Which words have antonyms? Antonyms in Russian

16.10.2019

Since the days of school, each of us is familiar with the concept of "antonym". Lexical units (words) with opposite meanings related to the same part of speech are called antonyms. They can be both similar in spelling and sound, or completely different.

Defining antonyms is pretty easy. It is enough just to come up with any word negative form. But not every lexical unit in the Russian language can be matched with the opposite in meaning. Let's look at examples of antonyms and how to form them.

The concept of "antonym" is of Greek origin and is literally translated as "the opposite of the name." main feature such words lies in the opposite of their lexical meanings. For example, white - black, good - evil, run - go, and so on.

Take note! Opposite words must belong to the same part of speech.

Thus, the noun "light" cannot be matched with the antonym "dark", because it will refer to a group of adjectives. Thus, the pair "light - darkness" will be correct.

An antonymic pair can be composed of the following parts of speech:

noun (mountain - hill, circle - square, love - hate, etc.);
adjective (beautiful - ugly, dirty - clean, white - black, etc.);
(shout - be silent, go - stand, love - hate, laugh - cry, etc.);
adverb (good - bad, fast - slow, always - never, here - there, etc.).

To form words of antonyms, the presence of a qualitative feature in a lexical unit is required, which could change and reach the opposite. It follows from this that most often qualitative adjectives and can be subject to antonymy. For example: big - small, many - few and so on.

Kinds

In Russian, antonyms are different both in structure and meaning, and in their use in speech. By structure, antonymic pairs can be:

One-root. These are lexical units, in the morphemic composition of which the same root. For example: come - leave, progress - regression, beautiful - ugly, attach - set aside. One-root antonymic pairs are formed using various prefixes, which can also be opposite to each other.
Diverse. These are words that have different bases and roots in the morphemic composition (bad - good, morning - evening, native - alien, etc.). Such examples of antonyms in the Russian language can be found much more than examples of single-root antonymic pairs.

By semantic meaning, antonymic pairs are of the following types:

Contrary or opposite. These are such antonymic pairs that allow the presence of an intermediate link in their composition. Such a link usually has a neutral value. For example: love - (indifference) - hatred, past - (present) - future, be silent - (whisper) - speak, etc.
Contradictory or non-gradual. Such words antonyms oppose in their meaning objects, signs and relations that exclude the existence of an intermediate concept. For example: smart - stupid, life - death, good - evil, etc.

According to the use in speech, antonyms are divided into the following types:

General language, which reflect our everyday reality (laugh - cry, leave - come, big - small).
Contextual or copyright. Depending on the context and the will of the author, some words may be subject to antonymy. Such antonymic pairs may not be fixed in dictionaries, but it is in the context that they will carry the opposite meaning from each other.

Take note! Contextual antonyms are used to express the author's assessment and attitude to the described reality.

An example of such antonymy is the well-known fable "Wolves and Sheep", where the author contrasts two different concepts, which are not fixed in antonymic dictionaries.

How to explain antonymy to children

To explain to children what an antonym is, it is best to avoid terminology and go straight to practice. Examples for children to choose simple concepts that affect their daily lives.

For example, in pictures it is easier for a child to understand the difference between antonymic pairs: big - small, beautiful - ugly, dirty - clean, white - black, and so on.

It is also important to explain to the child that not all words in the language can be matched with others with the opposite meaning. So that he can perceive this, write separately on a piece of paper a few words that cannot be antonymized. Thus, the child will be able to draw certain conclusions and remember exceptions.

Useful video

Summing up

Antonymy in Russian is a rather complex phenomenon that has been studied by many linguists for a long time. From an early age, teachers and parents try to explain to the younger generation the difference between synonyms and antonyms. And these two concepts can also be called words with opposite meanings. The Russian language is full of exceptions, but at the same time it is very beautiful and multifaceted. Antonymy is only a small part of it, but it is very important to study.

Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sorrow, take off and land, begin and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! Examples of such words, as well as the actual concept of "antonym" we will present in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as "antonyms". Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given ad infinitum. Sweet - bitter; cute - nasty; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words "love" and "hate", "always" and "frequent", "lighten" and "dark" are not antonyms. Can the adjectives "low" and "happy" be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared on one basis. And in our case there are two. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. So, "frost" and "heat" are not full-fledged antonyms, since frost is a high degree of cold, and heat is an average degree of temperature above zero.

Noun antonyms: word examples

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are quite common. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: adherence to principles - lack of principles; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; the word is silence; dream - reality; dirt - purity; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; start - end.

Adjectives with the opposite meaning

Among adjectives, you can find the largest number of pairs of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; day - night; fervent - dull, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - unsure; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - someone else's; obstinate - complaisant; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

Adverbs in this regard are not inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; corny - original; long - not long; enough - not enough; intelligible - indistinct; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Verbs-antonyms: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs in Russian that are opposite in meaning.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to get sick - to recover; get better - lose weight; to refuse - to agree; accustom - wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig out; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn around - turn away; iron - knead; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To reinforce the learned material, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a gibberish for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place

They don't travel.

What is far, not close at all.

High, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pour from empty to empty.

Do not write on white chalk

And do not call idleness a thing.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

... feeds a person, but ... spoils.
... ... does not understand.
... body, yes ... deed.
... for food, yes... for work.
... saddled, but ... galloped.
Day to day strife: today ... and tomorrow ...
Prepare the cart ... and the sleigh ...
One brother... and the other...
Today the sea ... but yesterday it was quite ...
Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
You're always like this... why is today...?
The root of the doctrine ... but the fruits ...

Exercise #1: silent - they speak; far close; high - low; arrive - leave; lie - stand; idleness is business.

Exercise #2:

Labor, laziness.
Satiated, hungry.
Small, big.
Hello, hil.
Early late.
Warm, cold.
Winter, summer.
Silent, talker.
Stormy, quiet.
Good evil.
Cheerful, joyful.
Bitter, sweet.

Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", "speak" - "keep silent".

The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.

Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.

There are no proper names, pronouns, numeral antonyms.

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contrastive correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
Converses are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

heterogeneous (forward - backward);
single root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

proportionate - action and reaction: get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer;
disproportionate - action and lack of action (in broad sense): ignite - extinguish, think - think over.

Antonyms in poetry

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Notes

Synonyms. Antonyms.

Literature

Lvov M. R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: More than 2000 antonyms. steam / Ed. L. A. Novikova. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1988. - 384 p. (mistaken.)

An excerpt characterizing Antonyms

“Well, well…” he said.
“I know that she loves ... she will love you,” Princess Mary corrected herself.
Before she had time to say these words, Pierre jumped up and, with a frightened face, grabbed Princess Mary by the hand.
- Why do you think? Do you think that I can hope? You think?!
“Yes, I think so,” said Princess Mary, smiling. - Write to your parents. And entrust me. I'll tell her when I can. I wish it. And my heart feels that it will be.
- No, it can't be! How happy I am! But it can't be... How happy I am! No, it can not be! - said Pierre, kissing the hands of Princess Mary.
- You go to St. Petersburg; it is better. I'll write to you, she said.
- To Petersburg? Drive? Okay, yes, let's go. But tomorrow I can come to you?
The next day, Pierre came to say goodbye. Natasha was less lively than in the old days; but on this day, sometimes looking into her eyes, Pierre felt that he was disappearing, that neither he nor she was anymore, but there was one feeling of happiness. “Really? No, it can’t be,” he said to himself at her every look, gesture, word that filled his soul with joy.
When, bidding her farewell, he took her thin, thin hand, he involuntarily held it a little longer in his.
“Is it possible that this hand, this face, these eyes, all this treasure of female charm, alien to me, will this all be forever mine, familiar, the same as I am for myself? No, It is Immpossible!.."
“Farewell, Count,” she said to him loudly. “I will be waiting for you very much,” she added in a whisper.
And these simple words, the look and facial expression that accompanied them, for two months, were the subject of Pierre's inexhaustible memories, explanations and happy dreams. “I will be waiting for you very much ... Yes, yes, as she said? Yes, I will be waiting for you. Ah, how happy I am! What is it, how happy I am!” Pierre said to himself.

