A specific circle of phenomena, which studies psychology is sensations, perception, thoughts, feelings. Those. All that constitutes the inner world of man.
The problem of psychology is the ratio of the inner world of man and phenomena of the material world. Also these questions were engaged in philosophers. Understanding the subject of psychology in science did not form immediately. The process of its formation took place in four stages.
The 1st stage (5VEK BC) - the subject of study was the soul. The ideas about the soul were both idialistic and materialistic.
Idealism considers consciousness, psyche as a primary substance that exists independently of the material world. The representative of this area is Plato. From the point of view of materialism, mental phenomena - the result of the vital activity of the brain. Representatives of this direction Herclite, Democritus, Aristotle. Duality of the soul - dualism. The most advanced form was presented in the teaching René Descartes.
The 2nd stage (17th century) was marked by the rapid development of natural sciences and the subject of psychology was consciousness. It was understood as the ability to feel, wish, think. The material world has not been studied. The method of studying the consciousness was the introspection, that is, self-surveillance, self-determination, and the scientific direction began to be called an introspective psychology. The representative of this direction was English scientist John Locke. Within the framework of introspective psychology in 1879. In Leipzig, Wilhelm Wundt created the first experimental psychological laboratory. This event marked the emergence of an experimental method in psychology, and 1879 was the year of birth scientific psychology. The starting criticism of the introspection (the inability to simultaneously perform the action and analyze it; ignoring the unconscious, etc.) prepared the transition to the next stage.
The 3rd stage (19th century) - due to the successes in medicine, behavior is becoming experiments on animals. The main scientist psychology in this direction is John Watson. There was a powerful scientific direction in American psychology, which was named behaviorism. The behavior was explained by the character of the incentive, which causes the reaction (behavior). At this time, a number of attempts appear to explain the behavior not incentives, but by other factors. So the main psychological concepts appear:
Gestalt Psychology - Wolfgang Keler, Max Vertheimer. The subject of study is the features of perception.
Psychoanalysis and Neofreedism - Sigmund Freud, Karl Gustav Jung, Alfred Adler. The subject of study is unconscious.
Cognitive psychology - Ulrich Niser, Jerome Seymon Brunner. The subject of study was cognitive processes.
Genetic psychology - Jean Piaget. The subject of psychology is the development of thinking.
The movement of Gestalt Psychology took shape after the publication in 1910. M.vertheimer results of the study of the "illusory movement. Starting from the study of the processes of perception, Gestalt Psychology has quickly expanded its topics, including the problems of the development of the psyche, the analysis of the intellectual behavior of higher primates, consideration of memory, creative thinking, the dynamics of the needs of the personality, etc. Representatives of Gestalt Psychology suggested that all diverse manifestations of psyche are subject to the laws of gestal . Since in the first years, the main object of their research was the processes of perception, they extrapolated the principles of the organization of perception on the psyche at all: the part of the parts to the formation of a symmetric whole, grouping parts in the direction of maximum simplicity, proximity, equilibrium, the tendency of each mental phenomenon to take a certain, completed form.
As part of GestaltPsychology, many experimental data were obtained, which remain relevant to this day. The most important law is the law of constant perception, which records the fact that the holistic image does not change when it changes its sensory elements. The principle of holistic analysis of the psyche made it possible the scientific knowledge of the most complicated issues of mental life, which before that was considered inaccessible experimental research.
In the teaching Z. Freud, the phenomenon of the unconscious became the main subject of psychological research. Freud created a dynamic concept of a person's psyche, on the formation of which big influence I had a physical picture of the world that dominated this time.
The psychoanalytic approach as a whole has had a huge impact on the globalization of the twentieth century. It can be noted that psychoanalysis became the worldview of modernity and penetrated all spheres of life. For psychological science, with all the mythologicalness of psychoanalytic constructions, the reorientation of research on the problems of motivation, emotions and personality was valuable.
Cognitive psychologists work on the creation of models of various functions of the psyche of man (sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech). Models of cognitive processes allow a new one to take a look at the essence of the psychic life of man. Cognitive activity is the activity associated with the acquisition, organization and use of knowledge. Such activity is characteristic of all living things, and especially for a person. For this reason, the study of cognitive activity is part of psychology. Studies of cognitive psychologists are covered by both conscious and unconscious processes of psyche, and those and others are treated as various methods of processing information.
Currently, cognitive psychology is still at the stage of formation, but has already become one of the most influential directions of world psychological thought.
Behaviorism. The origins of behaviorism should be sought in the studies of the psyche of animals. Beheviorism as an independent scientific course relies on the work of E.Turnike, who, based on the study of cat's behavior, formulated two main "law of learning". The law of exercise states that, the more often the actions are repeated, the stronger they are fixed. The law effect indicates the role of awards and punishments in the construction or destruction of various forms of behavior. At the same time, Torndayk believed that rewards are more efficient behavior regulators than punishment. However, the real father of the behavior is considered to be J.Uoton. He saw the task of psychology in the study of the behavior of living beings adapting in a physical and social environment. The purpose of psychology is to create funds for behavior. Pedagogics became the center of interests of psychologists of this direction. Proper education can direct the formation of a child on any strict directional path.
The foundations of domestic scientific psychology are also laid at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The formation of "reflexology" - Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, Boris Gerasimovich Ananyev occurs.
The 4th stage (20th century) marks the appearance in the domestic psychology of a dialectical and materialistic concept, which is based on the philosophical theory of reflection. The subject of study was the psyche. At this time, Pavel Petrovich Blonsky, Konstantin Nikolayevich Kornilov made a great contribution to the development of science. One of the most important areas formed in the 20-30s was the "cultural and historical theory", developed by Lvom Semenovich Vygotsky, then the psychological theory of activity related to the name Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev. The subject of study was mental activity.
Cultural and historical approach in psychology. L.S.Vugotsky suggested the existence of two lines of development of the psyche: natural and culturally mediated. In accordance with these two development lines, "lower" and "higher" mental functions are allocated.
Examples of lower, natural, mental functions can serve as involuntary memory or involuntary attention of the child. The child cannot manage them: he draws attention to what is bright, unexpectedly, is remembered what accidentally remembered. Lower mental functions are a kind of primitive, of which the highest mental functions grow in the process of upbringing. The transformation of the lower mental functions into the highest occurs through the mastery of psyche - signs and is cultural. The cultural and historical approach in psychology continues to fruitfully develop and now, both in our country and abroad. Especially effective, this approach was in solving problems of pedagogy and defectology.
