13.04.2016
The African continent became the last part of the earth's land (developed and colonized by Europeans). And this happened only in the 19th century. Close to Europe, Africa for a long time was of practically no interest to experienced navigators of the main maritime powers - Portugal, Spain, Holland, Great Britain, France. Fascinated by legends about the treasures of Asia, they were not interested in the territory ruled first by the Carthaginians, then by the Romans, and after them by the powerful Arabs.
Therefore, until the 15th century, only Muslim travelers were engaged in exploring Africa, especially its interior regions - first subjects of the Arab Caliphate, and then - Ottoman Empire. On European maps of that time, the southern part of Africa was depicted either too small - to the equator, or connected to Southern continent- mythical Terra Australis incognita.
Great voyages in search of a sea route to India forced attention to Africa. From the beginning of the 15th century, the Portuguese began to try to clarify the extent of the mainland, for which they sent numerous expeditions, increasingly moving away from the Iberian Peninsula. Their organization was led by the Portuguese infante Enrique (Henry), who was later called the Navigator for his services in establishing sea voyages along the West African coast.
Thanks to the financial support of Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese, starting in 1415, managed to advance to southern Africa. Until, finally, in 1488, Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope, beyond which the coastline turned northeast. Ten years later, another Portuguese, Vasco da Gama, was able to walk along the eastern coast of the mainland, cross the Indian Ocean and get to the treasured India.
However, the search for the southern tip of Africa and the study of its shores were carried out not only for this purpose. Enrique was also interested in trade with the peoples of Africa, which he wanted to conduct bypassing the Arabs. His active work bore fruit - before his death in 1460, he actually laid the foundation for the colonial power of Portugal. Moving along the African coast, the Portuguese landed on the shore and came into contact with the local population, trade and exchange of goods took place.
Penetration deep into Africa occurred slowly and, first of all, along river valleys. It began in 1455-1456 from the Gambia River valley, along which the Italians da Cadamosto and Uzodimare, who served Prince Enrique, passed. In 1482-1485, Diogo Can's ships ascended the Congo River twice, 100 and 150 km. However, exploration of land areas remote from the ocean was practically not carried out until the 19th century. Although the African coast has been controlled by the Portuguese since the 17th century, others European peoples also began to show interest in this continent.
The end of the 18th and 19th centuries was marked by several major expeditions and the names of travelers who visited various parts of the mainland. A Scot and trained surgeon, Mungo Park visited Africa twice, both times at the invitation of the African Association, created in London in 1788. On his first trip, his goal was to reach the sources of the Senegal and Gambia rivers and find the legendary city of Timbuktu.
Park managed to reach the southern border of the Sahara and explore the course of the Niger River, was captured by the Moors, fell ill with fever several times, but nevertheless returned home alive. He received an offer to participate in a new expedition in 1805 and accepted it with enthusiasm. 40 people set off to explore the Niger Valley, of which only 11 were able to reach the capital of Mali. On the way back, Mungo Park died in a skirmish with the Moors, but his diaries, which had been handed over to the guide in advance, were returned to his homeland.
The German naturalist Wilhelm Peters conducted a pre-planned study of the nature of Africa in 1842-1847. He visited Angola, Mozambique, Zanzibar, Madagascar and the Comoros, brought a large collection of specimens to Berlin and published a four-volume work on his trip. By the way, Peters was a foreign corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Another German, the geographer Heinrich Barth, set off from Tangier in 1845 and crossed the whole of North Africa by land, and in 1850 he participated in the expedition of the British explorer James Richardson of the Sahara. Bart was very interested in the culture and history of Africa, knew Arabic and was able to independently establish contacts with some Muslim scholars.
One of the most famous explorers of Africa was the Scotsman David Livingston (1813-1873), who devoted most of his life to this continent and died during one of his travels in the territory of modern Zambia. He crossed the Kalahari Desert, explored Lakes Ngami, Dilolo and Tanganyika (the latter with Henry Morton Stanley), and discovered Victoria Falls.
Among the Russian scientists of the 19th century, Vasily Junker, Yegor Kovalevsky, Alexander Eliseev visited the African continent with expeditions. From 1885 to 1900 between European countries A real battle for African lands began, military and research teams were sent to the continent one after another. As a result, by the beginning of the 20th century, Africa was not only significantly studied, but completely divided and colonized.
1. Working with a contour map:
a) write down the names and coordinates of the extreme points of Africa;
b) label large relief forms;
c) designate the climatic zones of Africa and label the main climate indicators for each zone;
d) label large rivers and lakes.
2. What is unique about the geographic location of Africa?
The unequal land area north and south of the equator, which is important in the manifestation of zonation of landscapes.
3. What assumptions about the nature of Africa can be made based on knowledge of its geographical location?
Hot and dry climate ( high temperatures, low precipitation), as a result - deserts.
4. How it will change geographical position Africa in millions of years, if the current direction of movement of lithospheric plates remains the same? What changes will occur in the climate of the continent?
The African-Arabian Plate, which underlies Africa, is moving northeast. Over 100 million years, Africa will advance 2300 km (2.3 cm/year) and will be located beyond the Caspian Sea. Its climate will be temperate continental, which means hot summers and cold winters.
5. Determine what place Africa occupies among the continents in terms of area.
6. Which traveler explored the following territories of Africa (place the numbers)?
7. Africa was explored by travelers and scientists from many countries, and among them there were especially many representatives of Great Britain. How do you explain this?
This is due to the large number of colonies that belonged to Great Britain in Africa.
8. Using the physical map of the atlas, determine where the border between “high” and “low” Africa lies.
From northeast to southwest
9. What landforms predominate on the mainland? Why?
Most of the continent is characterized by flat terrain. This is due to the old platform underlying the continent.
10. Using the physical map of Africa in the atlas, determine which objects the following heights belong to:
4165 m – Toubkal town;
5895 m – volcano. Kilimanjaro;
4620 m – Ras Dasheng city;
5199 m – Kenya;
2918 m – Takhat town.
11. Establish the patterns of distribution of sedimentary and igneous minerals on the continent. Fill the table.
Conclusion: minerals of sedimentary and igneous origin is located on the Atlantic coast.
12. What type of climate is most common in Africa? Why?
Tropical climate type, because The main part of the continent is located between the tropics.
13. What does it depend on:
a) distribution of air temperatures on the mainland
From the location of the climate zone;
b) precipitation distribution
- from air circulation.
14. By climate map Africa define:
a) the hottest – Dallol (Ethiopia);
b) the coldest – Sutherland (South Africa);
c) the driest is the Sahara Desert;
d) the most damp place mainland - Debunja (Cameroon).
15. Why is the hottest place in Africa not located on the equator?
The equatorial climate is very humid (it rains often), which reduces the air temperature. Scattered solar radiation also predominates.
16. Which climate zone is characterized by:
a) dry hot summers and cool wet winters - subtropical;
b) dry hot winter and humid hot summer - subequatorial.
17. In June, July, August belts atmospheric pressure over Africa they shift: a) to the north; b) to the south. Explain your answer choice.
b, because Over the course of a year, the intertropical convergence zone shifts relative to the equator by hundreds of kilometers to the hemisphere in which summer begins.
18. Explain the reasons for the unequal moisture content of the continental areas crossed by the Southern Tropic.
This is due to sea currents and air masses above them. (West coast: cold currents - less humid air; eastern: warm currents - more humid air).
19. Based on the climate map of Africa in the atlas, describe the climate of the following points.
20. The conditions of which climate zone in Africa are most favorable for the life of European settlers? Why?
Subtropical zone: hot (+27-28⁰С) dry summer, relatively warm winter(+10-12⁰С).
21. Why do most of the continent’s rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean?
This is due to the terrain - in the east (and southeast) there are high plateaus and mountains.
22. In what months of the year does the Zambezi River flood? Explain your answer.
December and January, March and April. At this time it rains, and the river is fed by rain.
23. Which river should you travel along to visit almost all of them? natural areas ah Africa?
24. By what features of African lakes can we judge the origin of their basins? Give examples.
By size, depth, coastal topography. For example, Tanganyika: elongated and narrow, deep, and therefore of tectonic origin.
25. Fill out the table using the textbook text and atlas maps.
26. What is the peculiarity of the location of natural zones on the continent?
Africa is one of the few places on Earth where geographic zoning follows all the rules.
27. Which natural areas are characterized by:
a) baobab, antelope, doum palm, marabou, cheetah
Savannah
b) oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi
Equatorial rain forests
c) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal
tropical desert
28. Identify the natural area from the description.
“The color of the African seasons is the same all year round - green. Only in one period the green color is pure and bright, and in another it is faded, as if faded... In the dry season, the earth turns into stone, the grass into sponge, the trees crack from lack of sap. And the very first rain brings nature back to life. Having greedily drunk water, the earth swells with moisture and generously gives it to trees, herbs, and flowers. They drink and drink and cannot get drunk... Almost every day the rain either lashes with a powerful stream or sprinkles with fine water dust. The air temperature drops, and local residents shrug their shoulders chillily and complain: “It’s cold!” When the thermometer shows 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that “frost” has arrived. They put on all the clothes they have, tie scarves around their heads, light fires in the streets, just to stop the trembling.” (L. Pochivalov)
Zone of humid equatorial forests.
29. Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of the equatorial forest.
Large amounts of precipitation; rapid decay caused by bacteria interferes with the accumulation of the humus layer.
30. Using arrows on the diagram, show the connections in natural complex tropical deserts.
31. On the territory of which natural zones in Africa the most national parks and nature reserves? Why?
Savannah, moist equatorial forests. These areas are home to a huge number of different animals.
32. What natural disasters happen on the mainland? What processes in the Earth's shells are they associated with?
Droughts, floods during the rainy season (atmosphere, biosphere).
33. Assess the consequences of increasing the area of the Sahara.
More desert means more dust storms; desertification of lands adjacent to the Sahara; changes in flora and fauna.
34. Draw up a connection design on a map diagram river systems Africa and justify its necessity.
It is important to ensure fresh water the population of North Africa for life, agricultural development (canals, water (river) networks will make it possible to irrigate the land).
35. Africa's population is approximately 1 billion Human.
36. On contour map us. 43 designate the largest peoples of the continent.
37. Mark these types on the contour map economic activity the continent's population, such as hunting, farming, and mining.
38. What peoples of Africa live:
a) in the deserts - Bantu, Bedouins, Tubu, Mosi;
b) in the savannas - Tutsi, Nilotes, Maasai;
c) in equatorial forests– pygmies;
d) on the highlands and plateaus - Somalis, Nilotes, Dinka.
39. In which countries are:
a) Zaire River - Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola;
b) volcano Cameroon - Cameroon;
c) Victoria Falls - Zambia, Zimbabwe;
d) Lake Tana - Ethiopia;
e) Kilimanjaro volcano - Tanasia;
f) Cape Mountains - South Africa;
g) the largest reservoir is Uganda;
h) Nile Delta - Egypt.
40. Give three examples for each group of countries.
The largest countries by area are Sudan, Algeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The smallest countries by area are Swaziland, Lesotho, and Gambia.
Landlocked countries - Chad, Niger, Mali.
The largest countries by population are Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countries, most of which lie in deserts, are Niger, Chad, Libya.
The countries most of which lie in the equatorial forests are the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Countries where altitudinal zones are pronounced are Lesotho, Swaziland, and Kenya.
41. What sources of knowledge and in what order should you use to create a description of a country?
1. Atlas
2. Textbook, encyclopedia
42. Write a description of one of the African countries in the form of a diagram, logical outline or series of drawings.
(according to the plan from the textbook, p. 313)
Egypt
1. North Africa, Cairo.
2. Mostly flat terrain; several plateaus are identified; lowest point: Qattara Depression - 133 m; the most high point: Mount St. Catherine (Sinai) 2629 m.
Minerals: oil, natural gas, iron ores, phosphates, limestone, manganese, zinc, lead.
3. Egypt is located within the subtropical (northern part) and tropical (most part) climatic zones, tropical desert climate prevails; average temperatures in July +29⁰С-+33⁰С, January +12-+15⁰С; The average annual precipitation reaches only 180 mm.
4. Largest river– Neil.
5. Desert and semi-desert zone (dust storms, low annual amount precipitation, high temperatures, sparse vegetation).
6. 98% of the population are Arabs (tourism, agriculture, light industry).
43. Reveal the dependence of the nature of the dwellings of one of the peoples of Africa on natural conditions. You can make drawings.
44. Is it true that the population of North African countries is engaged only in livestock breeding? Explain your answer.
It's not fair, because... The population of some North African countries is also engaged in agriculture.
45. Why is South Africa considered one of the most economically developed countries in Africa?
South Africa is an industrial-agrarian country that occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of gold, platinum, diamonds, manganese, chromium and antimony; there are oil refining enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy plants, and mechanical engineering enterprises; The tourism business is also developed.
46. Make a forecast for the economic development of the Sahara.
Land use in the Sahara: pastures with pockets of cultivated land, camel breeding.
Despite its rich history and culture, Africa remained a mystery for Europeans, which both attracted and frightened them. Its northern shores have long been part of the Mediterranean, but already a few steps to the south serious obstacles began: the endless Sahara, and beyond Sudan - tropical swamps, where the source of the Nile was supposedly hidden; the unbearably hot, disease-infested east coast; rivers with high steep banks and boiling rapids, which were almost impossible to cross. Not only the land was not hospitable, but also its inhabitants, who were hard to blame - they had been hunted by slave traders since time immemorial. The exploration of Africa began long before Europeans arrived there. Even around 450 BC. e. The Carthaginian Hanno passed the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar) and sailed along its western coast. The Romans walked the sands as far as Lake Chad and probably carried on brisk trade across the Sahara. And Chinese junks easily crossed the Indian Ocean and traded with the eastern coast of Africa. The Arabs penetrated deeper into the Dark Continent even further, and, most importantly, with greater benefit - having crossed the Sahara on camels and horses, they converted almost all of West Africa to Islam, and having reached the eastern coast on their sailing dhows, they built magnificent cities there. The city of Timbuktu became a center of Islamic learning, and Arab geographers traveled freely throughout the newly converted lands. One of them, El-Idrisi, compiled the famous map engraved in silver. The map was a bizarre mixture of valuable information with fiction and errors characteristic of cartography of those times. The first Europeans The era of the discovery of Africa by Europeans began in the 15th century, when the Portuguese walked along the entire western coast of the continent, rounded it in the south and proceeded further to India. To prevent rivals from trading in ivory, pepper, copper, gold and slaves, they founded a chain of fortified points along the entire coast. In 1514, António Fernandes, returning from a trip inland, told about the great kingdom of Zimbabwe, but neither his compatriots nor other Europeans followed him, preferring to trade with the interior regions through African intermediaries. A full hundred years passed before Gaspar Bocarrou discovered Lake Malawi. Among other forays deep into the Dark Continent was the journey of the English captain Thompson 600 km up the Gambia River. Like many European explorers of Africa, Thompson died en route. Even in the 18th century, most Europeans in Africa were traders or soldiers, not settlers. The exception was the Dutch, who founded a colony at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Finding the local climate tolerable, they slowly moved inland. Important changes in early European exploration of Africa there was no system. However, towards the end of the 18th century. the situation has changed. Britain was quickly becoming a leading trading nation and eagerly exploring overseas markets. Rejection of slavery grew in society, and a keen interest in Africa arose. Missionaries also sought to expand their field of activity. In addition, there was a colossal need for accurate knowledge about the world, the limits of which had visibly expanded. The works of the Scottish explorer James Bruce, especially his Voyages in Search of the Source of the Nile (1790), became a model of scientific description for geographers and a milestone on the path of Europeans to the heart of the Dark Continent. One of the signs of new times was the establishment in 1788 of the Society for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior of Africa. In 1795, the Society sent a young Scottish doctor named Mungo Parke to West Africa in search of the legendary Niger River. Niger found the park, but could not follow the current to the very mouth: having been captured by Arab sheikh, he suffered a lot of misadventures before he was able to get back to the coast and return to his homeland. Ironically, having survived a journey in which he was accompanied only by two servants, Park died in 1806 during a second, much better equipped expedition, along with all 45 of his companions. This part of Africa was nicknamed "the white man's grave." Many British travelers met their deaths here, including the brave Hugh Clapperton, who achieved well-deserved fame. His servant Richard Lander completed the mystery of the Niger in 1830, reaching the mouth of the river. Having gained access to the interior of northwestern Africa, the British stopped the slave trade in the region and founded a colony called Nigeria. At the beginning of the 19th century. Europeans - mainly French and Germans - actively explored North Africa, whose Muslim population was openly hostile to white Christians. The Frenchman Repé Caillet made one of the most daring journeys of the century. Leaving Sierra Leone in 1827, he disguised himself as an Egyptian and reached Timbuktu, and then successfully crossed Western Sahara.
Secrets and clues
Timbuktu disappointed the Europeans. They expected to see the mysterious capital of a huge empire, but the city had long been lost former greatness . Another mystery has surrounded the sources of the Nile since ancient times. In Ethiopia, James Bruce and other explorers discovered the source of the Blue Nile, but where another branch of the mighty river, the White Nile, began and where it flowed before emerging in the Sadd marshland south of Khartoum remained a mystery. In 1857, the Royal Geographical Society sent an expedition under the command of two army officers, Richard Burton and John Speke. Starting its journey in Zanzibar, the expedition painfully moved west for seven months. Many of the porters died; both leaders became seriously ill. Leaving a remote Arab trading post in the village of Tabora in February 1858, they became the first Europeans to reach Lake Tanganyika, which Burton believed was the source of the Nile, although many doubted his theory. On the way back, while Burton was recovering and writing his notes in Tabor, Speke, half blind from inflammation of the eye, went in search of a large lake, according to rumors, lying to the north of those places. So he reached the southern end of the huge body of water, to which he gave the name Victoria. Speke returned fully convinced that this lake was the source of the Nile. Stolen Glory Although Speke had no hard evidence, upon his return to England he confidently announced his discovery, stealing the glory from a fellow expedition member. Burton vehemently denied Speke's claims; the hostility that arose between these people was destined to have tragic consequences. In 1860, the Royal Geographical Society sent a second expedition, now with Speke as its leader, and Captain James Grant as his deputy. Having rounded Lake Victoria, Speke saw a waterfall carrying the waters of the lake to the north, and came to the conclusion that this is where the Nile begins. As before, it was just a guess, but this time it was correct. Returning to England from a grueling expedition that lasted two and a half years, Speke, despite his illness, agreed to speak out against Burton in an open debate. However, just before the start of the debate, Speke was found dead. He shot himself with a pistol, accidentally pulling the trigger or deciding to commit suicide in a moment of depression. On their way back north, Speke and Grant met an unusual couple of explorers near Gondokoro - Samuel Baker and his Hungarian wife, Florence. Armed with information received from Speke and Grant, the Bakers moved south and discovered another unknown body of water, which they named Lake Alberta in honor of Queen Victoria's husband. Sailing along its shores, they proved that the Nile flows into this lake and then flows out of it again at Murchison Falls. Explorers-missionaries Among the wives of explorers, Florence Baker was an exception - she accompanied her husband everywhere, sharing with him the hardships and dangers of nomadic life. But Protestant missionaries, going to preach in “the darkest parts of Africa,” took with them not only their wives, but also small children. This is how Mary Livingston was destined to participate in the first voyages of her husband, perhaps the most famous of all African explorers. Like many of his predecessors, David Livingstone was a Scot. Having experienced slave labor in a weaving factory as a boy, he studied hard in the evenings and became a doctor. In 1841 he was sent as a missionary to South Africa. After several years on missions on the edge of the Kalahari Desert, the urge to explore became irresistible. He reached the upper reaches of the Zambezi, which inspired him to undertake new expeditions. Having sent his family home, he set out on a 4,800 km journey from the Atlantic to Indian Ocean, following the current of the Zambezi, and discovered the greatest waterfall in the world, which he named after Queen Victoria. Livingston - now a celebrity - heads new expedition to the Zambezi River, which turned out to be not as navigable as previously thought. Having come into conflict with the Portuguese over the slave trade, he returned to England in 1864 to use all his influence to intensify the fight against slavery and intensify missionary activity; Unable to be away from Africa, Livingston returns there the very next year. This time, the Royal Geographical Society instructs him to explore the territory south and west of Lake Tanganyika and, with luck, resolve the dispute between Speke and Burton. West of Lake Tanganyika, Livingstone discovered the large Lualaba River, which he believed flowed into the Nile, but suddenly fell ill with malaria. Livingstone, who was sick with malaria, was brought by servants to the town of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. By that time there had been no news from him for so long that they began to fear for his life. The New York Herald newspaper sends an expedition to find him. When its leader, Henry Morton Stanley, reached Ujiji, he greeted the only white man he could find there with a phrase that later spread throughout the world: “Doctor Livingstone, I presume?” Stanley had with him medicines that helped restore Livingston's health, and together the researchers, who became close friends, finally established that Lake Tanganyika could not be the source of the Nile. Determined to explore Lualaba, Livingstone refuses to return to London with Stanley, but dies in 1873 without reaching the river. Stanley continued Livingston's work and brought it to completion. An American journalist born in a workhouse in Wales, he was a bright and wild personality. The expedition he equipped in 1874 was more like a small army, and over the next three years it was indeed destined to suffer heavy losses. However, Stanley proved beyond any doubt that Speke was right. While sailing down the Lualaba, Stanley came to the conclusion that these were not the waters of the Nile, but one of the upper reaches of the Congo, and sailed along it all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. Although there was still a lot to be done, there were no longer any large blank spots left on the map of Africa. The era of exploration has come to an end; The stage of feverish colonization and colonial rule began.
Among the explorers of Africa, the expeditions of our domestic travelers occupy a prominent place. Mining engineer Yegor Petrovich Kovalevsky made a great contribution to the research of North-East and Central Africa. In 1848, he explored the Nubian Desert, the Blue Nile basin, mapped the vast territory of Eastern Sudan and made the first guess about the location of the sources of the Nile. Kovalevsky paid a lot of attention to the study of the peoples of this part of Africa and their way of life. He was indignant at the “theory” of racial inferiority of the African population. Travels of Vasily Vasilyevich Junker in 1875-1886. enriched geographical science with precise knowledge eastern region Equatorial Africa. Juncker conducted research in the upper Nile region: he compiled the first map of the area. The traveler visited the Bahr el-Ghazal and Uele rivers, explored the complex and intricate system of rivers in its vast basin and clearly defined the previously disputed Nile-Congo watershed line along 1,200 km. Junker compiled a number of large-scale maps of this territory and paid much attention to descriptions of the flora and fauna, as well as the life of the local population. Alexander Vasilyevich Eliseev spent a number of years (1881-1893) in North and North-East Africa, who described in detail the nature and population of Tunisia, the lower reaches of the Nile and the Red Sea coast. In 1896--1898. Alexander Ksaverevich Bulatovich, Pyotr Viktorovich Shchusev, Leonid Konstantinovich Artamonov traveled along the Abyssinian Highlands and in the Blue Nile basin. IN Soviet time An interesting and important trip to Africa was made by the famous scientist - botanical geographer Academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. In 1926, he arrived from Marseille to Algeria, became acquainted with the nature of the large oasis of Biskra in the Sahara, mountainous region Kabylia and other regions of Algeria, traveled through Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vavilov was interested in ancient centers of cultivated plants. He conducted especially extensive research in Ethiopia, traveling more than 2 thousand km. More than 6 thousand samples of cultivated plants were collected here, including 250 varieties of wheat alone, and interesting materials were obtained about many wild plants. In 1968--1970 V Central Africa, in the Great Lakes region, geomorphological, geological-tectonic, geophysical research was carried out by an expedition led by corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor Vladimir Vladimirovich Belousov, which clarified the data on the tectonic structure along the line of the great African fault. This expedition visited some places for the first time after D. Livingston and V.V. Juncker.
Africa
1. Which of the travelers explored the following territories of Africa (place the numbers):
North Africa..1. D Livingston
Central Africa2. V.V. Junker
East Africa3. E.P. Kovalevsky
South Africa..4. A.V. Eliseev
5. N.I. Vavilov
2. Using the physical map of Africa in the atlas, determine which objects the following heights belong to: 4165 m; 5895m; 4620m; 5199m..; 2918m..
3 Establish the patterns of distribution of sedimentary and igneous minerals on the continent. Fill the table.
Minerals
Rock group by origin
Mainland area
Oil
Sedimentary
Coast of the Gulf of Guinea.
4. Using the climate map of Africa, determine:
a) the hottest
b) the coldest
c) the driest
d) the wettest place on the continent
5. Using the climate map of Africa in the atlas, describe the climate of the following points.
Paragraph
Average t
Amplitude
t
Average annual precipitation
Precipitation regime
Air masses
Climate type
January
July
summer
winter
Debunja
6. Fill out the table using the textbook text and atlas maps.
Lake name
Origin of the basin
Features of nature
Victoria
Tanganyika
7. Which natural areas are characterized by:
a) baobab, antelope, doum palm, marabou, cheetah.
b) oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi
c) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal
8. Identify the natural area by description:
“The color of the African seasons is the same all year round - green. Only in one period the green color is pure and bright, and in another it is faded, as if faded. In the dry season, the earth turns into stone, the grass into sponge, the trees crack from lack of sap. And the very first rain brings nature back to life. Having greedily drunk water, the earth swells with moisture and generously gives it to trees, grasses and flowers. They drink and drink and cannot get drunk. Almost every day the rain either lashes with a powerful stream, or sprinkles with fine water dust. The air temperature drops, local residents shrug their shoulders chillily and complain: “It’s cold!” When the thermometer shows 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that “frost” has arrived. They put on all the clothes they have, tie scarves around their heads, light fires in the streets, just to stop the trembling.” (L. Pochivalov).
9. Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of the equatorial forest:
10. On the diagram, use arrows to show the connections in the natural complex of tropical deserts.
13 SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT 1415
11. In what natural areas in Africa are the most national parks and reserves created? Why?
12. Population of Africa million people
13. What peoples of Africa live:
a) in deserts
b) in savannas
c) in equatorial forests
d) on highlands and plateaus
14. In which countries are:
a) Zaire River
b) Cameroon volcano
c) Victoria Falls
d) Lake Tana
e) Kilimanjaro volcano
e) Cape Mountains
g) the largest reservoir
h) Nile Delta
15. Give three examples for each group of countries:
The largest countries by area...
The smallest countries in terms of area.
Landlocked countries...
The largest countries by population are
Countries, most of which lie in deserts...
Countries, most of which lie in equatorial forests,...
Countries in whose territory the altitudinal zone is expressed -..
16. Reveal the dependence of the nature of the dwellings of one of the peoples of Africa on natural conditions. You can make drawings.
Dry tropical climate
There is practically no soil
Vegetation cover is sparse
Lots of reptiles
The article gives an understanding of the first steps of humanity towards the discovery of the “dark continent”. Informs about the people who discovered Africa. Gives an idea of the first travelers in history to distant lands.
Who discovered the African continent?
The question of who discovered Africa and in what year does not have a clear answer. The northern tip of the continent has been known to Europeans since ancient times. Exploration of the territories was undertaken by the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery. The interior of the continent was unexplored until the middle XIX century.
David Livingstone is recognized as the most famous explorer of Africa. He was one of the first to cross the Kalahari Desert, and also studied Lake Ngami and discovered Lake Dilolo.
In 1855, Livingston came across a waterfall, which was later named after the English Queen Victoria.
Rice. 1. Victoria Falls.
At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, England, France and other European powers began to actively show assertiveness in exploring the black continent. The main goals pursued by these states were strategic in nature. The powers of Europe were gripped, first of all, by the thirst for colonization. This suggests that the colonists can to some extent be considered the discoverers of Africa. They contributed to the development of the continent's infrastructure.
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The history of African exploration dates back to ancient times. Even the ancient Egyptians made attempts to develop the northern part of the continent. Egyptian ships moving along the Nile coast to the Gulf of Sidra. Egyptian explorers already had an idea of the Arabian, Libyan and Nubian deserts.
Initially, the inhabitants of ancient Carthage used the word “Afri” to describe the people who lived near the settlement. This name goes back to the roots of the Phoenician word afar, which literally means “dust.” After the Roman conquest, Carthage was renamed Africa. Later the continent itself began to be called that.
Explorers of Africa
Significant contributions to research on the African continent were made by such travelers as:
- David Livingston (1813-1873);
- Mungo Park (1771-1806);
- Heinrich Barth (1821-1865);
- Stanley (1841-1904).
They were exploring the interior of the continent. They also compiled detailed descriptions of the life and customs of the peoples living there.
Rice. 2. David Livingston.
The continent was actively studied by Russian researchers. Among them, the most famous are V.V. Junker, E.P. Kovalevsky A.V. Eliseev.
The discovery made by the Russian scientist N.I. Vavilov in Ethiopia, made it possible to determine the zones of origin of wheat as a cereal crop.
Rice. 3. N. I. Vavilov.
The expedition under his leadership was carried out in 1927.