In Pierre's soul now nothing similar happened to what happened in her in similar circumstances during his courtship with Helen.
He did not repeat, as then, with painful shame, the words he had spoken, he did not say to himself: “Ah, why didn’t I say this, and why, why did I say “je vous aime” then?” [I love you] Now, on the contrary, he repeated every word of hers, his own, in his imagination with all the details of her face, smile, and did not want to subtract or add anything: he only wanted to repeat. There was no doubt now whether what he had done was good or bad, there was no shadow now. Only one terrible doubt sometimes crossed his mind. Is it all in a dream? Was Princess Mary wrong? Am I too proud and arrogant? I believe; and suddenly, as it should happen, Princess Marya will tell her, and she will smile and answer: “How strange! He was right, wrong. Doesn't he know that he is a man, just a man, and I? .. I am completely different, higher.
Only this doubt often came to Pierre. He didn't make any plans either. It seemed to him so incredibly impending happiness that as soon as this happened, nothing could be further. Everything ended.
Joyful, unexpected madness, for which Pierre considered himself incapable, took possession of him. The whole meaning of life, not for him alone, but for the whole world, seemed to him to consist only in his love and in the possibility of her love for him. Sometimes all people seemed to him busy with only one thing - his future happiness. It sometimes seemed to him that they all rejoiced in the same way as he himself, and only tried to hide this joy, pretending to be occupied with other interests. In every word and movement he saw hints of his happiness. He often surprised people who met him with his significant, expressing secret consent, happy looks and smiles. But when he realized that people might not know about his happiness, he felt sorry for them with all his heart and felt a desire to somehow explain to them that everything they were doing was complete nonsense and trifles not worthy of attention.
When he was offered to serve, or when some general state affairs and war were discussed, assuming that the happiness of all people depended on such or such an outcome of such an event, he listened with a meek, condoling smile and surprised the people who spoke to him with his strange remarks. But both those people who seemed to Pierre to understand the real meaning of life, that is, his feeling, and those unfortunate people who obviously did not understand this - all people in this period of time seemed to him in such a bright light of the feeling shining in him that without the slightest effort, he immediately, meeting with any person, saw in him everything that was good and worthy of love.

Antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word and creates a semantic contrast in a pair of lexical units.

Antonyms in Russian

Two words with contradictory meanings form an antonymous pair. A word can have more than one antonym, which is due to the ambiguity of lexical units in the Russian language. For example, the antonym of the word "light" (luggage) in the literal sense is "heavy"; in a figurative sense, its antonymic connection with other words is observed: light (wind) - strong (wind), easy (task) - difficult (task).

Antonyms are one part of speech; often refer to an adjective, since the antonymic relations of words are based on common qualitative features (good - bad). Bright contrasting concepts also express nouns (good - evil), adverbs (easy - difficult), etc. Not all words provide for the presence of antonyms, for example, some specific nouns (house, apple), colors do not imply contradictory words.

The opposite concept of an antonym is a synonym. Hot and cold are antonyms, while hot and hot are synonyms.

Types of antonyms

Depending on the nature of the connection between words that have opposite meanings, the following types are distinguished:

linguistic, or dictionary, antonyms - antonyms built on the literal meaning of the word, for example: find - lose;
additional, or complementary, antonyms - words whose opposite meanings are achieved by negating other words, for example: untruthful (meaning "false");
contextual, or relational, antonyms are words that acquire antonymic meaning only within the context. The words "teacher" and "student" are not antonyms, but are contrasted in the context of their relationship.

According to the morphological structure, one-root (come - leave) and heterogeneous (deep - shallow) antonyms are distinguished.