Activity approach in psychology. In an activity approach, the question of the origin of the psyche in the animal world was first raised. To explain how and why a psyche emerged in Phylogenesis, A.N. Lyontiev put forward the principle of the unity of psyche and activities. Activities are described as consisting of three structural units: activities - actions - operations. The activity is determined by the motive, the action is the goal, and the operation is specific conditions.
Activities forms a person's psyche and manifests themselves.
In the West, the humanistic psychology of Karl Rogers, Abraham Maslu appears. The subject of the study is personality features.
Humanistic psychology. Representatives of this direction are A. Mashloou, K.Dvez, V.Franc. The main postulates of this direction are: 1. The holistic nature of human nature; 2. The materiality of the role of conscious experience; 3. Recognition of freedom of will, spontaneity, responsibility and creative power of man. Humanistic psychologists denied the presence of the initial conflict of man and society and argued that it was the social progress that characterize the completeness of human life.
The merit of humanistic psychology is that it puts on the forefront the study of the most important problems of the personality of being and development, asked the psychological science of new decent images of both the person and the essence of human life.
In the 60s, the new direction is attracted to himself - the transpersonal psychology of Stanislav Grofa, which studies the limit features of human psyche.
Currently there are integration of different directions. Psychologists use concepts and methods of a particular direction depending on the features of solved problems and tasks. The only idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject of psychology does not exist.
Psychology, the first experimental psychological laboratory was organized only from 1875-1879, when the first experimental psychological laboratory was organized by Wilhelm Vyndt in Leipzig. However, psychology as such existed long before that, its history has about 2.5 thousand years.
A man as a creature, who has a unique gift - consciousness, tend to ask questions and look for answers to them, try to understand and explain the world around him, himself, his difference from animals and other people, etc. The so-called "Double Psychology" developed in disputes and reflections, psychological knowledge was accumulated and improved by the contribution of the most different people - philosophers, physicians, geographers, mathematicians, etc., which made it possible to make the birth of psychology as a actual science. The main stages of psychology development can be represented as the following scheme (Fig. 7).
The first period is psychology as a science about the soul. Psychology, like many other modern sciences, takes their own origins, takes place in ancient philosophy. Under the name "Antique Philosophy" means the ideas and teachings of the ancient Greek and ancient Roman thinkers from 7 c. BC. 6 V. AD It was then that the first philosophical schools appeared, who tried to comprehend and submit a device for the surrounding peace and man in a single concept. It was these ideas and teachings that became the first in history by the type of philosophizing and conceptual thinking at all. The teachings of Plato (idealistic) and aristotle (materialistic) are the two most famous philosophical concept of that time. An important problem for psychology, for the time then, the subject of disputes and reflections, was the so-called "psychophysical problem" (the question of the place of mental in the material world, from Greek. Psyche - Soul, Physis - Nature), which was solved in three ways - monistically (from Greek . Monos - one), dualistic (from lat. Dualis - dual) and pluralist (from Lat. Pluralis - Multiple).
The next large historical stage - the Epoch of the Middle Ages (traditionally dates back to 5-15 centuries) - is associated with the dominance of Christian creed and intolerance to other points of view. Despite the fact that during this period the education system is developing, its content is censored, the works of the so-called "fathers" and "teachers of the Church" are developing. The ideas of ancient philosophy at this time are specifically evolved in Arabic countries. For psychology, this period is mainly connected with the work on ethics, education and moral development of a person (Avrellium Augustine Blessed, Ibn-Sina, Ibn Roshd, etc.).
This era, which lasted the whole millennium, ended with the transitional stage, which was called the "Renaissance" (or Renaissance, 14-16 centuries) associated with the names of such thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolo Makiavelli, French Rabl, Johann Kepler, Martin Luther and others. At this time, the first scientific revolution in the history of mankind occurs, associated with the creation of the Polish astronomer Nikolai Copernicus of the Heliocentric System of the world, and followed by her and the second, the beginning of which is associated with the name of Galileo Galilee, which confirmed the heliocentric concept and laid the foundations of the new mechanistic natural science . The main result of this period for science as a whole was the transition from passive and contemporary - to the active installation of a learning mind, and for psychology - the transition to "Humanism", which put forward the ideal of human activity as the creator of his earthly extent that could comprehend and draw The benefit of the whole wealth of the surrounding world.
The second period is psychology as a science of consciousness. This period covers the so-called "New Time Epoch" (17-19 centuries). Creativity Isaac Newton is considered to be the "crown" ending the second scientific revolution that covers such areas of knowledge as astronomy, mechanics, geography, geometry and many others.
In the philosophy of 17 century. Against the background of a rapidly developing natural science, one of the most vivid figures was Ren Descartes, predetermined development, in particular, psychology for the next three centuries. According to his teaching, the human body (organism) is subject to the same laws of physics as any other phenomena of nature, while the mind (consciousness, thinking, mind) is something that distinguishes a person from everything else, including animals; This is a spiritual essence that acts independently of the body, although they are one. Only with the help of the mind you can get true knowledge, we can only trust, only they should be guided. R. Descarten opened a new research field - consciousness (thinking) and developed a method of its analysis (self-surveillance, reflection - from Lat. Reflexio - appeal back, i.e. the focus of human thinking to understand and awareness of its own forms and prerequisites).
Subsequently, the works of many scientists and philosophers were devoted to the study of the work of consciousness, the influence of emotions, his relationship with sensations, perception, memory, etc. (Benedict Spinoza, John Lokk, Gottfried V. Leibniz and others).
The human consciousness was devoted to many works and the German scientist, Philosopher Immanowil Kant, whose works in the middle of the 18th century. They laid the beginning of the third scientific revolution, since he managed to create a developing "picture of the world". The ideas of evolution covered the most different areas of knowledge, stimulated many studies and discoveries.
By the middle of the 19th century, when the evolutionary theory of Charles R. Darwin received fame, experimental studies of physiology contributed to such significant success in the field of psychology, which the latter was put on a par with such sciences as physics, biology, etc. The dominant direction in psychology during the period under consideration was "Associanism" (from Lat. Associatio - Association, Communication). The Association was considered as the basic principle and the law of organizing mental activity and human behavior. It was believed that complex mental phenomena are formed from elementary (sensations, thoughts, experiences) by mechanistic binding to each other (David Gartley, Johann F. Herbart, James Mill, etc.).
After the organization of the first experimental psychological laboratory, the so-called "physiological psychology" appeared (together with V. Wundt, its founder is German L. F. Helmgolts, who is widely known as a scientist-physicist), which sought to rely on the natural sciences in the study of mental phenomena. The first experimentally began to study sensations and perception.
By the end of the 19th - early 20 centuries. In psychology, several relative to independent areas were made, which began to develop rapidly: developmental psychology (research of the characteristics of a pediatric psyche), differential psychology (Studying individual differences between people with the help of specially developed techniques, tests), zoopsychology (comparison of the steps of psychological development in the evolutionary series) and others.
The third period is psychology as a science of behavior. At the beginning of the 20th century Psychology as science experienced a kind of crisis: with increasing, increasingly accurate and effective studies of the mental phenomena of a holistic picture of the psyche did not work. There was a large number of scientific fields and schools, each of which was deeply investigated only by one mental phenomenon, but the main thing - in his explanation proceeded from its own theoretical positions, which often contradicted the ideas of scientists from other schools.
The study of objectively observed behavior has become a kind of reaction to such a state of affairs. Psychology as a science of behavior can be conventionally represented in the form of two different branches - Russian and American.
Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, the author of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe reflector of the psyche and reflex regulatory regulation, in 1885 became the founder of the first experimental psychological laboratory in Russia, and in 1907 - the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg. Georgy Ivanovich Chelvanov in 1912 in Moscow founded and became the director of the first institute of experimental psychology in the country. Russian scientists were engaged in the study of the properties of the nervous system. Ivan Petrovich Pavlova's teaching about the types of nervous system and the theory of "conditional reflexes" (automatic reactions that are formed in a long time as a result of learning - in contrast to congenital "unconditional" reflexes, incl. Instincts) fundamentally changed all world psychology.
At the same time, John B. Watson in the United States became the founder of Beheviorism (from the English. Behavior - behavior) - directions of psychology, according to which the "stimulus - reaction" scheme is sufficient to study the relationship between the effects of the medium and human reactions. Beheviorism found many supporters, for a long time was dominant in America, and to this day is popular.
In a certain sense of the presentation of all these scientists, they were simplified - some of the whole psyche reduced to reflexes, others - only to external manifestations. However, this period had a huge impact on all subsequent development of psychology: so, thanks to the works of Russian scientists later, the patterns of the flow and physiological basis of many mental phenomena were studied, due to the contribution of American psychologists, training programs were developed (from English Train - to educate) , practical techniques for psychological correction, etc.
The fourth period is a psychology as a science, which studies facts, patterns and mechanisms of psyche. Most of the 20th century. Psychology has developed differently in the USSR and abroad (in Europe and the USA) due to the causes of political and ideological. If at the beginning of the existence of a new building in Russia the exchange of views between scientists different countries It was quite intense, then since 1936, the decree of the government in psychology was prohibited by work, not the corresponding ideology of "Marxism-Leninism".
The foundations of the theory of reflection, which is discussed in the above scheme developed by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, are that all matter has a property that is essentially related to the sensation, the reflection property. In the USSR, there were three major psychological centers who were distinguished by the areas of research - in Moscow, Leningrad and Tbilisi. Despite ideological restrictions, and in many respects, and thanks to them, research and discoveries of Soviet scientists were thoroughly theoretically justified, relied on experimental data, which differed from many beautiful but unprovable concepts of foreign colleagues.
The international psychological community recognized the merits of a number of Soviet psychologists, but the launches of such outstanding scientists were the greatest fame, as Lion Semenovich Vygotsky, Sergey Leonidovich Rubinstein and Alexey Nikolayevich Leontyev.
Only at the end of the 50th - early 60s. 20 V. In the USSR, previous prohibitions began to be removed, contacts with foreign colleagues renew. Up to 80 In Russia, "assimilated" (from Lat. Assimilatio - like, assimilation, adaptation) Experience accumulated in the psychology of other countries.
In foreign psychology during the period under review, four main major psychological directions were developed:
. Beheviorism and non-versions (John B. Watson, Edward Ch. Tolman, Clark L. Hall, Berez F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, etc.);
. Psychoanalysis and Nexpremenese (Sigmund Freud, Karl of Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Eric Ericsson, etc.);
. Humanistic psychology (Abraham Masu, Karl Rogers, Gordon Alport and others);
. Cognitive psychology (Fritz Hyder, Leon Festinger, Julian Rotter, George Kelly, etc.).
Currently, psychology is becoming increasingly synthetic, i.e. Modern psychologists do not get closed within the framework of a separate scientific school (as it was done before), and in accordance with the issues under study, mutually complementary knowledge received by representatives of different schools. Wide distribution received a systematic approach to a human psyche.
In various classification schemes of modern psychology, about 40 of its industries are distinguished, some of which found relatively independent status: age, social, pedagogical, medical psychology, psychology of personality, labor psychology, professional (including military, maritime, etc.) Psychology and T .. Modern means of communication, including the Internet, allow you to almost instantly share experiences, learn about new discoveries, which makes the development of psychology more uniform and publicly available.
The first ideas about the psyche were associated with animism (from the lat. "Anima" - Spirit, Soul) - Ancient glands, according to which everything that exists in the world is a soul. The soul was understood as an independent essence that controls all alive and non-living objects.
Since the most ancient times, the needs of public life forced a person to distinguish and take into account the peculiarities of the mental warehouse of people. Some have already affected the philosophical teachings of antiquity psychological aspectswho were solved either in terms of idealism or in terms of materialism. So, the ancient Greek philosophers materialists Democritus, Epicur, Ancient Roman philosopher Lucretia They understood the soul of a man as a kind of matter, a bodily education consisting of spherical, small and the most mobile atoms. Ancient Greek philosopher idealist Plato I understood the soul of a man as something divine, different from the body. Plato believed that the soul in humans exists before she comes into connection with the body, upholstered apart higher worldWhere I know the ideas - eternal and unchanged entities. Once in the body, the soul begins to remember seen before birth. The idealistic theory of Plato, interpreting the body and the psyche as two independent and antagonistic principles, laid the foundation for all subsequent idealistic theories.
The first actually psychological scientific labor (but also in the framework of donet psychology), the treatise became "About the soul" Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle systematized the preceding and modern ideas about the soul and put forward several important provisions that found a justification in his treatise. So, according to Aristotle, the soul and the body are inseparable. The soul is bad, it is the form of the existence of a living body, the cause and purpose of all its life functions. The driving force of human behavior is the desire (internal activity of the body), conjugate with a sense of pleasure or displeasure. Sensual perceptions are the beginning of knowledge. Saving and playing sensations gives memory. Thinking is characterized by compilation common concepts, judgments and conclusions. A special form of intellectual activity is the mind, brought from from the outside in the form of the Divine Mind.
The first speculative attempts to find answers to the questions were made in the era of antiquity.
What is the soul?
What are its functions and properties?
How does the soul relate to the body?
So formed historically the first subject of psychology – soul As something that distinguishes living from a non-living, giving the opportunity to move, sensations, passion, thoughts.
In the era of the Middle Ages in Europe, Christian views on the soul were established: the soul is divine supernatural onset, and therefore the study of peace of mind should be subordinate to the tasks of theology. Only the outer side of the soul may be given to human judgment, which is addressed to the material world. The greatest sacraments of the soul are available only in religious (mystical) experience. During this period, many aspects of the mental life of the person seeking the highest meaning and moral absolutes were understood.
Since the XVII century, a new era begins in the development of psychological knowledge. It is characterized by attempts to comprehend the spiritual world of a person mainly from the general philosophical speculative positions without the necessary experimental base.
French philosopher and mathematician R. Decarter It comes to the conclusion about the fullest difference that exists between the soul of man and his body. According to Descartes, "the body is always delimo, whereas the spirit of indivisions." The soul is capable of producing in the body of motion. This contradictory dualistic teaching gave rise to the problem called psychophysical: How are bodily related (physiological) and mental (mental) processes in man? Descartes laid the foundation of the deterministic (causal) concept of behavior with its central idea of \u200b\u200breflex as a natural motor response of the body to external physical irritation. He came the founder introspective (from Lat. "Interostion" - self-surveillance) of psychology, secret consciousness as direct knowledge of the subject about what is happening in it when he thinks.
An attempt to "connect" the body and soul of man, "separated" by the teachings of Descartes, took the Dutch philosopher B. Spinoza: There is no special spiritual principle, it always has one of the manifestations of the extended substance (matter). The soul and body are determined by the same material causes. Spinosa believed that such an approach makes it possible to consider phenomena of psyche with the same accuracy and objectivity, how lines and surfaces in geometry are considered.
German philosopher Labnitz, rejecting the equality of psyche and consciousness established by Cartes, introduced the concept of unconscious psyche. In the soul of man continuously there is a hidden work of mental forces - countless "small perceptions" (perceptions). Of these, conscious desires and passion arise. Leibniz tried to explain the connection between mental and physical (physiological) in a person not as interaction, but as a correspondence in the form of a "pre-installed harmony" created by the Divine Wisdom.
The term "empirical psychology" was introduced by the German philosopher of the XVIII century H. Wolf To refer to the direction in psychological science, the basic principle of which is to monitor specific mental phenomena, their classification and the establishment of a legitimate communication being checked on the experience. This principle has become the cornerstone of the teachings of the henchman of empirical psychology, English philosopher J. Locke. Locke's soul Locke considers as a passive, but capable of perception Wednesday, comparing it with a clean board, on which nothing is written. Under the influence of sensual impressions of the soul of a person, awakening, filled simple ideas, Begins to think, that is, to form complex ideas. In the language of psychology, Locke introduced the concept association - links between mental phenomena, in which the actualization of one of them entails the appearance of another.
Founder associative Psychology in the XVIII century became English and priest D. Gartley. According to his views, the mental world of man develops gradually as a result of the complication of the "primary elements" (felt) through their association. The subsequent development of this area is associated with the names J. Mill and Spencer.
In the XIX century, psychology becomes independent science. The allocation of psychology into independent science occurs in the 60-70s of the XIX century. This was due to the creation of special research institutions - psychological laboratories and institutes, departments in higher educational institutions, as well as the introduction of an experiment to study mental phenomena. The first option of experimental psychology as an independent scientific discipline was the physiological psychology of the German scientist V.VundtaThe creator of the world's first psychological laboratory. He believed that in the area of \u200b\u200bconsciousness there is a special mental causality, subject to scientific objective study.
Follower of Wundta E. Titchener, american psychologist, was the founder structural Psychology. It is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe elements of consciousness (sensations, images, feelings) and structural relationships. The structure, by Titchener, is detected by introspection - the observation of the subject for acts of its own consciousness.
The founder of domestic scientific psychology is considered THEM. Sechenov. In his book "Brain Reflexes" The main psychological processes receive a physiological interpretation. Their scheme is the same as the reflexes: they originate in external influence, continue to be central nervous activity and end in response - movement, act, speech. Such an interpretation of Sechenov took an attempt to "snatch" psychology from the circle of the inner world of man. However, the specifics of mental reality was underestimated in comparison with its physiological basis, the role of cultural and historical factors in the formation and development of human psyche was not taken into account.
An important place in the history of domestic psychology belongs G.I. Chelvan. His main merit is to create a psychological institution in Russia. Experimental Direction in psychology using objective research methods has developed V.M. Bekhterev.
Efforts I.P. Pavlova It was aimed at studying conditionally reflex ties in the body's activities. His works fruitfully influenced the understanding of the physiological basis of mental activity. However, his own psychological concept I.P. Pavlov did not create.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a crisis situation arises in psychology: the method of introspection has not given notable results; It was not possible to clarify the specifics of mental reality, solve the problem of communication of mental phenomena with physiological, a significant gap between the psychological theory and experimental data was discovered. Attempts to overcome this crisis led to the formation of several influential schools (directions) in psychological science: beheviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Psychoanalysis.
Founder beheviorism(from English "Bihevior" - behavior) was an American scientist D. Watson. In his opinion, psychology as science should be engaged not to consciousness, mental phenomena that are not available to scientific observation, and behavior. Watson saw the main task of behaviorism in the accumulation of observations on behavior with such a calculation so that it was possible to say in advance which will be a person's response to the appropriate situation (stimulus). The behavior, in his opinion, is the result of the learning (individually acquired by the "blind" trials and errors), or the observed "repertoire" skills. The followers of Watson came to the conclusion that, after all, the links between incentives and behavioral reactions are not straight. They are mediated by "intermediate variables" - knowledge controlling mechanism. However, these mechanisms are interpreted by analogy with a certificate-solving computer, that is, unexicologically. Nevertheless, the ideas of biheviorism had a beneficial effect on linguistics, anthropology, sociology, became one of the origins of cybernetics, contributed to the development of the problem of learning.
Gestalt psychology originated in Germany thanks to the efforts of scientists T. Vertheimer, V. Keler and K. Levinanominated the program for studying the psyche in terms of holistic structures ( gestaltov). GestaltSihylogius opposed the associative psychology V. Wyandt and E. Titchener, who interpreted complex physical phenomena as arranged from simple according to the laws of the Association. The concept of O. gestalta. (Translated from German, the word "Gestalt" means "form", "image") originated when studying sensory formations, when the "primacy" of their structure was found in relation to the components included in these formations (sensations). For example, although the melody in its execution in various tonalities and causes various sensations, it is recognized as the same. In the same way, thinking is also interpreted: it consists in the discretion, awareness of the structural requirements of the elements of the problem situation and in the actions that comply with these requirements. Building a complex mental image occurs in insay - a special mental act of instant "setting" relations (structures) in a perceived field. Gestaltpsihology has also contrasted, gestaltpsychology also opposed behavior, which explained the behavior of the body in a problem situation by overpowing the "blind" sample engines, only accidentally leading to success. The merits of Gestalt Psychology are in the development of the concept of a psychological image, in approval system approach to mental phenomena.
At the origokov psychoanalyticdirections Standing Austrian Psychiatrist and Psychologist Z. Freud.. Starting his research as a physiologist and a neuropathologist, Freud concluded that the physiological approach to the psyche was insufficient and offered his system of analyzing the mental life of a person called them psychoanalysis. According to Freud's teachings, the psyche contains, three education: "I", "Just-I", "it". The two recent systems are localized in the layer of the primary mental process - in the unconscious. "It" is a place of concentration of two groups of deposits: a) attractions to life (Eros), which includes sexual attractions and attractions to the self-preservation "I", b) attraction to death, to destruction (Tanatos). In ancient Greek mythology, God Eros symbolized love, God Tanatos - death. "It" is a moving force of behavior, a source of mental energy, a powerful motivational principle. "I" is a secondary, surface layer of the spiritual apparatus, called usually by consciousness. "I" perceives information about the world and condition of the body. Its main function is to measure the above attractions with the requirements of a hostile individual of the social sphere in the interests of his self-preservation. The system of claims "I" to "it" is "over - I" - the inner "warder", "critic", the source of moral self-restraint personality. This psyche layer is formed mostly unconsciously in the process of upbringing (primarily in the family) and manifests itself in the form of conscience.
In a dynamic plan, the named levels of personality are characterized by a conflict between conscious and unconscious. Unconscious attractions, according to Freud, "By nature, deserve condemnation," the energy "over - I" is suppressed, which creates an unbearable tension for a person. The latter can be partially removed with the help of unconscious protective mechanisms - displacement, rationalization, sublimation and regression. The task of psychoanalyst as a psychotherapist is seen by Freud in order to identify through the analysis of free pop-up associations and the patient's dreams trauming his experiences, and then help him realize them and, it means to free themselves from them.
Z. Freud introduced a number of important topics into psychology. unconscious motivation, protective mechanisms of psyche, the role of sexuality in it, the influence of children's mental injuries on behavior in adulthood and a number of others.
However, its nearest students A. Adler and K. Jung, came to the conclusion that not sexual attraction, by the advantage, and the sense of inferiority and the need to compensate for this defect, or collective unconscious (archetypes)That effects the universal experience, determine the mental development of the personality.
Tie the nature of the unconscious core of the psyche of a person with the social conditions of his life tried K. Horney, Salvyleneand E. Froch- Freud Psychoanalysis Reformers (Neofreedists). A person is driven not only by biologically predefined unconscious motions, but also acquired aspirations for safety and self-realization (Horney), images of themselves and others who have developed in early childhood (Slivelen) influence of the socioeconomic structure of society (ferm).
The subject and tasks of general psychology. Principles and structure of modern psychology.
Psychology is the doctrine of the soul; This is the area of \u200b\u200bknowledge about the inner world of man and animals, i.e. Science about the psyche of man and animals.
The object of studying psychology is a person.
The subject of study of psychology is the pattern of forming the functioning and development of the psyche of people and animals.
In its development, psychology passed 4 stages:
1. Psychology as a science about the soul (5th century BC). The presence of the soul tried to explain all the incomprehensible phenomena in a person's life.
2. Psychology as a science of consciousness (Beginning in the 17th century, in connection with the development of natural sciences). The ability to think, feel, wishing called consciousness. The main method of studying the consciousness was considered to observe a person for himself.
3. Psychology as a science of behavior. (Begins in the second half of the 19th century). The tasks of psychology treated observations of behavior, actions, human reactions.
4. Modern. Psychology as a science studying facts, patterns and mechanisms of psyche. Currently, psychology has become a diversified applied science.
Psychology structure:
1. General psychology - Theoretical and experimental science studying psychological patterns, theoretical principles and methods of psychology.
2. Social Psychology - A number of industries exploring the psychological aspects of personal and society relations.
3. A number of industries that explore the psychological aspects of development (age, children's, teenage, elderly), abnormal development psychology (sick children, etc. pathology).
4. Special psychology, explores the psyche of activity (labor psychology, pedagogical, medical, military, psychology of sports, trade, etc.).
The following groups of methods can be distinguished:
1. Organizational. The organizational methods include the following:
1.1. Comparative (comparison of various groups of people in age, education, activity and communication);
1.2. Longitudinal (multiple examination of the same persons for a long time);
1.3. Complex (representatives of various sciences participate in the study, which makes it possible to establish links and dependencies between the physiological, mental and social development).
2. Empirical - observation of individual facts, their classification and the establishment of natural facts between them (observation, self-surveillance, experiment).
3. Psychodiagnostic methods (tests, surveys, surveys, conversation).
Tasks of psychology: learn to understand the essence of mental phenomena; learn to manage them; To be able to use the knowledge gained in order to improve the efficiency of various sectors of practice.
The concept of psyche and consciousness. Structure of consciousness.
Consciousness - This is the highest integrated form of the psyche, which develops under the influence of socio-historical conditions in human labor activities and its communication with the help of a language with other people.
The human psyche consists of three groups of mental phenomena:
- mental processes (cognitive, emotional, volitional, motivational others);
- mental states (creative rise, fatigue, joy, sleep, stress, etc.);
- the mental properties of a person (temperament, ability, character, identity orientation).
Mental activity depends on the peculiarities of the human body and the functioning of the cortex of the brain, in which it is distinguished:
- sensory zones (accepted and process information from senses and receptors);
- Motor zones (control the skeletal muscles of the body and movements, human actions);
- Associative zones (serve to process information).
In psychology there are other ideas about the structure of the psyche. For example, the Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist 3. Freud in the human psyche highlighted three levels: unconscious, preliminary and conscious.
The main difference between the psyche of a person from the psyche of animals is the presence of consciousness, especially self-awareness.
Consciousness is highest level Mental reflection of reality by man. Consciousness determines the preliminary, mental construction of actions, the prevention of their consequences, control and management of human behavior, its ability to make aware of what is happening in the surrounding world and in it itself. Self-consciousness is an integral sign of consciousness, an assessment by a person himself as a person.
The structure of consciousness can be considered in terms of various aspects of the attitude of a person to the world. As follows from the etymology itself, the word "consciousness", its core is knowledge, as well as the forms of its manifestation and transformation (sensation, perception, idea, concept, judgment, conclusion). Various forms Knowledge is a very substantial part of the content of consciousness, but do not exhaust it completely. An equally important component of consciousness is emotional experiences, as well as the will, expressing in the focus of human actions.
Activity approach.
Stressing the connection of abilities with successful activities, it should be limited to a circle of individual-varying features only those that ensure an effective result of activity. Capable people from unable distinguishes more rapid activity, achieving greater efficiency. Although externally, the ability is manifested in activities: in the skills, skills and knowledge of the individual, but at the same time the ability and activities are not identical to each other. So, a person can be well technically prepared and formed, but little is capable of any activity.
Value approach.
Its main difference from the previous concept is to actually equate abilities to the cash level of knowledge, skills and skills. Such a position was adhered to the Soviet psychologist V. A. Kruttsky (1917-1989). The knowledge approach is emphasized on the operational aspect of the abilities, while the activity identifies a dynamic aspect. But after all, the speed and ease of development of abilities is provided only by relevant operations and knowledge. Since the formation begins not "from scratch", it is not predetermined by congenital deposits. The corresponding knowledge, skills and skills of the individual are actually separated from understanding, functioning and developing abilities. Therefore, the numerous works of the "knowledge" approach are devoted to mathematical, mental, pedagogical abilities, as a rule, are widely known and promising.
C) a high degree of giftedness is called talent, when describing the qualities of which many expressive epithets are used. This, for example, outstanding perfection, significance, passionate passion, high performance, originality of diversity. B. M. Teplov wrote that talent as such a multilateral. According to the laws of the theory of probability, "outstanding" cannot be all, therefore, in the reality of talented people
Genius - It is a qualitatively highest degree of development and manifestation of giftedness and talent.
Genius characterize the uniqueness, the highest creativity, the opening of something, previously unexplored mankind. The genius is unique, not similar to other people, and sometimes so much that it seems incomprehensible, even superfluous. Definitely determine, recognize someone's genius is extremely difficult. That is why "unrecognized geniuses" much more than they are in reality. However, the genius has always been, there are and will manifest themselves as society is necessary. Genius is just as diverse as forming their abilities, gifts, circumstances, activities. That they are geniuses.
Types of communication
· Material communication - the exchange of objects or products of activity.
· Cognitive communication - exchange of information, knowledge. When we learn from acquaintances about the weather on the street, prices for the products, the start of the concert, the ways to solve the mathematical task, we are dealing with a cognitive type of communication.
· Conditional, or emotional communication - exchange emotional states between communicating individuals. Cheer a sad friend is an example of emotional communication. It is based on the phenomenon of emotional infection.
· Motivational communication - the exchange of desires, prompting, goals, interests or needs. Takes place in both business and interpersonal communication. Examples can serve: personnel motivation for successful work at the enterprise (business communication), a conversation aimed at persuade a friend to go with you to a concert (interpersonal communication).
· Operational communication - Exchange of skills and skills, which is carried out as a result joint activity. Example: Learn to embroider with a cross in an embroidery mug.
Depending on the technique used, the following types can be distinguished:
· Contact masks - Formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the features of the personality of the interlocutor. The usual masks (politeness, courtesy, indifference, modesty, separation, etc. are used, etc.) - a set of facial expressions, gestures, standard phrases, allowing to hide true emotions, attitudes towards the interlocutor.
· Secular communication - its essence in freeness, that is, people say not what they think, but what is supposed to speak in such cases; This communication is closed, because the point of view of people on one or another question does not matter and do not determine the nature of communication. For example: Formal politeness, ritual communication.
· Formal role-based communication - when the content and means of communication are regulated, and instead of knowledge of the personality of the interlocutor, they cost the knowledge of his social role.
· Business communication is the process of interaction in communication, in which information is exchanged to achieve a certain result. That is, this chat is purposeful. It arises on the basis of and about a certain type of activity. In business communication, the features of the personality, nature, the mood of the interlocutor take into account the interests of the case are more significant than possible personal discrepancies.
· Interpersonal communication (intimate personal) - reveal the deep structures of the personality.
· Manipulative communication - aimed at receiving benefits from the interlocutor.
Principles of didactics
Didactic principles They are determining in the selection of education, when choosing methods and forms of training.
All the principles of didactics in their unity objectively reflect the most important patterns of the learning process.
- The principle of visibility. Expresses the need to form ideas and concepts based on sensual perception of objects and phenomena.
- The principle of consciousness and activity. Only knowledge is transmitted in the learning process, and the beliefs of their every person produces independently, i.e. consciously. In the process of learning, it is necessary to take into account the general signs of conscious learning of knowledge. Knowledge must be enjoyed in the right verbal form, consciousness is expressed in a positive attitude to the material studied, in interest. The sign of the conscious mastering of the material is the degree of independence than it is higher, the consciousness is assisted by knowledge. Students must be interesting to the process of knowledge. "The beliefs will not buy in the shop, they are formed in the process of cognitive activity" (D.I. Pisarev).
- Principle of accessibility It is necessary to comply with the content of material, methods and forms of learning the level of development of students. Availability is determined by many factors: compliance with the principles of didactics, careful selection of material content, using the most effective system Its studies, more rational methods of work, skill of the teaching, etc.
- Principle of scientific relations. The main purpose of the principle is that students understand that everything is subordinated to the laws and that their knowledge is necessary to every living in modern society. The proposed training material must meet modern achievements of science. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly acquaint students with the newest achievements of scientific thought in the relevant section of the curriculum.
- The principle of an individual approach. By carrying out an individual approach, it is necessary to take into account the susceptibility of trainees to study. Trainability. Signs of trainee include: the stock of knowledge and skills, the ability to comprehend the training material, to apply it to independently when solving a variety of tasks, be able to generalize, allocate significant signs new material, etc.
- The principle of systematic and sequence. The exposition of educational material is communicated to the teacher to the level of systemics in the consciousness of the students, knowledge is given in a certain sequence and they must be interrelated. The implementation of the principle of systematic and sequence involves continuity in the learning process. logical sequence and communication between studied learning subjects, new Material Must be based on the learned early.
- The principle of strength in mastering knowledge, skills and skills. The specified principle is that the strength is not only a deep memorization, but also the ability to use what the memory has.
- The principle of communication theory with practice. Practice is the basis of knowledge. Theoretical surveys are carried out not for the sake of science itself, but to improve practical activities. Training is always euchetious. Training and upbringing is a holistic process. The learning process is the process of transferring knowledge, and the education process is the process of exposure to the study system of student to the surrounding reality
Brief history of the development of psychological science.
