and desires. We all want something all the time. Our simplest needs are food, drink, clothing, shelter. Needs are the basis of our existence. Desires appear in a person to make life more convenient. Or you can say that desires are a luxury that you can live without, but that is nice to have. Needs and desires are the source of human activity, the cause of his purposeful actions. A goal is a desired object or its state, which a person aspires to possess.
Financial planning involves the management of all resources and means to achieve goals and aspirations. Our time, talents, money - these are our resources. By learning to plan our finances, we will be able to provide for both our needs and our desires.
A goal statement is the most general statement of what you want to achieve, giving direction to our plan or action. Goals show the direction we are going to take with our plan, but they do not show the specific steps to take our plan. One of the most valuable things we can do is clearly define and write down our goals. When we reach our goal, we are overcome by a sense of completion, fulfillment. Achieving a goal also gives us a sense of pride, which in turn increases our confidence in our ability to make decisions and take action.
Successful achievement of the goal stimulates the establishment of other goals, self-confidence appears. Goal setting is the process of deciding what needs and desires we want to fulfill. Many people often fail due to the fact that they do not clearly see their goals, which they strive for. You need to set specific goals for yourself, imagine the result that you want to achieve and write it down in as much detail as possible.
One should be content with small and slow progress. Hoping to get everything at once, very rarely achieves this.
Decision making is a process that takes into account and analyzes information related to money and your goals. By setting a goal and making a list of obstacles, considering options for overcoming them, you can make decisions based on the information available. The decision making process can be represented as a diagram.
Fig 2. Decision making process
Goals + Decisions + Actions = Outcome
Living within your means is an indispensable law of the family economy. In the form of diagrams, the average structure of income and expenses can be represented as follows:
Figure 3. Average income structure
Fig 4. Average structure of regular expenses
In addition to regular expenses, non-regular (episodic) expenses are also possible - the purchase of furniture, household appliances and electronics. In addition, there is a need for cultural life, books, hobbies, entertainment, etc.
There is such a psychological pattern: on the day of salary, each person feels almost rich, and, therefore, does not count money. Having received the money, it is better to go home immediately, without going anywhere and without buying anything, even groceries. The "fever" usually subsides the next day. With a fresh mind, it is easier to decide what exactly is needed in the first place.
We should always know how much money we have in our wallet. This makes it easier to control costs and limit yourself in some way. At least once in your life you need to write down your expenses for the month. It may turn out that a good half of the salary went to all sorts of little things. You need to create three lists:
1. Necessary purchases (food, utility bills, travel expenses, clothes, etc.)
2. Purchases that you basically need to make, but are not required during the current month.
3. Purchases of items that are not necessary, but the possession of which gives us pleasure. This list is personal.
Borrow money for current expenses only when absolutely necessary. The money will go unnoticed, but you still have to give the entire amount.
Going to the store, you need to make a list of products and things that you need to buy in advance. A person who finds himself in a dense environment of colorful goods is more easily tempted and buys a lot of unnecessary things. Do not be seduced by colorful wrappers: packaging increases the cost of the product, but does not affect its quality.
To ensure a stable financial situation of the family, and even more so to improve its well-being, it is necessary to plan a family budget. Personal finance planning is always associated with the following tasks:
1. Assessment of your financial and property condition;
2. Creation of a system of protection against undesirable phenomena in life;
3. Determination of schemes for saving and increasing savings;
4. Choosing the option of deductions "for the future" (pension systems).
In life, we learn the elements of financial planning on an intuitive level. The task is to bring them into the category of ordinary things.
The main ways to protect against unwanted phenomena:
1. Planning for future income in case of loss of working capacity or job loss, business collapse. Explanations for the concept of "rainy day" is not required. There are more than just happy occasions in life.
2. Ensuring the minimum necessary protection of one's health. Each person has his own "sores", and their "scale" will determine the degree of "severity" of the wallet. Therefore, you need to introduce a rule: health and control over it in the first place.
3. Property insurance (housing, car, cottage, business, jewelry, etc.)
4. Careful attitude to systems of collateral for personal property when taking loans.
For a more complete study of the family budget, it is necessary to consider such important elements as the incomes of modern Russian families, their budget standards and the budgets of middle-class families.
The nominal incomes of modern Russian families are formed from various cash receipts from state assistance programs in the form of payments and benefits coming from the financial system (from banks through savings banks, from sources, the main of which are: factor income, insurance institutions, etc.) and other funds received by the population working for hire. In order to remunerate the owners of the factor of production (labor), a decisive part of the income of this group of the population is wages, income from their own households, etc. An analysis of the trends in the long-term development of wages for labor factors indicates that this type of income will retain its leading role in the formation of the total volume of cash income in the long term. A significant influence on the formation of incomes of modern Russian families is provided by payments under state assistance programs, these sources provide pensions, the maintenance of temporarily disabled citizens, various types of benefits are paid (for childcare, medical care, low-income families for children, unemployment benefits ). The ratio in the incomes of the population, the share of transfer payments and wages plays an important role in shaping the economic behavior of the individual and his labor motivation.
With the dominant role of wages in the formation of the total amount of income, such qualities as entrepreneurship and initiative are formed. In the event of an increase in the role of payments through state assistance programs, a passive attitude towards production activity, the psychology of dependency, often develops. Cash income received through the financial and credit system is presented in the form of: state insurance payments, bank loans for individual housing construction, household equipment for young families, members of consumer associations (for example, for gardening).
Unfortunately, in our country there is no system of social standards, and life is already insistently dictating the need for the speedy adoption and implementation of such a system. The complexity of the demographic situation, the high number of elderly citizens, low birth rates cause the aging of the country. Poverty even among the working population, the aggravation of the situation by the global financial crisis, the low standard of living of the elderly and the disabled determine the large number of contingents of the population requiring social protection.
The disunity of society in terms of income that exists in our country (more than 13% of the population of Russia is below the poverty line, with incomes below the subsistence level, including the share of the poor in the Southern Federal District - 20.3%, the largest share in the Far East - 29.8 %, the smallest in the Urals - 11.6%) - this is a sign of the need for state protection, first of all, the elderly, families with children, and the disabled.
We have family poverty, when children and the elderly are dependent on a low-earning person. This poverty is the most terrible because it produces poverty. Children in the family, in addition to joy, are also serious expenses. It is known that the appearance of a child leads to a decrease in family income, as one of the parents is forced to leave work. Every time a woman is about to give birth, she thinks about the conditions in which her child will live, because each subsequent child aggravates the already difficult situation of the family. There are 41 million families in Russia, and only half of them - 21 million - have children. Only 3.5% of families have many children, and 48% are childless. The incomes of modern Russian families are presented in the table.
table 1 . The main indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population
| April 2010 | VC | January-April 2010 in % compared to January-April 2009 | For reference | ||||
| April 2009 | March 2010 | April 2009 VC | January-April 2009 in % to January-April 2008 | ||||
| April 2008 | March 2009 | ||||||
| Cash income (average per capita), rubles | 18721 | 110,2 | 107,1 | 112,9 | 114,6 | 107,5 | 114,2 |
| Real disposable money income | 103,7 | 106,9 | 106,5 | 102,4 | 108,0 | 101,1 | |
| The average monthly accrued wages of one employee: | |||||||
| nominal, rubles | 20383 | 112,4 | 99,0 | 111,0 | 108,3 | 99,3 | 111,6 |
| real | 106,0 | 98,7 | 103,8 | 95,7 | 98,6 | 98,3 |
Figure 5. Real disposable cash income
Also here it is necessary to include the problems that accompany families with children with disabilities. In 2007, 533.9 thousand disabled children were registered. This means that about half a million citizens are caring for such children and, as a rule, in addition to everything, this is up to half a million low-income families. Such families cannot cope without the help of the state.
Much has been done in recent years to support families with children. At the federal level, the amount of benefits for caring for a child up to one and a half years for working and non-working mothers has been increased. Compensation of part of the parental fee for the maintenance of a child in a preschool institution has been introduced, and the standard tax deduction for taxpayers who support a child (children) has been increased. Support for families with children has been strengthened by indexing benefits for pregnancy and childbirth. Since 2009, maternity capital has been paid, in terms of disposing of funds for repaying the principal debt and paying interest on loans or loans taken for the construction or purchase of housing, including mortgages. Young families also receive assistance in purchasing housing.
These measures are already yielding positive results, but in order for them to be consolidated, people must be sure that the state will not limit itself to this, it has a long-term program, and tomorrow, due to critical circumstances, it will not change or stop social support at all.
This problem can be solved by creating an effective social support system - this is the system of social standards, real and specific, taking into account all aspects of human life: income level, consumption structure and the current state of the country's economic situation.
Support standards for families, motherhood, fatherhood, childhood, the standard of living of families with children should be aimed at creating conditions for the growth of safe childbirth, reduction of child and maternal mortality, full-fledged upbringing of children and adolescents, ensuring a decent standard of living for orphans, the disabled, families who find themselves in a difficult life situation.
The standards should be based on an integrated approach to solving the problems of each family and children. This work should involve all the subjects of prevention, not only family troubles, but also prosperous families whose standard of living is not high.
The development of standards must comply with the norms and norms established by law. They should be guaranteed throughout the country, taking into account territorial features (climatic, environmental, strategic), and contribute to the development of mechanisms for social adaptation and social support for the population to reduce social inequality. The institutions that ensure the solution of these problems should be aimed at harmonizing the actions of markets, the state, the family and social networks to improve the level and quality of life of the population, and create a society of equal opportunities in Russia.
This, in turn, will require the modernization and development of the social services sector, targeted programs for the poor and privileged categories of the population. It is necessary to ensure the formation of a system of social support and adaptation that meets the needs of modern society, which, in addition to social protection, implements the functions of social development and creates accessible mechanisms for a “social lift” for everyone, including socially vulnerable categories of the population.