Meaning of antonyms

Antonyms are common in folklore as a lexical antithesis, given their semantic binary position (Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness). Antonyms are widely used in oratory, fiction, journalistic literature as a tool to enhance the expressiveness and contrast of speech.

An example of the use of antonyms in literature

They agreed. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
(A. S. Pushkin; "Eugene Onegin")

Antonyms are used by writers in the title to emphasize the antithetical nature of the structure of the work: “Poetry and Truth” by J. V. Goethe, “Deceit and Love” by F. Schiller, “Shine and Poverty of Courtesans” by O. de Balzac, “Red and Black” by Stendhal, “ Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky, “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, “Thick and Thin” by A. P. Chekhov, “The Prince and the Pauper” by M. Twain.

The use of antonyms in speech to express differences in qualities, objects, and phenomena that are homogeneous in nature is called antonymy. Antonymy underlies a number of stylistic figures built on the contrast of lexical meanings (oxymoron, chiasm).

The word antonym comes from Greek anti - against and onima, which in translation means a name, a word.

Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings: truth - lies, good - evil, speak - be silent.

Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:

contrasting correlates- such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
counter correlates- antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
vector correlates- antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
conversives- words describing the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find.
enantiosemy- the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
pragmatic- words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.

By structure, antonyms are:

heteroroot(back and forth);
single root- are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).

From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:

linguistic(usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
speech(occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - a copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.

From the point of view of action, antonyms are:

proportionate- action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);
disproportionate- action and lack of action (in the broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).

Antonyms, or words with the opposite meaning, have become the subject of linguistic analysis relatively recently, and interest in the study of Russian and Tatar antonymy is growing noticeably. This is evidenced by the appearance of a number of special linguistic studies on antonymy and dictionaries of antonyms.

Antonyms in poetry

Here we are entering August, oh,
not into the forest rare, and in thick,
where from the aspen is not Judas
hanging down without grumbling and prowess.
August tangle knot,
How good in captivity evil,
he has flowers under his feet,
often similar to footboards.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Antonyms" are in other dictionaries:

- (from anti ... and Greek onyma name), words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning, for example true lies, poor rich ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from anti... and Greek onyma name) words with the opposite meaning. For example: the truth is a lie, the poor rich ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ANTONYMS- (from Greek anti... - against + onoma - name). 1. Words that have opposite meanings. The basis of antonymy is the presence in the meaning of the word of a qualitative feature that can increase or decrease and reach the opposite. That's why… … New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Antonyms- (from anti ... and Greek onyma name), words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning, for example, “truth is a lie”, “poor rich”. … Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

Antonyms- (from the Greek anti - 'against' + onyma - 'name') - pairs of words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning. The psychological basis of A.'s existence is association by contrast; logical - opposite and contradictory concepts. Mapping relationships... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Antonyms- (from Greek ἀντι against and ὄνυμα name) words of one part of speech with opposite meanings. Depending on the type of opposition expressed (see Antonymy), antonyms are divided into corresponding classes, the main of which are: 1) antonyms, ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Greek anti against + onima name). Words with opposite meanings. The basis of antonymy is the presence in the meaning of the word of a qualitative feature that can increase or decrease and reach the opposite. Therefore, especially many ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

antonyms- (Greek anti against and onuma name) Words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings correlative with each other; love hate. Not all words are antonymous. According to the structure of the root, antonyms are distinguished: 1) ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Which words have antonyms? Antonyms in Russian

Kinds

How to explain antonymy to children

Useful video

Summing up

Antonyms: concept

Noun antonyms: word examples

Adjectives with the opposite meaning

Adverbs

Verbs-antonyms: examples of words in Russian

Exercises

Typology of antonymic relations

Antonyms in poetry

see also

Write a review on the article "Antonyms"

Notes

Literature

An excerpt characterizing Antonyms

Antonyms in Russian

Types of antonyms

Meaning of antonyms

An example of the use of antonyms in literature

Antonyms in poetry

see also

Notes

See what "Antonyms" are in other dictionaries: