Test: Analyze the stages of development of the world socialist system. World socialist system Countries of the world socialist system

22.04.2020

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Formation of the world socialist system

A significant historical event in the post-war period was the people's democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea, and somewhat earlier - the revolution in Mongolia.

To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined under the influence of the presence in the territory of most of them of Soviet troops carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War.

This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries fundamental transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The departure of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundations for the emergence of a community of countries, which was called the "world socialist system" (WSS). In 1959 Cuba, and in 1975 Laos entered the orbit of a new system that existed for more than 40 years.

In the late 80s. the world socialist system included 15 states, occupying 26.2% of the territory the globe and accounting for 32.3% of the world's population.

Taking into account even just these quantitative indicators, one can speak of the world socialist system as an essential factor in post-war international life that requires more in-depth consideration.

Eastern European countries. As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSS was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe. Today there are rather heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of researchers are inclined to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, but Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model on the liberated peoples social development.

We can only partially agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be borne in mind that in 1945-1946. in these countries, broad democratic transformations were carried out, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular, by: the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of nationalization of the land, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail and the service sector, finally, the presence of a multi-party system, including highest level authorities.

If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, immediately after the liberation, a course towards socialist transformations was taken, in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe, the new course began to be carried out from the moment when the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948). Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries during the one and a half to two post-war years, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

The year 1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s were distinguished as a relatively independent stage in the forced creation of a "new" society, following the "universal model" of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known.

This is a comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, compulsory cooperation, and in essence the nationalization of the agricultural sector, the ousting of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over social life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.

Evaluating the results of the course of building the foundations of socialism in the countries of Southeastern Europe, it should be noted that, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the forced creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic imbalances, which affected the rate of elimination of the consequences of the post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth of the living standards of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction.

Similar results were obtained in the course of compulsory cooperation in the countryside, as well as the ousting of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services. The powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic and Czechoslovakia in 1953-1956, on the one hand, and a sharp increase in the state's repressive policy towards any dissent, on the other, can be considered as an argument confirming such conclusions.

Until recently, a fairly widespread explanation of the reasons for such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was their leadership's blind copying of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruel dictate against the communist leadership of these countries.

Self-governing socialism in Yugoslavia. However, there was also another model of socialist construction that was carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - the model of self-governing socialism. It assumed in general terms the following: economic freedom of labor collectives within enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting under an indicative type of state planning; rejection of compulsory cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc., but subject to the preservation of the monopoly of the Communist Party in certain spheres of political and public life.

The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist construction scheme was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955 did the relations of the socialist countries with Yugoslavia begin to gradually normalize.

Some positive economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to be a confirmation of the argument of the supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 1950s. The formation of the CMEA. An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world socialist system can be considered the creation of the Council Economic Mutual Aid(CMEA) in January 1949. Economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the initially European socialist countries was carried out along the lines of CMEA. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the Warsaw Pact, created in May 1955.

It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the ISS. At its other pole were Mongolia, China, North Korea, Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they decisively eradicated elements of market, private property relations.

Socialist regimes in Asia

World system
socialism

Lesson plan

World socialist system
Stages of the formation of the world socialist system
Socialist countries
Countries with a socialist orientation
Existing socialist countries
Countries of people's democracies
Socialist camp
Socialist community
Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe
China policy
Vietnam. Laos, Mongolia. North Korea.
Cuba

World socialist system

Moving the socialist model beyond one country
(USSR-1917/1922) and its spread to Southeastern Europe and Asia laid the foundations for
the emergence of a community of countries called
"World socialist system" (MSS).
Significant historical event of the post-war
time became people's democratic revolutions in
a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary,
East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and several
earlier - the revolution in Mongolia (1921).
In 1959 Cuba, and in 1975 Laos entered the orbit of a new
a system that has existed for over 40 years.

In the late 80s. to the world system
socialism consisted of 15 states that occupied
26.2% of the world's territory and
accounting for 32.3% of the world's population.

An important prerequisite for the folding of the MSS was the liberation mission
Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe.
Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue.
A significant part of researchers are inclined to believe that in 1944-1947. not
there were people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and
The Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model on the liberated peoples
social development. One can agree with this point of view.
only in part, since, in our opinion, it should be borne in mind that in 1945-1946
biennium these countries have carried out broad democratic
transformations, often restored bourgeois-democratic
forms of statehood. This is evidenced, in particular:
bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence
nationalization of land,
preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry,
retail and service industries,
finally, the presence of a multi-party system, including the highest level of government.
If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, immediately after liberation, a course was taken
on socialist transformations, then in the rest of Southeastern Europe, a new course began to be carried out from the moment
establishing the essentially undivided power of national
Communist parties, as it was in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania
(December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946),
East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). So
way, in a number of countries during one and a half to two post-war years
the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

1949 can be considered a kind of pause, drawing a line under
prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s - to highlight in a relatively
an independent stage of the forced creation of a "new"
societies, according to the "universal model" of the USSR, constituting
the features of which are well known. This is:
comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors
economy,
compulsory cooperation, and in essence nationalization
the agricultural sector,
displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade,
establishment of total control of the state, higher bodies
the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual
culture, etc.

Self-governing socialism in Yugoslavia

However, there was also a different model of socialist construction,
carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - a model of self-government
socialism. She assumed in general terms the following:
economic freedom of labor collectives within enterprises, their
activity based on cost accounting for indicative type
state planning;
rejection of compulsory cooperation in agriculture,
fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc.,
but subject to the preservation of the monopoly of the Communist Party in certain areas
political and public life.
Departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist scheme
construction was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from
USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the XX Congress
CPSU, only in 1955 the relations of the socialist countries with Yugoslavia
began to gradually normalize. Some positive
economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of more
balanced economic model in Yugoslavia, it would seem
is a confirmation of the argument of the supporters of the above
point of view on the causes of the crises of the 50s.

Stages of the formation of the world socialist system

1917 - the victory of the socialist revolution and the proclamation of the RSFSR, from 1922 - the USSR
1921/1924 - formation of the Mongolian People's Republic
1944 - Bulgaria
1945 / 1975- DRV and Yugoslavia
1945- DPRK
1946 - Albania
1947- Poland, Hungary, Romania
1948- Czechoslovakia
1949- GDR and China
1949 - the formation of the CMEA. An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world system
socialism can be considered the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in
January 1949 The CMEA carried out economic, scientific and technical
cooperation of the originally European socialist countries.
1955-Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the established in May 1955.
Warsaw Pact.
1959-Cuba
1975/1976-Laos, Vietnam

Socialist countries

"Socialist countries" is a term
used in the USSR in accordance with
the terminology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to designate countries,
adhering to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, with
sufficiently stable modes - regardless of
friendly or hostile relations with the USSR. IN
the rest of the world, such countries were usually called
communist - a term that since the late 1980s
also used by a number of Russian political scientists and
journalists to characterize countries with similar
mode.

Socialist countries

People's Socialist Republic Albania (NSRA),
People's Republic of Bulgaria (NRB)
Hungarian People's Republic (Hungarian People's Republic of Hungary)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
People's Republic of China (PRC)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)
Republic of Cuba
Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)
Mongolian People's Republic (MPR)
Polish People's Republic (Poland)
Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

Countries like
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka,
Great Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya,
Tunisia,
proclaiming national models of socialism, but
oriented to the West,
or countries in which elements of socialism are enshrined in
constitutions like
India,
Portugal,
they were not ranked among the socialist countries in the USSR.

Countries with a socialist orientation

Countries with a socialist orientation - in
Soviet terminology, developing countries,
following the path of "non-capitalist
development ", officially reflecting
socialist orientation in documents
the revolutionary government, the ruling party,
finding practical embodiment in deep
social transformations.

