Photo. Multipurpose all-wheel drive army car
Willis MV (USA, 1942)
Weight without load 895kg. (2150Fons)
Engine carburetor liquid cooling 42l.s. / 2500 rpm 4-cycle. 2200cm²
Gearbox: 3 speeds + 1 rear
Maximum speed on the highway: 104 km / h.
Fuel consumption 14l / 100kl.
Tank 57l.
Photo. Anti-tank gun. M-42. 45 mm. Caliber 45mm. The length of the barrel is 3087mm. Footage Maximum 15-30 shots per minute.
Photo. Katyusha. BM-13 reactive mortar. Created in 1939. Design Bureau A. Kostyukova. Tactical and technical characteristics: Caliber: 132mm. Weight without shells: 7200kg. Number of guides: 16 Shooting range: 7900m.
Photo. 122-mm. Howitzer. Sample 1938g. Created in 1938. Design group F. Petrov. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in battle position 2400kg. Shooting range: 11800m. Maximum elevation angle + 63.5 °. Figructure 5-6 Vent. / Min.
Photo. 76 mm. Division gun. Sample 1942g. Created in 1938-1942. Design Bureau V. Grabruba. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in combat position 1200kg. Shooting range: 13290m. Maximum elevation angle + 37 °. Freedy 25 Valid / min.
Photo. 57 mm. Anti-tank gun. Sample 1943g. Created in 1938-1942. Design Bureau V. Grabruba. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: 1250kg combat position. Shooting range: 8400m. Maximum elevation angle + 37 °. The rate of fire is 20-25 lit. / min.
Photo. 85 mm. Anti-aircraft gun. Sample 1939. Created in 1939. D. Dorokhin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in battle position 4300kg. Link range in height: 10500m. By horizon: 15500m. Maximum elevation angle + 82 °. Freeding 20 Way / min.
Photo. Barrel 203-mm. Hubicles. Sample 1931. Designers F. F. Pender, Magdessnev, Gavrilov, Torbin. Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in a combat position 17700kg. Shooting range: 18000m. Maximum elevation angle of + 60 °. Figure 0.5 Vent. / Min.
Photo. 152 mm. Gubitsa-gun M-10. Sample 1937 Created in 1937. Design group F. Petrov Tactic and technical characteristics: Weight: in a combat position 7270kg. Shooting range: 17230m. Maximum elevation angle + 65 °. Freedry 3-4 Vent. / Min
Photo. 152 mm. Gaubitiza D-1. Sample 1943g. Created in 1943. Design group F. Petrova Tactical and technical characteristics: Weight: in battle position 3600kg. Shooting range: 12400m. Maximum elevation angle + 63.30 °. Graterfacing 3-4 VOLUM. / Min.
Photo. Field kitchen. KP-42 M.
Photo. Heavy tank is-2. Created in 1943. Design group J. Ya. Kottina, N. L. Dukhova Tactical and technical characteristics: Battle weight: 46T. Booking: housing forehead; 120mm; hull board; 90mm; Tower 110mm. Speed: 37km / h reserve of the highway: 240km. Armament: 122mm gun; 3 machine gun 7,62mm; Anti-aircraft machine gun 12.7mm Amusement: 28 shells, 2331 cartridge crew: 4 people.
Photo. Heavy self-propelled artillery installation of ISU-152 was created in 1944. Tactical and technical characteristics: Battle weight: 47T. Booking: housing forehead; 100mm; hull board; 90mm; Cutting 90mm. Speed: 37km / h Reserve for the highway: 220km. Armament: 152mm gun-Gaubitz; Anti-aircraft machine gun 12.7mm Amusement: 20 shells crew: 5 people.
Photo. The heavy tank is-3 is designed under the leadership of the designer M. F. Blagi. Adopted in 1945. Tactical and technical characteristics: Battle weight: 45.8T .. Speed: 40km / h Stroke reserve on highway: 190km. Power: 520l.s. Armament: 122mm gun D-25t sample 1943g. The machine gun is 7.62mm DT, a machine gun of 12.7 mm DShK. Amusement: 20 shells crew: 4 people.
Information from the Museum of the Stalingrad Battle, in the city of Volgograd.
On July 8, 1941, near the city of Seno, not far from Dnipro, tank fight began: the light Soviet T-26 was dismissed from the German T-III. In the midst of the battle of thick rye, in the ground in the ground potato tops, the Russian tank is executed, the silhouette of whom the Germans have not yet been familiar. "Some german tanks Opened fire on it, but shells ricochet flew away from its massive tower. A German 37-mm anti-tank gun was standing on his road. German artillerymen produced shell for a projectile in the coming tank while he did not give them a gun to the ground. Then, leaving behind himself by the T-III, the tank delved into German defense by 15 kilometers, "so describe the first appearance of the legendary tank T-34 Western historians in the book" From - Barbarossa to "Terminal".
For a long time, German designers tried to create a tank that could compete with the 34th. Thus appeared German tanks T-6 "Tiger" (1942) and T-5 "Panther" (1943). However, the German giants still lost the "best tank of the world", as the German military leader was chopped, in maneuverability. The brainchild Mikhail Koshkina, which came down from the conveyor of the Kharkiv steam-employed plant, contributed to the development of the German troops of the Eastern Front of the so-called "tankois." However, for the designer itself, the invention has become fatal: from Kharkov to Moscow, where the tank should have shown to the manual, the talked Koshkin went on its 34 ke. Proving that his tank can overcome such distances without problems, the designer received the hardest inflammation of the lungs and returned to Kharkov in a half-conscious state. So without recovering from the disease, Mikhail Koshkin died in the hospital. This self-sacrifice convinced the highest officials to launch tanks into mass production. Before the start of the war, 1225 T-34 tanks were released.
Home Woman At Front
The M-30 Gaubitsa Frontoviki called "Mother", the reactive shells initially called "Raisa Sergeyevna" (from the Reduction of PC), but most of all loved, of course, "Katyusha", the system of field reactive artillery BM-13. Some of the first volleys "Katyush" fell into the market square of the city of Rudnya. BM-13 during the shots issued a kind of sound in which the soldiers heard the popular song of Matthew Blanter Katyusha. The tagged nickname, this to the gun by Sergeant Andrei Sapronov, in a couple of days she had placed the whole army, and then became the property of the Soviet people.
Monument Katyusha. (Wikipedia.org)
The order for the launch of Katyusch production was signed a few hours before the start of the German invasion of the first system volley fire The German troops applied, trying to destroy the Brest Fortress at the very beginning of the offensive. However, the fortress was resigned and for a long time the Red Army, who turned out to be in her, fought with invaders. The order for the launch of Katyusch production was signed a few hours before the start of the German invasion. In less than a month, the Soviet troops caused a return kick: in the summer of 41, the Germans had to get acquainted not only with the new Talk T-34, but also with an unknown so far Katyusha. Head of the German General Staff Galder recorded in his diary: "On July 14, the Russians applied the Russians unknown before this time. The fiery flumeing of shells burned the railway station Orsha, all the echelons with a personnel and military equipment of the arrived military units. Metal melted, Earth burned. "
Monument of the first rocket battery of Captain Flerov. (Wikipedia.org)
Rocket settings, at the beginning of the war, most often drunk on the chassis of the ZIS machines, then they began to mount on anything: ranging from "Fords", "Dodge" and Bedfords obtained under the Land Liza program, ending with motorcycles, aerials and boats. Operation in which the system of volley fire was extensive, -. Then the "Stalinist bodies", as they nicknamed the Germans, released more than 10 thousand shells and destroyed 120 buildings, where the resistance of the enemy's troops was particularly fierce.
IL-2, "Cement Bomber"
The most massive combat aircraft in history, how long there was an IL-2 attack aircraft, it seems, became a record holder in the number of nickname. "Concrete aircraft" - so nicknamed His German pilots: "IL-2" had bad maneuverability, but it was very difficult to knock him down. The pilots even joked that "IL-2" can fly "at half the wing, yes on an honest word." The terrestrial troops of the Wehrmacht, seeing a constant threat in it, called the plane "Butcher" or "Iron Gustav". The designers themselves called "IL-2" simply - "Flying Tank". And in the Red Army, the aircraft due to the unusual shape of the hull received the nickname "humpbat".
In this form, IL-2 flew to the airfield. (Wikipedia.org)
The first serial aircraft "IL-2" was released on March 10, 1941 on the Voronezh aircraft factory, since then the land has risen 36,83 of the same attack aircraft. However, at the time when the war began, there were only 249 cars at the disposal of the Red Army. Initially, Ilyushin, the chief designer, created a double "armored attack aircraft", but after the first tests it was decided to establish additional benzobac.
All the time the Soviet command lacked specialized combat aircraft. In many ways, therefore, IL-2, being the most common machine, was used for different tasks. For example, for all IL-2 aircraft, a mandatory bomb load was established, which "Stalin's outfit" was called a joke. In addition to bombardment, IL-2 used, despite its impressive dimensions, as an intelligence aircraft. One of interesting features The attack aircraft is that pilots, if the car lights up in battle, often put the plane on the "belly", without releasing the chassis. The most difficult for the pilot was in time to get out of the fuselage and escape before "" will explode.
At the exhibition of weapons, military equipment and fortification facilities of the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War, a fairly complete collection of Soviet armored vehicles of the period of war, English and American armored vehicles, delivered to the Soviet Union in 1941-1945 on Land Lesu, as well as armored vehicles of our major opponents in Years of war - Germany and Japan.
During the Second World War, armored troops, as the experience of their combat use showed, played a decisive role in battles, performing a wide range of tasks in all types of battle both independently and with other types of troops. They grew up both quantitatively and qualitatively, rightfully becoming the main shock force of the armies of various states. For six years of World War II, about 350,000 armored combat vehicles took part in the battles on both sides: tanks, self-propelled artillery installations (SAU), armored vehicles (BA) and armored personnel carriers (BTR).
Soviet military thought in the pre-war years allotted tanks important role. They were envisaged to use in all types of hostilities. In the composition of the rifle compounds, they were intended for a breakthrough of the tactical defense zone as a means of direct infantry support (NPP), operating in close cooperation with other types of troops. The larger part of the tanks were in service with tank and mechanized compounds that had the task of developing success in the operational depth after the defense breakthrough.
During the first five years in the Soviet Union, a necessary production base was created for mass release of tanks. Already in 1931, the plants gave the Red Army of 740 cars. For comparison: in 1930, the troops received only 170 tanks, and in 1932 - 3121 cars, including 1032 light tanks T-26, 396 light high-speed BT-2 and 1693 tank tanks. No other country has built such a number of tanks at that time. And this pace was practically maintained until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
In 1931 - 1941, 42 samples of various types of tanks were created in the USSR, of which 20 samples were adopted and launched into mass production: T-27 wedges; Light T-26 infant accompanies tanks; Light wheel-tracked high-speed tanks of mechanized BT-5 / BT-7 compounds; Easy reconnaissance floating tanks T-37 / T-38 / T-40; Medium tanks direct support for infantry T-28; Heavy tanks of additional high-quality strengthening in the breakthrough of fortified bands T-35. At the same time, attempts to create self-propelled artillery installations were made in the Soviet Union. However, it was not possible to fully work out and run into serial production of SAU.
In total, 29,62 tank of all types were manufactured in the Soviet Union for these ten years. In the 1930s, in our country, in the development of light tanks, preference was given to wheel-tracked machines, which attended the basis of the Red Army Tank Park.
The fighting during the Civil War in Spain. 1936 - 1939 showed that tanks with anti-film armor are already outdated. Soviet tankers and technical specialists who visited Spain came to the conclusion about the need to bring the thickness of the frontal armor of the body and tower up to 60 mm. Then the tank will not be terrible anti-tank guns, which began to be equipped with the ground forces of various countries. For such a relatively heavy machine, as the tests showed, the most optimal was a purely tracked propulsion. This conclusion was based on the creation of a new Middle T-34 Tank, rightfully won during the Great Patriotic War, the fame of the best tank in the world.
At the turn of the 1930s - 1940s, domestic tank beaders have developed a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe prospects for the development of armored vehicles. In the Soviet Union, various measures were taken to strengthen the armed forces. As a result, the Red Army received new average (T-34) and heavy (KV-1 and KV-2) tanks that have anticipable armor, powerful weapons and high mobility. In combat qualities, they surpassed foreign samples and fully responded to modern requirements.
The development of tanks, engines, weapons in the USSR was carried out by design teams under the direction of N.N. Kozyreva (T-27), N.N. Barykova (T-26 and T-28), A.O. Firsov (BT), N.A. Astrov (T-37), O.M. Ivanova (T-35), M.I. Koshkina and A.A. Morozova (T-34), J.Ya. Coton (KV and IS-2), M.F. Balley (IS-3), I.Ya. Trashta and K. Chelpana (diesel engine B-2), V.G. Grabe (tank guns, V.A. Degtyarev (tank machine guns), E.I. Marona and V.A. Agntsva (tank sights).
By 1941, serial production of tanks was organized in the USSR, which meets all the requirements of that time. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, and then during the war, the tanks produced about two dozen plants of the country: Leningrad Kirov Plant, Moscow factory. S. Ordzhonikidze, Kharkiv Steam-Building Plant, Stalingrad Tractor Plant, Gorky Plant "Red Sormovo", Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant (Tankograd), Ural Tank Plant in Nizhny Tagil, etc.
Mass supplies of armored vehicles made it possible to proceed in the mid-1930s to the organization in the Red Army of mechanized buildings, which for 5-6 years ahead of the appearance of such compounds in the Armed Forces of Germany and other countries. Already in 1934, a new born of troops was created in the Red Army - auto-drift troops (from December 1942 - armored and mechanized troops), which to this day are the main shock force of the land forces. At the same time, the 5th, 7th, 11th and 57th special mechanized corps were deployed, transformed in August 1938 into tank corps. However, car troops were in the reorganization stage. In 1939, these compounds were disbanded due to improper assessment of combat experience of using tanks in Spain. In May 1940, the auto-thin troops of the Red Army consisted of: one T-35 tank brigade; three brigades T-28; 16 Tank Brigades BT; 22 T-26 tank brigades; three motorcycle brigades; two separate tank regiments; One training tank shelf and one training battalion of motorcycle parts. Their total number was 111,228 people. Land forces also included six motorized divisions. Each of them was one tank regiment. A total motorized division had light tanks on staff 258.
Studying the combat experience of using armored and mechanized troops during the Second World War, allowed Soviet military specialists to develop a scientifically informed theory combat application Tank and mechanized compounds and parts, both in general-military battle and during independent actions. This theory has been further developed during the Great Patriotic War.
The fighting, which was led by r. The Khalkhin-goal of the part and the compounds of the Red Army clearly proved that much can be achieved by the active application of mobile tank connections. Powerful tank connections were widely used by Germany during the first period of World War II. All this proved that it is necessary to urgently return to the creation of large armored connections. Therefore, in 1940, the restoration of 9 mechanized buildings, 18 tank and 8 mechanized divisions begins in the Red Army, and in February - March 1941 - the formation of another 21 mechanized corps began. For complete staffing, new mechanical supporters required 16,600 tanks of only new types, and only about 32,000 tanks.