The degree of effectiveness of investing in a family will directly depend on how much its support measures will take into account the specific needs of each family: with one or two children, with many children, incomplete or complete, with a disabled child or without children. Each of these families needs very specific support and services.
While there is no clear idea of such needs, there are no standards that would become a guideline for the development of the social sphere, for the development of specific measures of state support for various types of families. Such social standards and norms should be developed and provided with resources as soon as possible, which will create conditions not only for existence, but also for the development and self-realization of each family member, each person.
Russian families are relatively well provided with the necessary household items. According to an estimate based on last year's household budget surveys, they had the necessary household appliances.
Moreover, a fairly good supply of them exists not only among high-income, but also among the lowest-income (according to statistics) families. In particular, the latter have a fairly large proportion of such relatively new and non-essential things as a video recorder and video camera.
Another thing is that a significant part of this equipment, as well as furniture, wardrobe items, has a long acquisition time, is physically and morally outdated and, under more favorable conditions, would be replaced. But in general, this is a solid foundation for acceptable living conditions even at low income levels.
In general, the incomes of Russians can be characterized as low. According to the Household Budget Survey (which, however, does not include the wealthiest families), over half of consumer spending is spent on food. Moreover, even in the most highly profitable surveyed families, they exceed 40%. It is also important to note that income concentration is very high in Russia. According to official data, the richest 20% group in January-September 2009 concentrated 48.6% of the population's money income.
Such a concentration is harmful not only from the standpoint of a reasonable social policy. These segments of the population show demand mainly for imported goods and services. The growth of their income has little to do with the increase in the capacity of the domestic market: housing construction is an exception. In January-October 2009, at the expense of wealthy Russian citizens, housing was built for 3,900 million rubles - 1% of all monetary income received by the population of Russia during this period. At the same time, an increase in the incomes of low- and middle-income (by Russian standards) layers creates conditions for the growth of consumer demand for domestic products and contributes to the revival of the Russian economy.
And of course, honest incomes of citizens, private property, people who feed themselves and others, must be reliably protected by law from the arbitrariness of law enforcement agencies. The more sources of income a person has, the better he lives. This means that the state has fewer worries, less expenses for the maintenance of the poor.
Along with an increase in income, a movement of personal savings can also be expected. Some revival in this area is possible in the near future due to the inflationary growth of money in the hands of the population. However, the decline in confidence in the banking system complicates the situation. The orientation of the population towards dollar savings also has a negative effect.
As a system of incentive measures, we can propose a more flexible regulation of loan interest, the involvement of Western banks and insurance companies. Another favorable direction is the encouragement by the state of non-bank savings: insurance, pension, medical, mutual funds, credit partnerships of the population itself, etc. At the same time, we need a law on deposit guarantees, their reinsurance, personal property liability of founders, etc. The activity of banks as an institution for rendering various services to clients will be of some importance. It is also important how the current banking crisis will be resolved for depositors: if with minimal losses, then savings processes will go more successfully.
Finally, it is time to abandon the idea that the accumulation of the population should occur exclusively in the form of loan capital in banks. Development with the support of the authorities of special programs for investing "small money" in the real sector by the population, when enterprises use only the funds of a small owner (such as folk shops, folk service workshops and other similar forms), excluding the ownership of a controlling stake, with management on the principle of "one participant - one vote”, regardless of the amount of investment, it seems to be a very promising case.
A condition for the social stability of any state is the presence of a wide layer of the so-called "middle class" of the population. In Western countries, the formation of this layer ended several decades ago. In our country, there is a significant disparity between the wealthiest and the poorest part of the population.
Given the limited resources of the state, it is advisable to encourage any activity of the population in order to ensure their own material well-being by establishing favorable conditions, benefits and guarantees for personal investment in the education of children, advanced training, personalized medicine, various pension and insurance funds, purchase of housing and others.
During this period, the share of paid social services (education, healthcare, social insurance, housing, etc.) will increase. But this requires an increase in personal incomes, and especially an increase in the price of labor power. It is necessary to achieve the adequacy of the minimum wage to the subsistence minimum, in other words, the reproduction costs of labor, including a dependent, and also to significantly increase the share of wages in GDP (up to 50-60%) based on a more equitable mechanism for distributing enterprise income between the entrepreneur and the workforce , which will be the practical implementation of the idea of tripartism in Russia.
Other well-known methods of income policy should also be used: to encourage any socially oriented savings (for example, for education, treatment), to provide tax breaks instead of child allowances by choice, to encourage families to invest in non-state pension funds, in the education of children, in the maintenance elderly dependents, etc. The course towards the growth of incomes and the price of labor will lead to a decrease in state intervention in distributive relations with the population.
Now, as you know, the government has focused its efforts on revising the system of social guarantees and benefits for citizens. A certain streamlining and reduction of guarantees is inevitable due to the budget deficit. But the experience of Central and Eastern Europe has shown that it is necessary to act in this way only simultaneously with the revival of the economy, when the boundaries of self-sufficiency of the economically active population are expanding. Otherwise, a serious drop in living standards, impoverishment of the population, and social conflicts are inevitable.
Conclusion
As part of the course work, the family budget and the sources of its formation were studied. Comparison of the results of the work with the tasks set allows us to conclude the following:
A family budget is a financial plan that summarizes a family's income and expenses over a given period of time. In order to effectively use their income, the family must properly budget, carefully consider purchases and save to achieve their goals.
To draw up a family budget, it is necessary to compile a list of all sources of income for family members. These are salaries, social benefits and interest on savings. In the expense item, you need to list everything that needs to be paid for during the month: rent and services, meals, travel, taxes and contributions. Planned expenses also include savings for the future. If income equals expenses, then it is a balanced budget. If the estimated expenditure exceeds the income, then this budget has a deficit. A budget in which revenues exceed expenditures will have a surplus. If income exceeds expenses, it is necessary to exclude unnecessary purchases from plans in order to balance the budget.
The work also helped to understand what a family budget is, to understand what it is formed from, what kind of assistance the state provides for its formation, and in addition to this, learn how to properly plan your expenses without harming the family budget.
A significant impact on the formation of incomes of the population is provided by payments under state assistance programs, these sources are used to provide pensions, the maintenance of temporarily disabled citizens, and various types of benefits are paid (for childcare, medical care, low-income families for children, unemployment benefits).
The ratio of the share of transfer payments and wages in the income of the population plays an important role in shaping the economic behavior of the individual and his labor motivation. The nominal incomes of the population, as already noted, include, in addition to the net incomes of the population, mandatory payments. Mandatory payments are made by the population through the financial system in the form of various taxes and fees. Through the accumulation of tax payments and fees, the state exercises its right to form part of its resources for the subsequent implementation of social policy through the redistribution of funds, providing assistance to poor citizens. In order to protect the interests of low-income citizens and prevent a decrease in the level of well-being below the maximum allowable in these specific conditions, the state establishes a threshold minimum in tax-free income. At the same time, progressively higher tax rates are imposed on high incomes.
1. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B., Modern Economic Dictionary, 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2007. – 495s.
2. Magazine "Baby and Mom", No. 12, 2007.
3. Course of economic theory: Textbook / Ed. Prof. Chepurina M.N., prof. Kiseleva E. A. - Kirov.: ASA Publishing House, 2008. (p. 442-454).
4. Gorelov N.A. “The policy of income and the quality of life of the population”. - Publishing house "Peter", 2006.
5. Magazine "Lisa", "Distribution of articles of the family budget", No. 6,2008.
6. Magazine "Moskovsky Komsomolets", "Family secrets of the Russian budget", No. 12, 2008.
7. Fundamentals of family budget planning: Methodological guide / Credit Consumer Cooperative "First Far East" - p., 2005.
8. Gorelov N.A. "The policy of income and the quality of life of the population" - Ed. "Peter", 2006.
9. www.great star.ru Economics and Finance.
10. Chernov A.Yu. “Personal Finance. Income and expenses of the family budget "- M .: "Perspective", 2004.
Gorelov N.A. "The policy of income and the quality of life of the population" - Ed. "Peter", 2006.
www.greatstar.ru Economics and Finance,
Chernov A.Yu. “Personal Finance. Income and expenses of the family budget "- M .: "Perspective", 2004.
www.gks.ru Website of the Federal Statistics Service
Yurieva T.V. "Social Economy" - Publisher: "Drofa", 2003.
To begin with, we looked into the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov and other sources in order to become more familiar with the concept of budget.
The word "budget" in translation from English means "money bag".
« Budget: 1. List of income and expenditure of the state, enterprise or individual for a certain period of time. 2. Someone's livelihood, income and expenses.
"Income. Money or material values received from an enterprise or some kind of activity.
Under the income of the population is understood the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households for a certain period of time. The role of income is determined by the fact that the level of consumption of the population directly depends on the level of income.
The level of income of members of society is the most important indicator of their well-being, as it determines the possibilities of the material and spiritual life of an individual: recreation, education, health maintenance, and satisfaction of basic needs. Among the factors that have a direct impact on the amount of income of the population, in addition to the size of the wage itself, are the dynamics of retail prices, the degree of saturation of the consumer market with goods, etc.
The family budget reflects its socio-economic status, entrepreneurial activity, standard of living, education, investment potential, and more.
The standard of living in individual countries is different, and one of the indicators characterizing this level is the subsistence minimum.
The subsistence minimum is a cost estimate of the consumer basket, which includes the minimum sets of food, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure its livelihoods, as well as mandatory payments and fees. The subsistence minimum is determined quarterly and established by the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Government of the Russian Federation as a whole throughout the country.
Income includes the following items:
✓ salary;
✓ entrepreneurial income;
✓ income from property (rent, interest, rental payments, dividends);
✓ state transfer payments (pensions, scholarships, allowances, free services in the field of healthcare, education);
✓ income from other sources (inheritance, etc.).
✓ Income received through the financial and credit system:
State insurance payments;
Bank loans for individual housing construction, household equipment for young families, members of consumer associations (for example, for garden construction);
Interest on deposits in savings banks accrued at the end of the year;
Income from the increase in the value of shares, bonds, winnings and repayment of loans;
Lottery winnings;
Temporarily free funds resulting from the purchase of goods on credit;
Payments of various types of compensation (injury, damage, etc.).
Other cash receipts include the proceeds of the population from the sale of things through commission and buying shops, etc.
The nominal income of the population includes, in addition to the net income of the population, mandatory payments. Mandatory payments are made by the population through the financial system in the form of various taxes and fees. Through the accumulation of tax payments and fees, the state exercises its right to form part of its resources for the subsequent implementation of social policy through the redistribution of funds, providing assistance to poor citizens. In order to protect the interests of low-income citizens and prevent a decrease in the level of well-being below the maximum allowable in these specific conditions, the state establishes a threshold minimum in tax-free income. At the same time, progressively higher tax rates are imposed on high incomes.
"Consumption. 1. Costs, costs. 2. Consumption, spending something for a specific purpose "
Family budget expenses consist of the following items:
✓ social insurance;
✓ taxes;
✓ food;
✓ clothing and footwear;
✓ rent;
✓ electricity;
✓ furniture, household appliances;
✓ transport;
✓ industrial goods;
✓ education, entertainment;
✓ leisure, travel;
✓ other expenses;
✓ savings (savings).
In addition to regular expenses, irregular (episodic) expenses are also possible - the purchase of furniture, household appliances and electronics. In addition, there is a need for cultural life, books, hobbies, entertainment, etc.
Among the expenses, food expenses are of paramount importance, which in Russia in families with an income below the minimum level range from 60 to 90%, with an average per capita income - 42%, in highly paid families - 28-29%. Compare: in the USA they make up 25.4%, Western Europe - 20%, Japan - 25-30%, i.e. there is a downward trend. Russia is characterized by the opposite trend.
According to American experts, the volume of per capita consumption in Russian families on the eve of the 90s was 34.4% of the US level, for food products - 54%, clothing - 39%, durable goods - 20%. The English say that money spent on food is money wasted. It is highly controversial, but, nevertheless, often families spend much more than necessary for these purposes.
4. The concept of a family budget
A budget is a financial plan that summarizes (a family's) income and expenses over a specified period of time.
In order to effectively use their income, the family must properly budget, carefully consider purchases and save to achieve their goals. To draw up a family budget, it is necessary to compile a list of all sources of income for family members. These are salaries, social benefits and interest on savings. In the expense item, you need to list everything that needs to be paid for during the month: rent and services, meals, travel, taxes and contributions. Planned expenses also include savings for the future.
If income equals expenses, then it is a balanced budget. If the estimated expenditure exceeds the income, then this budget has a deficit. A budget in which revenues exceed expenditures will have a surplus. If income exceeds expenses, it is necessary to exclude unnecessary purchases from plans in order to balance the budget.
Due to the fact that life circumstances change all the time, the balance of the budget will have to be constantly adjusted - from income to expenses and vice versa.
To ensure a stable financial situation of the family, and even more so to improve its well-being, it is necessary to plan the family budget.
Personal finance planning is always associated with the following tasks:
1. assessment of their financial and property condition;
2. creating a system of protection against undesirable phenomena in life;
3. determination of schemes for saving and increasing savings;
4. choosing the option of deductions "for the future" (pension schemes).
The main ways to protect against unwanted phenomena:
1. Planning for future income in case of loss of working capacity or job loss, business collapse.
2. Ensuring the minimum necessary protection of one's health.
3. Property insurance (housing, car, jewelry, etc.).
4. Careful attitude to the systems of pledge of personal property when taking loans.
5. Components of possible family budgets.
Conclusion
An analysis of the family budget showed how rationally incomes and expenses are used.
Living within your means is an indispensable law of the family economy.
Every year, it is desirable for families to keep a business book in order to record the necessary expenses and income. You need to create three lists:
✓ Necessary purchases. These include food, utility bills, travel expenses, clothing, etc.
✓ Purchases that you basically need to make, but not necessarily during the current month.
✓ Purchases of items that are not necessary, but the possession of which gives us pleasure.
It was decided to analyze the budget of the families of our class every year.
Goncharov E.A. one
Popova T.G. 1
1 STATE BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL № 644 OF THE PRIMORSKY DISTRICT OF SAINT PETERSBURG
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format
Introduction.
As soon as a family is born, the question of the ratio of income and expenses arises. Most families do not know and do not know how to properly plan the family budget, so they cannot pass on to their children, knowledge of the family economy, which is very necessary for their future. How to protect the "family hearth" from the bad influence of money problems? How to save and protect your loved ones from stress and conflict? These questions intrigued me.
Therefore, I decided to study this topic. It is very important to learn how to plan your own budget while still living with your parents, which will help in the longer term when creating your own family.
Family- This is a social group based on family ties (by marriage, by blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual help, care and responsibility, they lead a common household.
Budget- this is the structure of all income and expenses of the family for a certain period of time.
Purpose of the study: get acquainted with the concept of budget, income, expense, study the structure of the family budget.
Tasks:
Find out what your family's budget is made up of.
To study the procedure for calculating the wages of parents.
Find out the main directions of family expenses.
Derive formulas for efficient calculation of the family budget and finding various proposals for its improvement.
Hypothesis: If I know how the family budget is formed, then my friends and I will be able to match their needs.
Project relevance“It’s good to save money, especially if your parents do it for you.”
Object of study family budget.
Subject of study family budget planning.
Research methods used:
methods of working with scientific information: information search; processing and systematization of the received information;
methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, comparison, generalization of the received information;
questioning.
Chapter 1. The main part.
Section 1.1. Family budget and its structure.
The family budget is one of the most important components of every family. The family budget is a financial plan of the family, which is a list of its income and expenses for a certain period of time.
For a happy family life, among other things, financial well-being is also necessary. To do this, it is not necessary to earn a million rubles every month, you just need to learn how to competently manage the family budget and manage the funds that your family currently has.
Family income is money or material values received by a person as a result of any activity for a certain period of time.
The most important function of the family is the formation and use of the family budget.
Family income is the money that family members receive from outside persons or organizations over a certain period of time. In 90% of families, the income part is the wages of parents. Unfortunately, children cannot influence this article of the family budget.
We cannot live without spending money, because most of the goods and services we need are obtained from the market. Hence the need to learn how to spend money wisely.
Expenditure is the costs, expenses, consumption of something for certain purposes.
People distribute their expenses for food, clothing and other means of subsistence. The structure of family expenses for a month:
Meals are those expenses that go to the daily meals of the whole family.
Transport - expenses from the family budget that go to pay for public transport or gasoline if you have a car. It could be both.
Personal - expenses for each family member individually (clothes, shoes, underwear).
Household - expenses for all kinds of household needs (toilet paper, toothbrushes, dishwashing detergents, a light bulb in a chandelier, etc.)
Utilities - the cost of paying for the apartment. Light, hot water, cold water, heating, cable, etc.
Communications - expenses for the Internet, landline phone, cell phones, etc.
Reserve - the amount intended for unforeseen expenses, any others that are not planned in other articles.
Savings - money that you save for large purchases, vacations, clothes, etc.
There are different types of expenses. They are divided into current and long-term. If the first expenses are made at the expense of current income, then for the second it will be necessary to save part of the income for some time or try to earn additional money. Expenses, in addition, are planned (permanent) and sudden - unforeseen. It can be a variety of expenses - from buying a birthday present that you forgot about or where you did not expect to be invited, to buying a sandwich to eat. Therefore, it is necessary to put some reserve in the budget so that unplanned expenses do not deprive you of the opportunity to spend money on something really necessary.
Fixed monthly expenses include all those expenses that are always carried out and which are difficult to change by reducing or increasing the consumption of certain goods and services. These include payment for security at school and guardianship fees, meals in the school cafeteria, travel by bus or other form of transport, payment for additional classes, etc.
Allocate variable expenses that are made from time to time and not necessarily every month, for example, buying discs with a movie, computer game or music, buying a book or socks.
Limits to our expenses are, of course, set by our incomes: after all, you can only spend what you have. That is why almost all families face the problem of savings to one degree or another: in order to make any major purchase, it is necessary to set aside part of the income for some time, and not spend everything on current needs. Some save up for a mobile phone, some for a new sports bike, some for a soccer ball, but all of these people have a number of common problems: how to keep from spending this money, keep savings and at the same time not let them depreciate.
Many children find it difficult to resist spending the money they have on various tasty little things or cards with cartoon characters. If a person is used to spending without thinking, then it will be difficult for him to resist this. Therefore, the best way to deal with reckless spending is to keep saving money separate from money for current spending.
The issue of saving money can be solved in different ways. For children, it is best to entrust the preservation of their personal money (for example, donated for a birthday) to their parents, and they can put it in a bank, buy currency, gold or jewelry, securities.
The same family can save for different purposes and for different periods. Keeping track of savings is an important part of budgeting.
If budget revenues are equal to expenditures, then such a budget is called balanced.
If more money is received than spent, then there is an excess, or budget surplus.
When expenses exceed income, there is a budget deficit - this means that part of the expenses was made at the expense of borrowed funds - a loan. Loan sources can be different: bank, friends, relatives, shops. In itself, credit for the consumer is a boon, because it allows you to quickly meet the needs. However, a loan can also become evil - if a family or a person abuses this opportunity, not commensurate their debts with future income.
A rational consumer budget is an ideal budget in which the expenditure part is formed on the basis of rational consumption norms, spiritual goods and services in their specific scientifically expedient set.
In a difficult economic situation, the expenditure part is compiled on the basis of a set of minimum goods and expenses necessary for a person. Taking into account real prices, the total monetary amount of income required to cover these expenses, the so-called subsistence minimum, is determined as one of the indicators of the standard of living. The estimated value of the subsistence minimum is conditional, because. it depends on the composition and quantity of goods included in the required set.
The family budget reflects its socio-economic status, entrepreneurial activity, standard of living, education, investment potential.
Section 1.2. Expenditure part.
All costs can be divided into fixed, mandatory and variable, optional. If we cannot change the mandatory expenses, then we can try to refuse some optional expenses. But even mandatory expenses can be tried to reduce. For example, you can save on electricity bills by reducing the amount of time you watch TV or play games on your computer. Washing machines consume a lot of energy, so cleanliness also saves the family budget. In addition, if you take care of your belongings and clothes, then parents will have to buy replacements less often.
Children are very fond of communicating with their peers, so they can “hang” on the phone for hours, and mobile operators offer many paid services that children really want to use. For example, download a game to a mobile phone or music. The problem is that it costs money and it often happens that a larger amount is withdrawn from the accounts than advertised. All this leads to an increase in unnecessary spending. Many classmates live nearby and phone calls can be replaced with face-to-face meetings. And you can completely refuse to download games and pictures.
Section 1.3. Income part.
Mom's salary
Dad's salary
income part of the family
Chapter 2. Family budget.
Section 2.1. Family budget analysis.
The family we are studying consists of two parents and me. The income part of the family budget in my family consists of the wages of my parents.
Salary:
dads 39150 rubles per month,
mothers - 30450 rubles,
Total - 69600 rubles.
Data on family budgets make it possible to assess the degree of economic
development of the country, republic, city. Found this in the last century German
statistician Ernst Engel, who described the addiction that became in his honor
called Engel's law. Engel argued that in terms of the share of family spending on
nutrition can be judged on the level of well-being of different groups of the population.
So, let's calculate the share of our family's budget for food. Our family spends an average of 35,000 rubles per month on food.
Comparing the revenue and expenditure parts, you can analyze what
article spent more money than planned.
As a rule, in many families, the distribution of family finances
engaged by one of the members of this family. I know that there are two approaches to the distribution of funds. In the first case, all family members add up all their income to a common cash desk and then take funds from there for general and personal needs. In the second case, each family member divides his income into two parts: public and personal. The public part goes to pay for family needs (payments, food purchases, medicines, etc.), while everyone spends the personal part at their own discretion.
After analyzing the family budget, it can be noted that most of all
funds were spent on food and utilities.
The rest of the expense items almost correspond to the planned expenses.
It is also possible to release funds for the “savings” item.
In Russia, up to 40% of the family budget can be spent on food
a group of goods, up to 30% for housing rent and utilities, 8% for transport, 5% for non-food services, 5% for clothing and footwear, the remaining 12% for education, treatment, recreation and entertainment.
However, this structure of consumption is directly dependent on the size of income. The higher their level, the smaller the share is occupied by food, and the costs are distributed in other categories, mainly in sections: clothing, entertainment and recreation.
People say: “Spending money thoughtlessly is a simple matter,” but how to spend it wisely for the benefit of the family is a rather difficult task. When studying this topic, I used the family budget.
Studying the main items of expenditure of the family budget, I found that most of the money is spent on food and utility bills. In second place are mandatory fees.
Each member of the family (including schoolchildren) can and should participate in increasing the income of their family.
Save energy, buy food and detergents - if possible, make minor repairs to clothes and shoes yourself.
Section 2.2 Methods for calculating the family budget.
There are two main ways to calculate the family budget.
In the first case, a formula for calculating the family budget is drawn up. In this
In the formula, the revenue item of the budget is denoted by the letter "D". This includes all sources of family income: wages, social benefits, pensions, funds from additional earnings or from the sale of something, and other sources.
All mandatory expenses are marked with the letter "O". All necessary payments for the month are made to this article: rent, utilities, food,
transport costs, kindergarten fees, etc. If necessary, you can
use additional designations indicating specific
expenses - Ok (rent), Og (expenses for hygiene items), From- (expenses for transport), etc.
The next expense item is food, for the designation of which the designation is introduced - the letter "P". You can also enter additional designations: Pd - the cost of food at home, Ps - food in the dining room, etc. The cost of wardrobe items (clothes and shoes) will be denoted by the letter "G". You can also use additional icons: Gzh - women's clothing, Gm - men's clothing, Gd - children's clothing. To indicate other costs, you can use different letters of the Russian alphabet, but you need to remember what costs in this case were meant.
The result is a very simple formula:
D \u003d O + P + G + ..., where
P \u003d Ps + Pd + ...;
O \u003d Ok + Og + From + ...;
G \u003d Gzh + Gm + Gd ...