South Yemen (1967)
Congo (1968)
Somalia (1969)
Benin (1972)
Ethiopia (1974)
Mozambique (1975)
Cape Verde (1975)
Angola (1975)
Madagascar (1975)
Afghanistan (1979)

By the 1980s, a compromise term was established.
“Countries following non-capitalist
development ways".

Countries following the non-capitalist path of development

Burma (Myanmar)
Libya
Syria
Iraq (until early 1980s)
Guinea
Egypt (under Nasser and early Sadat),
Benin
Algeria
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Tanzania
Sao Tome and Principe
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Seychelles

Existing socialist countries

Currently to the socialist countries
can only be attributed to the DPRK and Cuba.

IN
PRC,
Vietnam,
Laos
the communist remains in power
party, but the economy is dominated by private
ownership of the means of production.

In all other countries listed above,
including "countries of socialist orientation",
in the early 1990s, there was a transition to
capitalism - everywhere except
Libya.

Also, with reservations, you can consider
Venezuela,
Bolivia
Nepal
"countries of socialist orientation".

Socialist
countries
1945 mid
1950s
Socialist
USSR and Mongolia
Countries
People's
democracy
Outside
socialist community:
China
North Korea
Albania
Yugoslavia
1950-1960s
1970-1980s
Socialist
camp
Socialist
commonwealth
USSR
Vietnam
Poland
Romania
GDR
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Cuba
Mongolia
Laos since 1975

Countries of "people's democracies"

Countries of "people's democracies" - general
the name of the countries of Eastern Europe included
after World War II into the sphere of influence
USSR and announced the start of construction
socialist society.

1944
Bulgaria
1945
Yugoslavia
1946
Albania
Poland
1947
Hungary
Romania
1948
Czechoslovakia
1949
GDR

Albania

People's Socialist
The Republic of Albania was
proclaimed January 11, 1946.
Relying on political, military
and economic support to the USSR,
Albanian communist
leadership led by Enver
Khoja started construction
socialism in a backward agrarian
country. In 1949 Albania became a member
CMEA, in 1955 - Organizations
Warsaw Pact.
Between 1945 and 1990 Albania
was the most
repressive regime in Europe.

Disagreements with the CPSU and the Soviet Union began to grow after the death of Stalin and
peaked after Khrushchev's famous speech at the XX Congress in 1956. Criticism
Albania caused the rapprochement of the USSR with Yugoslavia. Simultaneously worsened
Albania's relations with the rest of Eastern Europe. Albania more and more
inclined to cooperate with the PRC, in connection with which the USSR resorted to economic
pressure on the Albanian leadership. At the Moscow meeting of communist and
workers' parties, it came to an acute confrontation between the Albanian Party of Labor and
The CPSU and its allies, after which the economic assistance of the USSR completely
stopped. In response, Albania, in an ultimatum, demanded that he
the shortest possible time to withdraw the military personnel from the Vlore naval base, to
resulting in several Soviet submarines, weapons and ammunition
went to Albania.

Since 1962, Albania withdrew from the CMEA, which negatively affected its
trade balance and economic situation. In 1968 Albania
sharply criticized the entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into
Czechoslovakia and left the Department of Internal Affairs. Since that time, the Albanian
the leadership and the media called the Soviet leadership only
social imperialists and revisionists. Foreign policy
Albania in the following decade was based on
cooperation with China and maximum isolation from European
states. Albania became the only state in Europe not
signatory to the Final Act of the CSCE. Albania proclaimed
itself the world's first atheist state, which was expressed in
criminalization of religion and widespread persecution of believers
(both Muslims and Christians).

In the mid 1970s, after
death of Mao Zedong and the beginning
reforms Deng Xiaoping, Khoja
declared revisionist
also the PRC regime. So
way, isolation
Stalinist Albania in the world
became absolute.

In 1985, after the death of Enver Hoxha, his place
occupied by Ramiz Alia. At first he tried
continue the previous policy, but in Eastern
Europe by that time had already begun to change,
caused by Gorbachev's policy of glasnost and
restructuring. Totalitarian regime of Albania
was under double pressure from the side
USA, European states and their
own people. After was
Romanian communist leader shot
Nicolae Ceausescu, Alia realized that he could
be next if nothing
will undertake. He (last in Europe) signed
Helsinki agreements and pledged to abide by
human rights, allowed political parties,
and although his own party won at
elections in 1991, it became clear to everyone that changes
do not stop. In the 1992 general election
the Democratic Party has already won
Albania with 62% of the vote.

In 1990, a multi-party
system. Each other is in power
alternately replaced
Socialist party
(represents mainly
industrialized southern
regions, leader - Fatos Nano)
and the Democratic Party
(represents mainly north,
leader - Sali Berisha, former
personal physician of the dictator Khoja).
An attempt was made
denounce former leader Ramiz
Aliya, however, as a result
street riots he was
released from prison.

Capital Tirana

According to the 1976 constitution, “the People's Socialist Republic of Albania is
the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which expresses and protects the interests of all
working people ".
Positive facts:
If in the 50s the general population was illiterate, then by the end of the 70s in Albania
universal literacy reigned.
If earlier the Albanian nation was under the threat of extinction and extinction, then in
socialist years, Albania managed to raise the birth rate to the highest level
in Europe (33 people per thousand), and lower mortality to the lowest level (6 people per thousand).
By the end of the 1980s, the average monthly salary of workers and employees was 730-750
lekov. At the same time, the payment for an apartment built in the public sector is 10-15 leks, in
cooperative sector - 25-30 leks.
Those who worked at the same enterprise for at least 15 years were entitled to an annual
a free trip to resorts (with a 50 percent discount for family members), paid
only 50 percent of the cost of drugs; prices for medicines decreased once every 3-4
of the year.
Workers, schoolchildren, students enjoyed free meals at their place of work
or study, school uniform and the textbooks were also free.
Workers and employees to the place of work and back were delivered by the state
(departmental) transport at reduced rates. Was paid annually
three-week vacation (until the mid-80s - two weeks).
Men were eligible for retirement at 65; women at 60. In case of death
of one of the spouses, family members were paid a monthly salary during the year (or
pension) of the deceased. At the birth of her first child, the woman received 10 percent
increase in salary, the second - 15 percent, while paid (in the amount
monthly earnings and additional payments), maternity and childcare leave was 2 years
(including postpartum - one and a half years); in case of loss of breadwinner, the woman within
for three years she received 125 percent of her salary.

Negative facts:
Marriages with foreigners were prohibited.
It was not allowed to have for personal use "items of bourgeois luxury" -
a car, a grand piano (although a piano is possible), a VCR, "non-standard" software
sizes and "recommended" types of building a summer cottage, rent a living space to private
persons.
Long hair, jeans and tight trousers, imported skirts, cosmetics, "bourgeois revisionist" films, rock music, jazz were banned.
There was strict control over the population by Sigurimi.
Ideological features:
In Albania, the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin,
Stalin, classics of Russian and Soviet literature. A commission has been created to organize
celebrating the 110th anniversary of the birth of I. Stalin. Two cities are named after him.
In 1952, the Museum of Lenin and Stalin was opened in Tirana, in 1961 by E. Khoja
demanded to transfer to Albania the coffin with Stalin's body for subsequent establishment
him in the mausoleum in Tirana. Anniversary October revolution, birthdays and
the deaths of Lenin, Stalin, Khoja are celebrated throughout the country. On the day of the funeral
VM Molotov (11/12/1986) in the NSRA was declared mourning.

Bulgaria

In 1946, the People's
Republic of Bulgaria, first prime minister
became socialist Bulgaria - George
Dimitrov. Old communist, friend of Tito and
supporter of the creation of a single
South Slavic state as part of
Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, Georgy Dimitrov
died in 1949 in the USSR at
unclear circumstances. His
death coincided with the aggravation of Yugoslav-Soviet relations, as a result of
new prime minister in Bulgaria
the "witch hunt" begins, the persecution of
agree with Tito, culminating in
becomes a public trial
Deputy Prime Minister Traicho
Kostov.

In 1950, the prime minister
becomes consistent
Stalinist Vylko Chervenkov, he
completes collectivization
agriculture are suppressed
peasant speeches, accelerating
industrialization. After death
Stalin gradually gave way
the influence of Todor Zhivkov, who
headed the Bulgarian Communist Party in
1954 g.

Zhivkov ruled Bulgaria for
for 33 years. In Bulgaria
thaw begins
relations with
Yugoslavia and Greece, close
labor camps stopped
persecution of the church. But staying
a politician loyal to the Soviet
Union, supported suppression
Hungarian uprising in 1956 and
dispatches troops to help
suppression of the "Prague Spring" in 1968
year. Bulgaria remained with him
most loyal ally
Soviet Union in Eastern
Europe. In 1968 Zhivkov asked
for Bulgaria to become part of the USSR
like a 16 republic, but Brezhnev
declined this request.

The main temple of Bulgaria - Alexander Cathedral
Nevsky

Sofia, the main square of Bulgaria - pl. "People's Assembly" (Bulgarian Parliament),
monument to Alexander II - "Tsar-Liberator", as Bulgarians call him

Sofia, "Russian
monument "- Bulgarians
erected a monument
Russian soldiers,
who fought in
War for
liberation
Bulgaria from Turkish
yoke, in the place where
they entered the city at
1878 g.

Antique Serdica - Rotunda of St. George and the ruins
residence of Emperor Constantine I the Great IV century.

Hungary

Hungarian People's Republic official name Hungary from 1949 to
1989 years.
During World War II Hungary
took part on the side
the fascist bloc, its troops participated
in the occupation of the territory of the USSR. In 1944-
1945 Hungarian troops were defeated,
its territory is occupied by Soviet
troops. After the war, there were
free elections have been held,
foreseen by the Yalta
agreements.

Communists enjoying support
Soviet troops, arrested
most opposition leaders
parties, and in 1947 they held new
elections. By 1949 the communists
completely seized power in the country. IN
Dictatorial
the regime of Matthias Rakosi. Was
collectivization was carried out,
massive repressions against the opposition,
church, officers and politicians of the former
regime and many other disaffected.

Hungarian Uprising of 1956 (October 23 - November 9
1956) (known in communist Hungary as
Hungarian Revolution of 1956, in Soviet
sources as the Hungarian rebellion of 1956) -
armed uprisings against the regime of "people's
democracy ”in Hungary.
The Hungarian uprising was one of the most
dramatic events of the Cold War period,
demonstrated that the USSR is ready by military force
maintain the inviolability of the Warsaw Pact (ATS).

The uprising took
participation of more than 50 thousand
Hungarians. Was suppressed
Soviet troops (31
thousand) with the support
Hungarian workers
squads (25 thousand) and
Hungarian authorities
state
security (1.5 thousand).

Hanged upside down disfigured corpse
GB employee

American Marine and Hungarian
rebels in Budapest

October 31, Khrushchev at a meeting
The Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee said: “If we
let's leave Hungary, it will cheer
Americans, British and French
imperialists. They will understand how our
weakness and will come. " It was
decided to create
"Revolutionary workers 'and peasants'
government "headed by Janos
Kadar and conduct a military operation
with the aim of overthrowing the government of Imre
Nadia. The plan of the operation, which received
the name "Whirlwind", was developed under
the leadership of the USSR Minister of Defense
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov.
Kadar, Janos

Budapest. The murder of a communist with a pistol point-blank

Budapest. Killed
Soviet officer.
According to
statistics for the period
from October 23rd to 31st
December 1956 in
connections with the uprising and
fighting
at both sides
killed 2652
Hungarian
citizen and was
19226 wounded.
The loss of the Soviet
army, by
official
data were
669 people killed,
51 missing
lead, 1540 -
wounded.

The introduction of Soviet troops made it clear to the West that
attempts to overthrow socialist regimes in
Eastern Europe will cause an adequate response
USSR. Subsequently, during the Polish
crisis, NATO bluntly stated that the invasion of
Poland will lead to “very serious
consequences ", which in this situation meant
"The beginning of the Third World War."

In 1989, a peaceful change of power took place, in
bringing the power of the communist party
was replaced by a parliamentary system.
Parliament (Budapest)

Benefits: Having grown stronger by 1998, Hungary opened up to direct
foreign investment. An effective tax system. Decrease
bureaucratization. Since the late 90s. stable growth based on
export. Developed industrial production, especially in new
modernized firms. Fully convertible from
mid-2001 Falling inflation.
Weaknesses: Insufficient energy production. The gap in
internal development, eastern rural areas do not receive
sufficient funding. There is a large difference in the incomes of the population.
Insufficient control over money laundering. Hungary is in
OECD blacklist
Hungary mainly exports engineering products and
other industrial products.
The main foreign trade partner is Germany (more than a quarter
turnover of Hungary in 2006).

GDR

German Democratic Republic
(GDR, East Germany) -
socialist state founded 7
October 1949 in the Soviet occupation zone
Germany and the eastern (Soviet) sector
Berlin. Republic officially ceased
existence and was merged with the Federal Republic of Germany at 00:00
CET (02:00 UTC)
Moscow) October 3, 1990.

June 9, 1945 on the territory of the Soviet zone
occupation was formed by the Soviet Military
Administration in Germany (SVAG, existed before
withdrawal of Soviet troops on 08/31/1994), her first
GK Zhukov became the commander-in-chief.
The proclamation of the GDR took place five months later in
response to the creation on the territory of the three western
occupation zones of the Federal Republic of Germany, October 7, 1949 proclaimed
Constitution of the GDR.

The most important milestones in the history of the GDR:
July 1952 - on II
the SED conference was
proclaimed a course towards
building socialism in the GDR
June 17, 1953 - Berlin
the 1953 crisis;
August 13, 1961 -
construction of the Berlin Wall;
December 21, 1972 -
conclusion of an agreement on
fundamentals of relations between Germany
and the GDR;
November 9, 1989 - spontaneous
the fall of the Berlin wall;
July 1, 1990 - joined
economic and monetary strength
union of the GDR and the FRG;
October 3, 1990 -
official entry of the GDR into
Germany.
Walter
Ulbricht
E. Honecker

The conditions for economic recovery in the GDR were
much heavier than in the Federal Republic of Germany: on the East
the front of the Second World War were more
fierce battles, which resulted in huge
destruction, a significant proportion of deposits
minerals and enterprises of heavy
industry ended up in Germany, more than
the reparations of the USSR were also a heavy burden.
However, by 1950, industrial production
in the GDR reached the level of 1936, and during the I
five-year plan has exceeded it twice.

The Berlin Crisis of 1953 led to the fact that
instead of levying reparations, the USSR began to provide
GDR economic aid.

In the context of aggravated foreign policy
the situation around the German question and mass
the exodus of qualified personnel from the GDR to
West Berlin August 13, 1961 began
construction of a system of barrage structures
between the GDR and West Berlin -
"Berlin Wall".

Berlin Wall symbol "cold"
wars

In the early 1970s. started
gradual normalization
relations between two
the German states. IN
June 1973 Treaty entered into force
on the basics of relations between the GDR
and the Federal Republic of Germany, signed in 1972.
Willie Brandt and Alexey Kosygin
sign the "Moscow Treaty":
Germany and the USSR undertake not to apply
force to resolve disputes and thus
way, recognize the inviolability
existing boundaries. Bonn recognizes
GDR as the second equal German
state. In addition, in the Moscow
the agreement contains the obligation of Germany
recognize Poland's western border by
Oder and Neisse.

1972 "Inter-German" treaty

In September 1973 the GDR became
full member of the UN
and other international
organizations. November 8, 1973
GDR officially recognized
Germany and established with her
diplomatic
relationship.
Helmut Schmidt and Erich
Honecker

In the second half of the 1980s, economic growth began to grow in the country.
difficulties, in the fall of 1989 a socio-political crisis arose, in
As a result, the SED leadership resigned (October 24 - E. Honnecker,
November 7 - V. Shtof). The new Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED on November 9 adopted
the decision to allow GDR citizens to travel abroad privately without
good reason, resulting in a spontaneous fall
"Berlin Wall".

After the victory of the CDU in the elections on March 18, 1990, the new
the government of Lothar de Mezieres began intensive
negotiations with the FRG government on German
associations. In May and August 1990, two Treaties were signed,
containing the conditions for the accession of the GDR to the FRG. 12-th of September
1990 in Moscow signed the Agreement on the final
settlement in respect of Germany, which contained
solutions on the whole range of issues of German
associations: "2 + 4"

In accordance with the decision of the People's Chamber of the GDR
joined the Federal Republic of Germany on October 3, 1990.

As a result, and to
present time for
the territory of the former GDR
economic difficulties
not overcome, more
addition level
unemployment reached 20%
(as opposed to 5%, e.g. in
Bavaria). Persists
subsidizing eastern
lands western.

Berlin

Poland

Polish People's Republic -
the official name of Poland from 1946 to
1989 year.

"Provisional government of the national
unity ", formed in June 1945 and
recognized by the allies, was de facto under
communist control, and elections,
carried out by him in January 1947,
legitimized the communist government. IN
London until 1990 continued
exist the Polish government in
exile.

The last major Jewish pogrom took place
in 1946 in Kielce, and it was attended by
Polish police and military. Holocaust and
anti-Semitic atmosphere of the post-war years
caused a new round of emigration from Poland.
Departure of Jews, deportation of Germans from
German lands annexed to Poland, and
also the establishment of new borders with the USSR and
population exchange with him made Poland
practically a mono-ethnic state.

The established regime in Poland,
which was led by the Polish
united workers' party under
the leadership of the Stalinist Boleslav
Biruta, suppressed the anti-communist
partisan movement,
led by the Home Army, and
according to the Soviet model and with the help
Soviet specialists established
the system of terror and repression, the main
the instrument of which was the secret
police - Ministry
public safety.

Poznań Unrest 1956
(Poznanski Czerwiec), one of the most
dramatic social conflicts in
history of the NDP, which arose on the basis of a sharp
worsening financial situation
workers and employees of enterprises
Poznan June 28, 1956. Tens of thousands
workers, employees and students gathered
in front of the buildings of the provincial people's
Council and Voivodship Committee of the Polish
United Workers' Party (PUWP),
to state your claims. Part
extremist youth
attacked the prison, freed
prisoners and seized weapons,
tried to get control
state security and police. Tied up
shootout; as a result, more than
70 people, including military personnel.
The excesses were suppressed by the army
units using tanks. At the first stage of the event in
Events in Poznan accelerated development
Poznan developed peacefully
the general Polish crisis, deepened
distrust of the general public in
the ruling regime.

In 1956, after XX
Congress of the CPSU, Bierut was
retired, his
place was taken by Vladislav
Gomulka himself recently
released from prison.
Gomulka succeeded
settle the situation, and
then erupted
uprising in Budapest
turned attention
Moscow to Hungary.

Student
riots in Warsaw.
1968
Liberalization trend associated with the first decade
the reign of Gomulka, ended in 1968, after
suppression of student demonstrations and proclamation
chauvinist "anti-Zionist" campaign, as a result
which the majority of Jews remaining in Poland
was forced to leave the country.

December 1970
after the price increase for
goods of folk
consumption and
caused by this
strikes and mass
unrest in Gdansk,
Gdynia and Szczecin,
Gomulka has been replaced
Edward Gerek.

Gerek's government actively took
loans both in the West and from the USSR, which
at first contributed to the growth
economy, but by the end of the 70s., having made
debt burden unbearable (by 1980
debt reached 20 billion
dollars), plunged the country into
socio-economic crisis. WITH
the beginning of the crisis coincided with the election
Cardinal Wojtyła of Krakow
pope under the name John
Paul II in October 1978, extremely
heated situation in the country, in
which the Catholic Church was
influential force and stronghold
resistance to the authorities.

July 1, 1980 the government
forced out of necessity
pay debts enter a regime
all possible savings, raised prices for
meat. The result was a wave of strikes
practically paralyzed by the end
August Baltic coast and for the first time
which closed the coal mines of Silesia.
The government was forced to go to
concessions to the strikers. August 31, 1980
workers of the shipyard them. Lenin in Gdansk,
headed by the electrician Lech Walesa,
signed an agreement with the government
of 21 points ", which terminated
strike; similar agreements were
signed in Szczecin and Silesia.
The key terms of these agreements
was a guarantee of workers' rights to create
independent trade unions and strikes.
After that, it arose and acquired
great influence nationwide
movement "Solidarity", the leader
whom Walesa became.

After that Gerek was replaced at the post
First Secretary Stanislav Kanei.
The communist government was losing
control over the situation. USSR
concentrated on the borders with Poland
their troops. In February 1981
Defense Minister General Wojciech
Jaruzelski was appointed Prime Minister, and in October - General
party secretary, concentrating in their
the hands of the three posts of the highest
state significance.
December 12-13, 1981 Jaruzelski
introduced martial law in force
until July 1983. All activists
"Solidarity" were "interned".
In the process of suppressing opposition
from 15 to 20 people died.
Representatives come to power in 1989
trade union association
"Solidarity", which was under
banned in 1981-1989.

Warsaw

Romania

Socialist Romania
existed from 1947 to 1989. WITH
December 30, 1947 to 1965 she
bore the name of the Romanian People's
Republic, and from 1965 to 1989 -
Socialist Republic
Romania. As a result of the revolution in
December 1989 dictatorship of Nicolae
Ceausescu was eliminated and
Socialist Republic of Romania
ceased to exist.

In 1944, after the overthrow of the dictatorship
Antonescu and Romania's entry into the Soviet
sphere of influence, the situation has changed dramatically.

After a short
government boards
under the leadership of the general
K. Sanatescu (23 August
1944 - October 16
1944) and General N.
Radescu (December 6, 1944 -
March 6, 1945) Soviet
Union nominates
the first minister of “his
man "- P. Storm.

P. Groza's government set a course for
communist ideologization
country, and greatly contributed to
that in the elections in November 1946
the communists won.
After a confident victory
communist forces began
arrests of opposition leaders. King
Romania's Mihai I renounced
throne, the institution of the monarchy was
liquidated.
December 30, 1947 was
People's Republic proclaimed
Romania.
Mihai the First

First of all, the new leaders spent
nationalization of almost all private
institutions. In 1949-1962 was
violent
collectivization. Only in the late 1940s -
in the early 50s, about 80 thousand were arrested
peasants.
According to the Stalinist model,
industrialization. A special
organ - State Committee on
planning guided by
carried out by the then head of Romania
Georgiu-Dej. By 1950, industry
rose to the pre-war level. The main
priorities towards the end of the 1950s are
chemical, metallurgical and
energy industry. There
invested about 80% of all
capital investment.

Gheorghiu-Dej, who was a staunch Stalinist, was engaged in
removal from leadership positions, all their possible political
opponents. So, in 1948, Deja's main rival, L.
Patrashkanu. In 1952, the entire "Moscow faction" of the party was eliminated
(Anna Pauker, Vasile Luca and Teohari Grigorescu), and in 1957 was eliminated and
the last rival, M. Constantinescu.
After Stalin's death, relations between the USSR and Romania became more complicated, from the end
1950s foreign policy Dej adhered to the principles of nationalism
and balancing between West and East.

The Romanian leadership has achieved significant
political and economic autonomy in
socialist camp. For example, in 1959-
1960s, special
agreements with France, Great Britain and
USA, which allowed Romania to penetrate
to Western European markets. Also from CPP
Soviet troops were withdrawn.

In 1965, after the death of Dej, the first
Nicolae was elected secretary of the RCP
Ceausescu.
His first steps were liberal
character, in particular, he rehabilitated L.
Patrashkanu and other members of the Communist Party
Romania, repressed in the 40-50s.
Also in 1965, a new
constitution (among other things, was
new symbols and name approved
countries).
Ceausescu developed foreign policy
the Deja line, noted in the 1960s
improving relations with the West, and
gaining substantial independence from
East. Ceausescu established
diplomatic relations with the FRG, in
Romania was visited by the President of France
Charles de Gaulle and the USA - Richard Nixon,
twice the leader of Romania traveled to the USA
and once to the UK.

N. Ceausescu with
wife
During the events of August 1968, Romania sharply
condemned the actions of the USSR and those involved in the operation
countries of the Warsaw Pact. However, in the 70s, Romania
moved away from the liberalism of the previous decade; in
Ceausescu's personality cult was implanted in the country.

Ceausescu's economic policy was
to bridge the industrial gap with developed
countries for which a decision was made on loans taken
from international financial institutions, to force
building a powerful industry, however, the calculation is based on
the plan turned out to be wrong, the implemented projects
turned out to be unprofitable, and to cover the debts it was necessary
resort to extreme economy, the consequence of which
there was a drop in the living standards of the population and, naturally
a sharp increase in social tension in the country.

While the country was starving and suffering
from lack of basic necessities, family
Ceausescu bathed in luxury. These fur coats in
the hands of the rebels belonged to Elena
Ceausescu

By order of Ceausescu, a significant part of the old
Bucharest was demolished for the construction of grandiose
administrative buildings. Palace of the Republic.

Ceausescu encouraged large families, divorces and
abortion was banned, one of the consequences
what became discovered after its collapse
orphanages, from the sight of which it became bad
even seasoned military reporters.

On the savings in the years of Ceausescu: against the backdrop of a frenzied
economy and the developing crisis in socialist
countries, the socio-economic situation of Romania
turned out to be deplorable: it was impossible to buy in the country
milk and bread, not to mention meat. During the day in the cities and
the villages turned off the light, the most severe
the limit on the use of electricity.

In December 1989, an attempt to evict the popular Hungarian clergyman L. Tekesh from his home led
to the popular demonstrations in Timisoara, which became the starting point
revolution that ended with the overthrow of the Ceausescu regime and
the establishment of a multi-party democratic system of government.

During the December events against the demonstrators, at first in
Timisoara, then organs were involved in Bucharest
state security and the army, which in the process went over to the side
speakers. Defense Minister V. Mila, according to the official
the statement, "committed suicide." Soon to the side
the rebels went over even the major ranks of state security, in
in particular, General M. Kitsak, just a few days before the revolution
led the suppression of the performance in Timisoara.

Ceausescu fled Bucharest but was captured
army units near the city
Targovishte, and by the verdict of the military tribunal,
which lasted only a few hours, together with
was shot by his wife.
Elena Ceausescu applauds
husband during the last
Congress of the Romanian Communist Party in
November 1989 a month later both
they were executed by sentence
military tribunal

Czechoslovakia

The defeat of Nazism in 1945 led to the restoration of
Czechoslovak statehood on the former territory (for
with the exception of Subcarpathian Rus, in the same year transferred
together with part of the Slovak Kralevohlmec region (Chop and
neighborhood) of the Ukrainian SSR).

Benes became president again.
Germans and Hungarians were
deported from the country. At
support of the USSR gained strength
Communist party
Czechoslovakia, which came to
authorities in February 1948

In the summer of the same year gone
resign Benes (soon he
died) was replaced by a communist
Clement Gottwald. In the country
the usual
eastern european
communist regime,
first five years
accompanied by
repression modeled on
Stalinist.

Some liberalization was associated with almost
the simultaneous death of Stalin and Gottwald in
March 1953 and Khrushchev's reforms in the USSR. WITH
1960 The Czechoslovak Republic became known as
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
(Czechoslovakia).

In 1968, an attempt at reform
political system (Prague Spring) was
suppressed by the troops of the Warsaw Pact
(Operation Danube).

Demonstration in Helsinki against the invasion
Soviet troops to Czechoslovakia

In particular, a demonstration took place on Red Square
August 25, 1968 in support of independence
Czechoslovakia. Demonstrators unfurled posters with
slogans "At 'zije svobodne a nezavisle Ceskoslovensko!"
("Long live free and independent
Czechoslovakia! ")," Shame on the invaders! "," Hands off
Czechoslovakia! ”,“ For your and our freedom! ”,“ Freedom for Dubcek !.
The demonstration was suppressed, the slogans were
qualified as defamatory, demonstrators
were convicted.

Self-immolation
perfect by Ryszard
Sivets at the "Stadium
Decade "as a sign
protest against occupation
Czechoslovakia. After
Sivets Jan Palach and others
expressed their protest
self-immolation.

Jan Palach is a Czech Marxist student who protest
against military intervention
Soviet Union and other countries
Warsaw Pact in
Czechoslovakia, Jan 16, 1969
doused himself with gasoline, committed
self-immolation near the National
Museum on Wenceslas Square in
Prague.
Died 3 days later in a special
clinic. Sculptor student
Olbram Zubek removed from him
death mask. The 25th of January
burial of Palach in the cemetery
Olshany grew into
demonstration.

In Czechoslovakia itself, the result was a large
a wave of emigration (about 300,000 people, in
mostly highly qualified
specialists).
When invading 72 citizens of Czechoslovakia
killed, hundreds injured. 1969 in Prague
students Jan Palach and Jan Zayitz at intervals of
month committed self-immolation in protest
against the Soviet occupation. In 1969
A. Dubchek at the post The Secretary General CC
The CPC was replaced by Gusak.

The suppression of the Prague Spring increased
disappointment of many Western
left circles in the theory of Marxism-Leninism and
contributed to the growth of ideas of "Eurocommunism"
among the leadership and members of Western
communist parties - later
which led to a split in many of them.
Ten years later, the Prague spring gave its name
the same period of Chinese political
liberalization, known as the "Beijing
Spring".

For the next twenty years
when the country was ruled by
Gustav Husak, were
marked by politics
"Normalization"
(political stagnation during
economic
stimulation).

In 1989, the communists lost
power as a result of the Velvet
revolution, and led the country
dissident writer Wenceslas
Havel is the last president
Czechoslovakia and the first
President of the Czech Republic.

In the last two years of its existence, the country was officially called
Czecho-Slovakia (entirely - Czech-Slovak Federative
Republic), in the last six months - the Czech Republic and Slovakia
(completely - the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic).
On January 1, 1993, the country peacefully disintegrated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia,
there was a so-called "Velvet divorce" (by analogy with
Velvet Revolution).

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia became a socialist federation
of the six union republics under the names
Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (since
1945), Federal People's Republic
Yugoslavia (FPRY) (from 1946), Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) (c
1963).

During World War II, Yugoslavia fought on the side
Anti-Hitler coalition, was occupied by Germany and its
allies and dismembered, fought against the invaders
numerous partisan detachments.
Fighting the Nazis, the head of the communist movement Josip Broz
Tito found a common language both with the West and at first with the USSR, and
taking advantage of this, he dealt with members of other partisan
movements, primarily Chetniks. Tito's advantage was
the multinational composition of his movement, while other movements
were national.

In the early post-war years of Tito
proposed the creation of the "Great
Yugoslavia "as part of the implementation
plans for the Balkan
Federation considered by him
together with Stalin and Dimitrov.
Tito expected to form
socialist federation with
central government of Belgrade from
the territory of the "First Yugoslavia", and
also Bulgaria and Albania as
federal republics.
They were not implemented due to the arisen
disagreements with the leadership of Albania and
Bulgaria, and then the break with
Stalin.

Although after Stalin's death, these differences were partially
eliminated, Yugoslavia did not become a member of the Organization
The Warsaw Pact, but on the contrary, in opposition to it, created
Non-Aligned Movement. During the reign of Tito
Yugoslavia served as a mediator between the West and
the most notorious communist regimes
(Maoist China, Pol Pot Kampuchea).
Josip Broz Tito's regime played on the contradictions between
states of capitalist and socialist
systems, which allowed Yugoslavia in the post-war
decades to develop quite rapidly.

Death was a factor in the collapse of the Yugoslav federation
Tito and the fiasco carried out by his successors
national politics, disintegration of world
socialist system, the surge of nationalism in
Europe (and not only in the countries of the Central Eastern region).
In view of growing national divisions over
Tito's will after his death as president of the country
was abolished, and the Presidium stood at the head of the country, members
which (the heads of the union republics and autonomous
regions) replaced each other in turn every year.

Short-term economic miracle in the mid-1980s
biennium ended in rapid inflation and collapse
economy, which led to an exacerbation of relations between
economically more developed Croatia and Slovenia, and
the rest of the republics.
In 1990, all six republics of the SFRY were
local elections were held. Victory on them everywhere
won by the nationalist forces.
During the civil war and disintegration from the Bolshoi
Yugoslavia at the end of XX century separated four out of six
union republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Macedonia). Then to the territory
first Bosnia and Herzegovina and then an autonomous province
UN peacekeeping forces entered Kosovo under
the leadership of the United States.

In Kosovo, under the pretext of a settlement according to
the UN mandate of the interethnic conflict between the Serbian
and the Albanian population, the United States and its allies spent
military operation to capture and de facto separation
from Yugoslavia and Serbia of this autonomous region, which
ended up under UN protectorate. Meanwhile
Yugoslavia, in which at the beginning of the XXI century there were two
republic, turned into Lesser Yugoslavia (Serbia
and Montenegro). Today, after the
referendum on independence in Montenegro, the last
the remnants of the former federation are history, Serbia and
Montenegro also became independent states.

Socialist camp

Socialist camp - ideological and
political term (political cliché),
used in the USSR and others
socialist countries to designate the USSR
and friendly countries that have become
"Socialist way of development".

Countries that were part of the "socialist camp"

Bulgaria
Hungary
Vietnam
GDR
Laos
Mongolia
Poland
Romania
USSR
Cuba
DPRK
Czechoslovakia

Socialist countries that emerged from the "socialist camp" before the collapse of the world socialist system

Albania (since 1961)
China (since mid 1960s)
Yugoslavia

Socialist community

After the breakdown of relations between the USSR and Albania,
China in the USSR adopted the term
"Socialist Commonwealth". Into it
included 10 socialist countries, except for China, North
Korea, Albania and Yugoslavia, although these countries
were considered socialist.
In 1975, Laos became socialist, then
Vietnam.

Common features of socialist countries

Power in the state belonged to one party (but in
Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, several
parties that did not have real power, subordinate
communists.
Total control over all spheres of public
life on the part of the party and state security agencies.
Planned Economy.
Mainly state ownership of funds
production, with some exceptions allowed
small private property.
Ideologization of society.
Militarization.

Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe

In the late 80s. in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe
there was a wave of democratic revolutions that eliminated
monopoly power of the ruling communist parties, replacing it
a democratic form of government. Revolutions unfolded
almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but there were
in different forms... So, in most countries, the change of government
occurred peacefully (Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
Bulgaria), in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising.
Democratic revolutions were necessary condition for
subsequent transformations in the field of economic relations.
They began to recover everywhere
market relations,
the process of denationalization proceeded quickly,
the national economic structure was changing, an increasing role
private capital began to play.
These processes continue today, reinforced by the victory
democratic forces in the USSR in August 1991

China policy

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors faced the task of leaving
from the deepest crisis into which the country "cultural
revolution. "He was found on the path of radical restructuring
structures of social and economic relations. During
economic reform, which began in the fall of 1979, managed to achieve
significant results in economic development... Based
liquidation of communes, distribution of land to peasants was restored
the worker's interest in the results of labor. Introduction of market
relations in the countryside was accompanied by no less radical reforms
in industry. The role of the state
planning and administrative control over production,
the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged,
the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. has undergone changes.
The directors of state-owned enterprises received a fairly broad
independence in the matter of free disposal of unscheduled
products, up to entering the foreign market, issuing shares and
loans to expand over-production. To some
the system of state and party
apparatus, law enforcement agencies and, above all, the army. In other words,
began to soften the harsh totalitarian regime.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. in the PRC, an unprecedented pace
economic growth (12-18% per year), a sharp improvement in living
level, new positive phenomena in public life.
A distinctive feature of the Chinese reforms was the preservation
traditional socialist management model, which is inevitable
highlighted the problems of socio-political and
ideological character in the late 80s. Today the Chinese
the leadership adheres to the concept of building "socialism with
Chinese characteristics ", apparently trying to avoid
deep social upheavals and collisions experienced by Russia
and other countries of the former MCC. China is on the way
building market relations, bourgeois liberalization, but with
known taking into account civilizational characteristics and national
traditions.

Vietnam. Laos. Mongolia. North Korea.

Like the Chinese way of reforming the economy and
social life goes to Vietnam and Laos. Modernization brought
known positive results, but less tangible than in
China. Perhaps this is due to their later entry into
a band of market transformations, a lower baseline,
heavy legacy of long military policy... Is not
exception and Mongolia. Following in the wake of market reforms,
liberalization of public relations, it is not only active
attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives
national traditions.
A completely immobile, unreformed country from the former
camp of socialism and today remains North Korea. Here
the system of essentially personal dictate of the Kim Il clan is preserved
Hay. Obviously, this country will not be able to stay in
a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with
most of the states of the world.

Cuba

The situation in one more country of the former MSS remains rather complicated -
Cuba. During the short history of socialism, this island state in general
outlines the path traveled by most of the MCC countries. Having lost
their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of
building socialism, remains faithful to the Marxist ideals, while
how the country is experiencing increasing economic and social
difficulties. Cuba's situation is also exacerbated as a result of
the ongoing confrontation with the liberation revolution
powerful United States.
As a result of the collapse of the world socialist system, a line has been drawn under more
than the 40-year totalitarian period in the history of most countries
Of Eastern Europe. The balance of power has not undergone significant changes
only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently goes into
non-existence is a bloc system of relations in the world arena as a whole.
However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within
MCC, in our opinion, cannot pass without a trace. Obviously in perspective
inevitably, the establishment of relations between former allies, and often
and close neighbors with common geographic boundaries, but already on
the basis of a new balance of interests, an indispensable consideration of the national,
civilizational specificity and mutual benefit.

Info

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/vs
em_ist / 18.php
www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1580251,00.html
news.bbc.co.uk/.../newsid_4688000/4688240.st
m
n-europe.eu/content/?p=3816
booknik.ru/news/?id=26577
hronos.km.ru/biograf/bio_ch/chaushesku.html
http://www.turbo.adygnet.ru/2006/yserbinina_ol
y / pages / rymunia.htm

arose after the Second World War with the expansion of socialism beyond the borders of one country. Its emergence was an important factor in the weakening and narrowing of the sphere of influence of imperialism. Further development of military-political, economic, ideological relations of the socialist countries of Eastern Europe led to the formation of the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which actually consolidated the formation of a community of socialist countries with common ideological, political, economic positions, united by the common goal of building socialism and communism. M. s. with. and the world socialist community - concepts of the same type, provided that the states that are part of the M. s. with., the communist and workers' parties, leading them, go in agreement with each other political course and adhere to common ideological views on the world social process and on the construction of socialism and communism. In most socialist countries, their affiliation with M. s. with. fixed in constitutional and policy documents. For example, in the Constitution - the Basic Law of the Soviet State - it is written: “The USSR as component the world socialist system, the socialist community develops and strengthens friendship and cooperation, comradely mutual assistance with the socialist countries on the basis of the principle of socialist internationalism, actively participates in economic integration and in the international socialist division of labor ”(Article 30). The beginning of M.'s education with. with. laid the Great October Socialist Revolution. During its existence, socialism has significantly changed the political picture of the world. If in 1917-19. it accounted for up to 8% of the population, 16% of the territory and less than 3% of world industrial production, then in 1981 these figures are, respectively, about 33%, more than 26% and more than 40%. The growth of the socialist system is historically accomplished through the all-round development of each of its member countries and all of them together, as well as through the expansion of its composition as a result of the irreversible objective process of more and more countries falling away from world capitalism. Each socialist country has its own rate of economic development. But objectively natural is the more rapid growth of countries that in the past lagged behind in their development, which is necessary to equalize economic levels within the framework of M. s. with. Alignment of social and economic conditions within the framework of M. s. with. is a lengthy process. We must also take into account the fact that with the transition to the socialist path of new countries, differences in the socio-economic order will again and again arise, associated with the non-simultaneity of socialist revolutions and with differences in the levels of development of the productive forces, economy, and culture. The further development of the productive forces and production relations, the correct policy of the Marxist-Leninist parties make it possible, in conditions of community social order, the coincidence of the fundamental interests and goals of the socialist countries to ensure the overcoming of difficulties, the elimination of existing differences. Socialist countries are sovereign states. Their unity is conditioned by the expansion and deepening of their mutual cooperation (bilateral and multilateral) on the basis of comradely mutual assistance and mutual benefit. Socialist development, having gone beyond the boundaries of one state, naturally gave rise to international cooperation between the peoples of the new world in order to rapidly raise the economy, culture, and the well-being of the working people, jointly defend their gains, and oppose imperialism, which is trying to divide the peoples of the countries of Moscow. sec., ensuring peace, creating the most important international conditions for building a classless society. A special sphere of international economic, political, ideological, and cultural ties arose (see Socialist Integration). The political consolidation and economic integration of the socialist countries is an immutable law of the development of each of them and the development of socialist countries. with. generally. Neglect of this law, ignorance of the need for fraternal cooperation, refusal to use the advantages and capabilities of M. s. with. means a break with socialist internationalism, with Marxism-Leninism, a transition to the position of nationalism. Close all-round cooperation of the socialist countries allows us to consider M. s. with. not as a simple arithmetic sum of states with the same type of socio-political structure, but as a new world socio-economic organism, emerging and developing according to its own special laws. Economic interaction of the states of M. with. with. contributes not only to the economic, but also to the social leveling of countries, that is, the overcoming of differences in their class structure, which is one of the most important prerequisites for the international rapprochement of the peoples of the socialist countries. “The CPSU and other fraternal parties are taking a course to turn the next two five-year plans into a period of intensive industrial, scientific and technical cooperation between the socialist countries. Life itself sets the task - to supplement the coordination of plans with coordination economic policy generally. The agenda also includes such issues as the rapprochement of the structures of economic mechanisms, the further development of direct ties between ministries, associations and enterprises participating in cooperation, the creation of joint firms, other forms of combining our efforts and resources are possible "(Materials of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, p. . 7-8).

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

1 slide

Slide Description:

The world system of socialism The formation of the world system of socialism Stages of development of the world system of socialism The disintegration of the world system of socialism

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The first country in the history of mankind that built socialism - Soviet Russia On December 29, 1922, the RSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine and the republics of the Caucasus signed an agreement on the formation of a new state - the USSR.

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The departure of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to South-Eastern Europe and Asia laid the foundations for the emergence of a community of countries, which was called the "world socialist system" (WSS). In the late 80s. the world socialist system included 15 states, occupying 26.2% of the world's territory and accounting for 32.3% of the world population.

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How it all began? After a long struggle with the Chinese occupiers and Russian White Guards in 1921, Mongolia achieved with the help of Soviet Russia independence. After the death of the last lama (in fact, the monarch), the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 6, 1924, a constitution was adopted, proclaiming the Supreme People's Assembly as the supreme body of state power.

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The spread of socialism in Europe As a result of the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, a course towards socialist transformations was taken. Today there are rather heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of researchers are inclined to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partially agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be borne in mind that in 1945-1946. in these countries, broad democratic transformations were carried out, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored.

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The concept of the socialist camp was implemented in the conclusion of treaties of friendship and post-war cooperation. Already at the turn of war and peace, it is possible to ascertain on the world arena a group of countries that, in essence, were a real military-political bloc. The basis of the relationship is the relationship of the communist parties with the USSR.

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The emerging system included 3 components: the fundamental unity of the socio-political goals of the regime that existed in the USSR and the communist parties in Eastern European countries; 2) partial non-coincidence of some specific interests of each of the parties - were limited in their manifestations; 3) the hierarchy of relations within the camp: the USSR is the leading center.

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Capitalism was unambiguously presented only as "the path of peoples' suffering", while the march of state socialism was portrayed as cloudless and triumphant. As a result, the "camp of socialism" appeared, opposed to the "camp of capitalism", and the division of the world economy into "two farms" was "theoretically" fixed.

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Timing of transformations Socialist transformations began in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after the liberation. In the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe, the new course began to be implemented from the moment of the establishment of essentially undivided power of the national communist parties, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947).

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An "example" of socialist construction: comprehensive state control of industrial sectors of the economy; compulsory cooperation, essentially the nationalization of the agricultural sector; the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade: the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc .; blind copying by the party leadership of the European socialist countries of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruel dictate against the communist leadership of these countries.

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Negative consequences of forced transformations The accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic imbalances, which affected the rate of elimination of the consequences of the post-war devastation, deplorably reflected in the growth of the living standards of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Forced cooperation of the countryside, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of crafts, trade and services, sharply reduced the production of consumer goods. The entrepreneurs who lost their property found themselves in opposition to the "people's power". The countries of "people's democracies" have repeatedly experienced powerful socio-political crises. The authorities immediately reacted, suppressing resistance to the new order. In 1953-1956. in Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic and Czechoslovakia, anti-government actions took place, which caused an increase in the state's repressive policy in relation to all dissent.

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Self-governing socialism of Yugoslavia In Yugoslavia, a model of self-governing socialism was created, which assumed in general terms the following: economic freedom of labor collectives within enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; rejection of compulsory cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc .; preservation of the monopoly of the Communist Party in certain spheres of political and public life. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist construction scheme was the reason for its practical isolation from the USSR and its allies for a number of years.

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European camp of socialism Socialist Republic of Albania (NSRA) People's Republic of Bulgaria (NRB) Hungarian People's Republic (Hungary) German Democratic Republic (GDR) Polish People's Republic (PPR) Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( Czechoslovakia) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

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Asian socialist camp Mongolia (MPR 1924-1992) China (PRC since 1949) Korea (DPRK since 1948) Vietnam (DRV since 1945, SRV since 1976) Laos (since 1975 Lao PDR) And etc.

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The Asian camp of socialism After the victory of the Chinese democratic revolution, the defeat of the army of Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975), on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. Under the direction of The communist party China and with great help from the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformations.

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"Great Leap Forward" The concept of the forced construction of socialism by Mao Zedong (1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even harsher form. The overriding task was to strive to catch up and overtake the USSR through a sharp breakdown in social relations, the use of the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. repression against dissidents, stretching until the death of Mao.

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Vietnam The most authoritative force leading the struggle for independence in Vietnam was the Communist Party. Its leader Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) headed in September 1945 the interim government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist direction of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the conditions of an anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the United States (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975.

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North Korea Korea gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided into two in 1948. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea- USA. IN North Korea(DPRK), the dictatorial regime of Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) was established, which carried out the construction of a barracks society, closed from the outside world, based on the most severe dictatorship of one person, total nationalization of property, everyday life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to reach in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction thanks to the development of the foundations of the industry laid down by the Japanese conquerors and a high culture of work, combined with the most severe industrial discipline.

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Laos During World War II, Laos was occupied by the Japanese, and in 1949 gained independence within the kingdom, led by King Sisavang Wong. After the end of the Vietnam War, the United States ceased military activities in Indochina. The civil war in Laos ended in February 1973 with the signing of the Vientiane Agreement. Violating the agreement, the forces of Pathet Lao took power in the country into their own hands in December 1975. On December 2, 1975, King Sawang Vathana was forced to abdicate. With the support of the USSR and Vietnam, the Lao People's Democratic Republic was formed in 1975, which entered the socialist camp.

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Asia, Africa, America Europe - People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (ANDR) - People's Republic of Angola (NRA) Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) People's Republic of Benin (NRB) Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) People's Democratic Republic of Yemen-People's Republic of Kampuchea ( NRC) -People's Republic of China (PRC) -People's Republic of Congo (NRK) -Korean People's Democratic Republic (DPRK) -Republic of Cuba-Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) -People's Republic of Mozambique (NRM) -People's Republic of Mongolia (MPR) ) -Democratic Republic of Somalia -People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) -Socialist Republic of Albania (NSRA) -People's Republic of Bulgaria (NRB) -Hungarian People's Republic (Hungarian People's Republic of Hungary) -German Democratic Republic (GDR) -Polish People's Republic (PNR) - Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR) - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) - Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) -Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

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The successes and contradictions of socialist construction In the late 50s, 60s, 70s. most of the ISS countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly visible, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist (command-administrative) model, which had become entrenched in all ISS countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning in the 50s. scientific and technological revolution. The stadial lag of social services has begun. countries from the world rate of development.

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Contradictions within the MSS Despite criticism of some of the ugliest features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left the regime of the undivided power of the party and state apparatus intact. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain the authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the MSS countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 1950s. and the protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the latter two countries have no less influenced the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

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The collapse of the "Prague Spring" Dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968. In response to the widespread social movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic and Poland, introduced its troops on August 21, 1968, into an essentially sovereign state under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counterrevolution." This action significantly undermined the authority of the MSS and clearly demonstrated the opposition of the party nomenclature to genuine, not declarative, transformations. The suppression of the Czechoslovak democratic movement undermined the authority of the SSR at the world level.

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The role of CMEA An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world socialist system can be considered the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. Economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the initially European socialist countries was carried out through CMEA. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the Warsaw Pact, created in May 1955.

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The tasks of the CMEA in 1949 - the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements in 1954 - a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of the participating countries in the 60s. - a number of agreements on specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor Large international economic organizations, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetall, Institute for Standardization, etc. Comprehensive program-cooperation and development of the CMEA member countries on the basis of integration.

World socialist system or World socialist system - social, economic and political community of the free sovereign states, following the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, by the bonds of international socialist solidarity. The countries of the world socialist system have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the rule of the people led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in defending revolutionary gains, in ensuring security against the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for world peace and in rendering assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a common goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance.

The emergence and rise of the world socialist system

The formation of the world socialist system in the middle of the 20th century was a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism, the collapse of the world capitalist system and the emergence of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. The emergence and development of the world socialist system constituted the most important objective result of the international revolutionary workers' and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social emancipation. It is a direct continuation of the cause of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of human transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 over fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, the liberation of the peoples of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Army from the fascist invaders and Japanese militarists accelerated the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism of new countries and peoples.

As a result of the powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of peoples in a number of countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-1949. the people's democratic and socialist revolutions won. From that time on, socialism went beyond the borders of one country and began the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system. In 1949, the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China won. At the turn of the 50-60s. XX century, the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere, Cuba, entered the world socialist system.

The countries of the world socialist system began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. Moreover, each of them had its own history, traditions, national specifics.

The world socialist system consisted of countries that had, even before the Second World War of 1939-1945, a large proletariat hardened in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gave rise to certain specific features in the forms of building socialism. In the presence of a world socialist system, socialist construction can be started and successfully carried out even by those countries that have not passed the capitalist stage of development, for example, the Mongolian People's Republic.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in the second half of the 20th century, a new, socialist type of international relations, which was based on the principle of socialist internationalism, gradually began to form in a number of European and Asian countries. This principle stems from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

During this period (60-80s of the XX century) the following 15 socialist countries were part of the world socialist system:

People's Socialist Republic of Albania (NSRA)

People's Republic of Bulgaria (NRB)

Hungarian People's Republic (Hungarian People's Republic of Hungary)

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

People's Republic of China (PRC)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)

Republic of Cuba

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)

Mongolian People's Republic (MPR)

Polish People's Republic (Poland)

Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia)

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

In addition to these countries, developing countries of socialist orientation, such as Afghanistan, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Kampuchea, Angola, People's Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Somalia (until 1977), Ethiopia, Nicaragua, also belonged to the world socialist system.

Current state

The bourgeois counter-revolutions of the late 20th century, caused by a number of objective reasons, led to the restoration of capitalism in Eastern Europe and the USSR and to the actual collapse of the world socialist system as a single community. In a number of Asian socialist countries that remained without friendly support, with a significant part of the petty-bourgeois mass (peasantry) in the 90s, negative processes also took up, which led to the curtailment of socialist transformations. Among these countries were China, Mongolia, Laos and Vietnam. In a number of these countries (China, Vietnam), the communist parties remained in power, which, while retaining their name, degenerated from workers into bourgeois ).

As a result, by the beginning of the 21st century, only two truly socialist (from an economic and political point of view) states remained in the world: in the Eastern Hemisphere - the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; in the West - the Republic of Cuba.

The imperialists of all countries are making a lot of efforts to break their resistance, for which they regularly impose economic sanctions. By means of an economic blockade, the "world community" led by the United States hopes to provoke popular discontent in these countries in order to overthrow the people's democratic governments and restore the rule of landowners and capitalists in them.

However, the working people of socialist Cuba and Korea clearly understand what a cunning and dangerous enemy they are dealing with, and they respond to all attempts of the imperialists to break their independence and striving for freedom by even more rallying their ranks around the Communist Party of Cuba and the Labor Party of Korea, more a great increase in vigilance, consciousness and discipline.

All over the world, societies are being created to support the struggle of the Cuban and Korean people for their freedom, for socialism. The peoples of these countries feel the support of the international communist and workers' movement.

At the beginning of the XXI century, there were tendencies in the world towards the restoration of the world socialist system. More and more countries are joining the ranks of fighters for socialism. In Latin America, Venezuela and Bolivia have chosen the socialist path of development. In 2006-2008. defeated the Maoist revolution in Nepal, as a result of which the monarchy was overthrown, and the communists won a majority in the Constituent Assembly. The fierce class struggle within these countries and the capitalist encirclement leads these countries to the idea of the need for cooperation to defend the revolution and their socialist course. Warm friendly relations have been established between Cuba, Venezuela and Bolivia, Venezuela and Belarus. Prospects for the creation of a unified anti-imperialist camp are emerging.