June 13, 1941 Deputy Head of the General Staff General Lieutenant N.F. Vatutin in the "certificate of the deployment of the Armed Forces of the USSR in case of war in the West" was noted: "In total, there are 303 divisions in the USSR: Rifle divisions - 198, tank divisions - 61, motorized divisions - 31 ... "Thus, instead of 42 former tank brigades and six motorized divisions in the Red Army, a week before the start of the war, there were 92-tank and motorized divisions. However, as a result, such as rapid reorganization of troops fully received the necessary weapons and combat technique less than half of the formed enclosures. In the tank parts, the lack of tankers and technical specialists and technical specialists were keenly felt, since the commanders who came from rifle and cavalry compounds did not have practical experience in combat use. tank troops and operation of armored vehicles.
As of June 1, 1941, the Tank Park of the Soviet land forces has numbered 23,106 tanks, including 18,690 combat. In five Western border districts - the Leningrad, the Baltic special, Western special, Kiev, and Odessa - on June 22, 1941 there were 12,989 tanks, of which 10,746 combat and 2243 demanding repairs. Of the total number of cars, about 87% accounted for light T-26 and BT tanks. Relatively new samples there were light T-40 with machine-gun weapons, mean T-34 (1105 units), heavy kV-1 and kV-2 (549 units).
In the battles of the first period of the Great Patriotic War with shock groups of the Wehrmacht, the part of the Red Army lost a large number of their military equipment. Only in 1941, during the Baltic defensive operation (June 22 - July 9), 2523 tank were lost; In Belorussian (June 22 - July 9) - 4799 cars; In Western Ukraine (June 22 - July 6) - 4381 tank. Flowing losses has become one of the main tasks of Soviet tank builders.
During the war, the relative amount of light tanks in the current army was continuously reduced, although in 1941-1942 their issue in quantitatively increased. This was due to the need for a short time to supply troops perhaps a large number of combat vehicles, and the production of light tanks was relatively simple.
At the same time, their modernization was carried out, and first of all, the strengthening of armor.
In the fall of 1941, a light tank T-60 is created, and in 1942 - T-70. Their introduction into serial release contributed to the cheapness of production, thanks to the use of automotive units, as well as simplicity of the design. But the war showed that light tanks are not sufficiently effective on the battlefield due to weakness of weapons and armor. Therefore, from the end of 1942, their release has declined noticeably, and in the late autumn of 1943 it was discontinued.
Released production facilities were used to issue light self-propelled SU-76 installations created on the basis of T-70. Middle T-34 tanks from the first days took part in hostilities. They had undoubted superiority over German tanks PZ. CRFW. III and PZ. CRFW. IV. German specialists had to urgently work out the modernization of their cars.
In the spring of 1942, a Tank PZ appeared on the Eastern Front. CRFW. IV modification F2 with a new 75 mm cannon and enhanced armor. In the Duel duel he won at T-34, but he inferior to him in maneuverability and passability. In response, the Soviet designers reinforced the T-34 gun and the thickness of the head of the tower. By the summer of 1943, the Germans equipped the tank parts with new tanks and self-propelled artillery settings (PZ. CRFW. V "Panther"; PZ. CRFW.VI "Tiger"; SAU "Ferdinand", etc.) with more powerful armor, fire from their 75 - And 88-mm long-baulous guns hit our armored vehicles from a distance of 1000 or more than meters.
The new Soviet tanks T-34-85 and IS-2, armed with 85-mm and 122-mm guns (respectively), by the beginning of 1944 were able to restore the advantage of Soviet armored vehicles on bronception and firepower. All this combined, allowed the Soviet Union to obtain a unconditional advantage over Germany, both in terms of the quality of armored vehicles and in the number of samples issued.