The development of the history of psychology has a multi-step process, which is aimed at obtaining and developing ideas about the newest methods Psychological research and submission of subjects. The main stages of the development of the history of psychology are:
1) I Stage (to the scientific stage - the VII-VI centuries. BC) - This stage is characterized by the study of psychology as science about the soul. It was based on numerous legends, myths, fairy tales and initial beliefs in religion, which certainly associate the soul with specific living beings. At that moment, the presence of a soul in every living creature helped clarify all the incomprehensible phenomena
2) Stage II (scientific period - VII-VI centuries. BC) - This stage is characterized by the study of psychology as a science of consciousness. This necessity arises in the development of natural sciences. Since this stage was considered and studied at the philosophy level, then called the name - philosophical period. Consciousness at this stage was called the ability to feel, think and desire. The main method of studying the history of the development of psychology was monitored and a description of the facts received by the person;
4) III Stage (experimental stage - XX century) - This stage is characterized by the study of psychology as a behavior science. The main task of psychology at this stage becomes the formation of experiments and monitoring everything that can be directly learning. It could be a deed or human reaction, his behavior, etc. Thus, at this stage, you can consider the history of psychology as the formation of independent science, as well as the formation and development of experimental psychology;
5) IV Stage - This stage characterizes the formation of psychology as science, which studies the objective patterns of psyche, their manifestations and mechanisms.
Psychology as science arose in Ancient Greece And so far is the relevant industry. On the basis of treatises and works of scientists, mechanisms, models and systems were developed, allowing to study behavior, perception, awareness and adaptability of a person in society. Let's find out short story Psychology, as well as get acquainted with famous figures who have made a huge contribution to the development of this humanitarian science.
Brief history of psychology
What started? How did psychology arise like a science? In fact, this industry is closely connected with philosophy, and with history, and sociology. To date, psychology actively interacts with biology and neuropsychology, despite the fact that initially scientists in this industry tried to find evidence the existence of the soul in the human body. The name itself and happened from two derivatives: Logos ("Teaching") and psycho ("soul"). And only after the 18th century, scientists conducted the finest connection between the definition of science and human character. So the new concept of psychology appeared - the researchers began to build psychoanalysis, study the behavior of each person, identify categories and pathologies that affect interests, adaptability, mood and life choice.
Many great psychologists, such as S. Rubinstein and R. Goklenius, noted that this science is important in human knowledge. Estimation of the centuries researchers study the relationship of mind with religion, faith with spirituality, consciousness with behavior.
What it is
Psychology as an independent science studies mental processes, the interaction of a person with the world around and the behavior in it. The main object in teaching is the psyche that translated from the ancient Greek means "spiritual". In other words, the psyche - the realized actions of the person who are based on the primary knowledge of reality.
Brief theses that determine psychology:
- This is a way of knowing yourself, his inner and, of course, the surrounding world.
- This is a "spiritual" science, because it makes us constantly develop, setting eternal questions: who I am, why I am in this world. That is why the finest relationship of psychology with sciences, such as philosophy and sociology traced.
- This is the science that studies the interaction of the outside world with the psyche and its influence on others. Thanks to numerous studies, a new industry was created - psychiatry, where scientists began to identify pathologies and psychological disorders, as well as to stop them, treat or fully deprive.
- This is the beginning of the spiritual path, where great psychologists, and philosophers, sought to explore the relationship between the spiritual and material world. Despite the fact that today the awareness of spiritual unity is only a myth that came from the depths of time, psychology reflects a certain meaning of being - an ordered, an indulged, organized a thousand years old.
What is studying psychology
Let's answer the main question - what does the science of psychology study? First of all, all mental processes and their components. Researchers found that these processes can be divided into three types: will, feelings, knowledge. These include both human thinking, and memory, and emotions, and the goal, and decision-making. From here a second phenomenon appears, which studies science - mental states. What is studying psychology:
- Processes. Attention, speech, sensitivity, affects and stress, feelings and motives, presentation and curiosity.
- Status. Fatigue and emotional bursts, satisfaction and apathy, depression and happiness.
- Properties. Abilities, unique character traits, temperament types.
- Education. Habits, skills, areas of knowledge, skills, fitness, personal features.
Let's now begin to formulate the answer to the main question - how did psychology arose like a science? Initially, the researchers paid attention to simple phenomena Psyche, followed by observations. It was noted that any mental process can last as a few seconds and more, sometimes reaching 30-60 minutes. This caused and subsequently all the mental activities of people were attributed to complex brain processes.
Today, science studies every individual separately, identifying all new mental phenomena, although before everything was divided into several types. The feeling of depression, the causes of irritation, diffraction, mood swings, the formation of character and temperament, self-development and evolution is only a small part of what influenced the development of psychology as science.
The main tasks of science
How did psychology arise like a science? It all started with the fact that thinkers and philosophers began to pay attention to mental processes. This has become the main task of exercise. Researchers analyzed the features of all processes related directly to the psyche. They believed that this direction reflects reality, that is, all events affect the psycho-emotional state of a person, which encourages it to any act.
An analysis of all phenomena related to the psyche and their development is the second task of science. Then the third, important stage in psychology appeared - the study of all physiological mechanisms that mention mental phenomena.
If we talk about tasks, you can divide them into several points:
- Psychology must teach to understand all psychological processes.
- After that, we learn to control them, and then control them at all.
- All knowledge is sent to the development of psychology, which is closely related to many humanitarian and natural sciences.
Thanks to the main tasks, fundamental psychology (that is, science for science) was divided into several branches, to which the study of children's characters, behavior in the working environment, temperament and features of creative, technical and sports personalities.
Methods that are used by science
All stages of the formation of psychology as science are associated with the great minds, thinkers and philosophers, which developed an absolutely unique sphere, which studies the behavior, character and ability of people. History confirms that Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle are the founders of the teachings, the authors and researchers of antiquity. It was they who suggested (of course, in different segments of time) that there are several types of temperament, which are reflected in behavior and purposes.
Psychology, before becoming a full-fledged science, passed a huge way and touched on almost every famous philosopher, doctor and biologist. One of these representatives are Thomas Akvinsky and Avicenna. Later, at the end of the XVI century, Rene Descartes participated in the development of psychology. In his opinion, the soul is a substance within the substance. It was Decartes for the first time who made the word "dualism" in everyday life, which means the presence of spiritual energy inside physical bodywhich are very tightly collaborating among themselves. The mind, as I installed the philosopher, and there are manifestations of our soul. Despite the fact that many theories of the scientist were ridiculed and denied several centuries later, he became the main founder of psychology as science.
Immediately after the work, René Descartes began to appear new treatises and exercises written by Otten Kasman, Rudolph Goklenius, Sergey Rubishin, William James. They stepped further and began to publish new theories. For example, W. James at the end of the XIX century proved the presence of a stream of consciousness through clinical studies. The main task of the philosopher and psychologist was to discover not only the soul, but also its structure. James suggested that we are a dual creature in which the "dwells" and the subject, and the object. Let's consider the contributions of other, no less significant scientists, such as Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt and Karl Gustav Jung and others.
S. Rubinstein
Sergey Leonidovich Rubinstein is one of the founders of a new school in psychology. Worked at the beginning of the 20th century in Moscow state Universitywas a teacher and in parallel conducted research. Sergey Leonidovich Rubinstein's main contribution was made to pedagogical psychology, logic and history. He studied the types of personalities, their temperament and emotions in detail. It was Rubinstein that created the well-known principle of determinism, which indicated that all actions and acts of a person are directly related to the external (surrounding) world. Thanks to its research, he was awarded numerous medals, orders and prizes.
Sergei Leonidovich described in detail his theories in the books that were subsequently entered the circulation. These include the "principle of creative amateur", and "problems of psychology in the works of Karl Marx." In the second work, Rubinstein considered society as a whole, which follows in a single path. For this, the scientist had to hold a deep analysis of the Soviet people and compare with foreign psychology.
Sergey Leonidovich also became the founder of the study of personalities, but, universal regret, could not finish the work. However, his contribution noticeably promoted the development of domestic psychology and strengthened its status as science.
O. Kasman.
Otten Kasman in psychology played a significant role, despite the fact that the long period was the main pastor and theologian in the German city of Stada. It was this public religious actor who called all mental phenomena by scientific objects. There is practically no information about this to the founder, as quite a few events occurred in four centuries. However, Otten Kasman left us valuable works, which are called Psychologia Anthropological and Angelographia.
Theologians and the figure made adjustments to the term "anthropology" and explained that the biological nature of a person is directly related to the abstract world. Despite the fact that Kasman made an invaluable contribution to the psychology, Pastor himself thoroughly studied anthropology and tried to hold a parallel between this teaching and philosophy.
R. Gokleenius
Rudolph Goxlenius in psychology is an important link, despite the fact that he was a doctor of physical, mathematical and medical sciences. A scientist lived in the 16-17 centuries and for his long-term life created many important works. Like Otton Kasman, Goklenius began to use the word "psychology" in everyday life.
An interesting fact, but Goklenius was a personal teacher Kasman. Having received a doctoral degree, Rudolf began to study philosophy and psychology in detail. That is why today we are familiar with the name of Goklenius, because he was a representative of non-cholesterus, which combined in himself and religion, and philosophical teachings. Well, since the scientist lived and worked in Europe, he spoke from the Catholic Church, which created a new direction of scholasticism - non-cholester.
V. Wondt
The name of Wandt is known in psychology as well as Jung, and Rubinstein. Wilhelm Maximilian lived in the 19th century and actively practiced experimental psychology. This course included non-standard and unique practices that allowed to study all psychological phenomena.
Like Rubinstein, Vundt studied determinism, objectivity and a thin line between human activity and his consciousness. main feature the scientist is that he was an experienced physiologist who understood everything physical processes living organisms. To some extent, Wilhelm Maximilian was much easier to devote his life to such science as psychology. In all her life, he trained dozens of figures, including Bekhterev and Silvernikov.
Wundt sought to know how our mind works, therefore, it was often experiments that allow him to find out chemical reactions in the body. It is the works of this scientist and laid the foundation in creating and promoting such science as neuropsychology. Wilhelm Maximilian loved to observe the behavior of people in different situations, so he developed a unique technique - introspection. Since the Vindt himself was also inventor, many experiments were worked out by the scientists themselves. However, the introspection did not include the use of instruments or tools, but only observation, as a rule, behind their own mental phenomena and processes.
K. Yung
Jung, perhaps, one of the most popular and ambitious scientists who dedicated their lives of psychology and psychiatry. Moreover, the leader did not just try to understand psychological phenomena, he also opened a new direction - analytical psychology.
Jung carefully worked archetypes or structures (models of behavior), which appear on the light with a person. The scientist thoroughly studied each character and temperament, tied them with one link and complemented with new information, watching his patients. Jung also proved that several people, being in a single team, can unconsciously make similar actions. And thanks to these works, the scientist began to analyze the individuality of each person, study whether it is in general.
It was this figure that suggested that all archetypes are congenital, but their main feature is that they develop hundreds of years and are transmitted from generation to generation. Subsequently, all types directly affect our choice, actions, feelings and emotions.
Who is a psychologist today
To date, a psychologist, unlike a philosopher, should receive at least a bachelor's degree at the university to practice and explore. He is a representative of his science and is intended not only to provide psychological assistance, but also contribute to the development of its activities. What is a professional psychologist:
- Resererates archetypes and establishes character, the temperature of the personality.
- Analyzes the behavior of his patient, reveals the root cause and eradicates it if necessary. This allows you to change the lifestyle, get rid of negative thoughts and help find motivation, goal.
- It helps to get out of the depressive state, get rid of apathy, know the meaning of life and start looking for it.
- It struggles with psychological injuries that happened either in childhood or throughout life.
- Analyzes the behavior of the patient in society and also finds the root cause. As a rule, in many cases, the situation in the family plays an important role, relationship with peers, relatives and just unfamiliar.
Do not confuse a psychologist with a psychiatrist. The second is a scientist who received a medical degree and has the right to do with diagnosis, treatment. He reveals, analyzes and examines mental disorders from the most insignificant and imperceptible to the most aggressive. The task of a psychiatrist is to reveal whether a person is sick or not. In the case of detection of deviation by the doctor, a unique technique is being developed, which allows you to help the patient, stop it symptoms or fully cured. Despite the general differences, it was concluded that the psychiatrist was not a medical specialist, although it works directly with patients and various drugs.
Psychology is relevant and important in the life of each of us. This science is a vivid example of the evolution of a person when, asking himself countless questions, we developed and stepped every time on a new step. It studies the type of people, phenomena, when in different situations they are combined into groups, diverge and lead a lonely lifestyle, exhibit aggression or, on the contrary, experience emotional overexcitation and happiness. Motivation, goals, depression and apathy, values \u200b\u200band experiences are just a small tolik, which is studied by such a unique science as psychology.