This formula is very easy to use. It is enough just to put
necessary numbers and you can see the big picture. It should be noted that this approach to family budget planning is not rational, since often expenses can significantly exceed income. It will be better if the right and left parts of this formula are equal. If, however, expenses exceed family income, then you will either have to cut expenses or look for additional sources of income. But still, with the help of such an elementary calculation, you can slightly improve your financial condition and create a small reserve.
There is another common way to plan a family budget. This method is called budgeting theory.
It is very similar to the previous method, it differs only in that in this case a table is compiled, which is divided into 2 columns: the revenue and expenditure parts of the budget. The column "Income" lists all the main items of income. In the "Plan" column, opposite each article, the amount of approximate income to the family budget is indicated. Now another line is added, titled "Total income", you can calculate the amount of funds that your family can expect in the next month.
We turn to the expenditure side of the family budget. In this column, for each expense item, you must indicate the approximate value of the amounts spent. By comparing the revenue and expenditure parts, you can analyze which item spent more money than planned.
Distribution of funds.
Section 2.3. Social poll
In the course of the work, a survey of 10 families was conducted (Appendix 1). Based on the results of a survey of families, I calculated the average monthly income of families. It amounted to 40,000 rubles. Of course, this figure is significantly different from the figure given in official sources.
I noted that the main source of income in families is wages, but at the same time, many families named other sources of income: child benefits (23%), scholarships (15%), pensions (28%), alimony (22%) and others (12%) (Annex 2).
Studying the main items of expenditure of the family budget, I found that most of the money is spent on food and utility bills. This was noted by about 55% of families. In second place are mandatory fees. Approximately 25% of respondents named this item of expenditure. And only 20% of the surveyed families spend most of the family budget on wardrobe items and loan payments (Appendix 3).
It should be noted that 70% of the families surveyed do not use family budget calculation schemes (Appendix 4). When answering the question: “What types of expenses are taken into account in the first place when drawing up a budget?” opinions were divided. Most of the respondents pointed to the payment of an apartment and utilities, the rest noted the item - food. Many families use loans to buy cars, household appliances, and housing. This was noted only by 65% of respondents (Appendix 5).
Analyzing the survey, I came to the conclusion that each member of the family (including schoolchildren) can and should participate in increasing the income of their family. A student can work in a labor camp in the summer, as well as provide one-time courier services, sell newspapers, etc.
To improve life and increase income, it would be good for every family to have a business book in which you can reflect all incoming funds and their expenditure during the month. When planning expenses, you can use some rules:
All purchases must be carefully considered;
You can reduce costs if you can preserve and prepare products yourself;
Save energy, buy groceries and detergents in bulk
If possible, make minor repairs to clothes and shoes yourself.
Conclusion: based on these considerations, we can conclude that it is still possible to reduce the expenditure side of the budget if all financial resources are spent sparingly and rationally.
To better control your daily expenses, determine the monthly amount of daily expenses and divide it by the number of days - this will give you an amount that you can safely spend per day. If suddenly you spent more than planned, the next day get ready to tighten your belt: you need to restore balance.
Never try to save on everything - it will not lead to anything good. There are things that you cannot save on - this is good nutrition, rest, education - your own and your children's.
From time to time, analyze family expenses - maybe some items can be removed, while others, on the contrary, can be added. Sometimes, looking at the family budget, you can make unexpected discoveries, discovering how much money is spent on things that you can do without - whether it's buying sweets or uncontrolled sitting on the Internet for many hours. And then you yourself will already make the necessary adjustments, thereby constantly improving your budget. And, perhaps, over time, you will develop your own approaches to planning a family budget.
Conclusion.
As a result of this study, we learned how to plan a family budget. This goal was achieved by solving the tasks set at the beginning of the work.
1. Having studied the components of the parents' wages, I came to the conclusion that the higher the salary of the parents, the higher the wages, the greater the income of the family.
2. The resulting formula allows us to find out that in order to meet our needs, we need to rationally incur expenses.
3. There is a very interesting proverb in Denmark: “A Dane lives like a prince because he saves like a beggar.” The validity of such a formulation of the question can be attributed to every family, every person in any country.
4. After analyzing the income and expenses of our family, we need to spend more economically on food and personal needs, then it will be possible to increase the family's savings.
Bibliography
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Annex 1
Questionnaire for students and parents.
What is the approximate average monthly income of your family.
What are the sources of income in your family: wages, pensions, scholarships, child allowances, alimony, other (underline)?
Does your family use family budgeting schemes? (Not really)
What types of expenses are taken into account in the first place in the preparation of the budget?
What areas of spending do you spend more money in your family: food, clothing, rent, utility bills (underline)?
Does your family use credits, loans? (Not really)
What needs in your family most often take a loan for: buying household appliances, buying TV and video equipment, buying clothes, buying a car, other (underline)?
Can a student participate in increasing the income of his family? What is its role?
Does your family's expenses (for a month) exceed income (for the same period)? (Not really).
What can you do to save money?
Appendix 2
Annex 3
Appendix 4