In addition, since 1943, the Red Army began to receive a large number of self-propelled artillery installations. The need for them revealed back in the first months of hostilities, and in the summer of 1941 on the Moscow automobile plant. I.V. Stalin rushing on the semicircular artillery tractors T-20 "Komsomolets" was mounted 57-mm anti-tank gun of the ZIS-2 sample of 1941. These self-propelled installations received the ZIS-30 designation.
On October 23, 1942, GKO decided to start working on the creation of a SAU of two types: Lungs - for direct fire support for infantry and medium, armored as the average T-34 tank - to support and maintain tanks in battle. TankAdrokers for easy SAU, equipped with a 76-mm CIS-3 gun, used the T-70 tank database. This car was well worked out and relatively simple in production. It was also taken into account that the delivery of light tanks on the front gradually declined. Then appeared: the average SAU SU-122 - a caliber of 122 mm on the basis of T-34 tank and a heavy SU-152 - 152-mm Gaubitiza gun based on a buck-1c tank. In 1943, VGC decides on the transfer of self-propelled artillery installations from the GAU to the management of the commander of armored and mechanized troops. This contributed to a sharp increase in the quality of SAU and the growth of their production. In the same, 1943 began the formation of self-propelled artillery regiments for tank, mechanized and cavalry buildings. In the offensive, the light SAU was accompanied by infantry, medium and heavy SAU were struggled with tanks, assault guns, anti-tank artillery The enemy, destroyed defensive structures.
The role of SAU increased in the conditions of wide use of the opponent of the tanks "Panther" and "Tiger". To combat them, Soviet troops received SU-85 and Su-100 cars.
The 100-mm gun installed on SUA SU-100 exceeded 88-mm guns of German tanks and a saau for the power of armor-piercing and fragant-burglar shells, not inferior to them in rapidity. During the war, self-propelled artillery attitudes showed themselves as a highly effective formidable weapon and, at the suggestion of Tankers, designers have developed SAU on the basis of heavy tanks IS-2, and in the ammunition of heavy self-propelled installations ISU-122 and ISU-152, armor-piercing projectiles entered, allowed, at the final stage of war , hit almost all types of German tanks and sau. Light SAU were developed in the KB under the direction of S.A. Ginzburg (Su-76); L.L. Terentieva and M.N. Schukina (Su-76 m); Average - in the KB under the direction of N.V. Kurina, L.I. Gorlitsky, A.N. Balashova, V.N. Sidorenko (SU-122, SU-85, SU-100); Heavy - in KB under the leadership of J.Ya. Kottina, S.N. Makhonina, L.S. Trojanova, S.P. Gurenko, F.F. Petrova (Su-152, ISU-152, ISU-122).
In January 1943, the formation of a homogeneous composition of homogeneous compositions began in RKKA - 1st and 2nd appeared tank armies, And by the summer of the same year, there were already five tank armies in the Red Army, which consisted of two tank and one mechanized buildings. Now the armored and mechanized troops included: tank armies, tank and mechanized cases, tank and mechanized brigades and shelves.
Soviet armored equipment during the war was not inferior to the Wehrmacht technique, and often exceeded it both qualitatively and quantitatively. Already in 1942, 24,504 tanks and SAU were released in the USSR, i.e. Four times more than in the same year, the German industry (5953 tank and SAU). Given the failures of the first period of war, it was a real feat of the Soviet tank builders.
Colonel-General Engineering and Technical Service J.Ya. The Catent noted that the invaluable feature of the Soviet school of tank construction was played in this a huge role - the maximum possible simplicity of the design, the desire to be difficult only if it is impossible to achieve the same effect by simple means.
The number of Soviet tanks participating in operations was constantly increased: 780 tanks participated in the Moscow battle (1941 - 1942), in the Battle of Stalingrad (1942 - 1943) - 979, in the Belarusian Strategic Offensive Operation (1944) - 5200, in the Berlin Operation (1945) - 6250 tanks and sau. According to the chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, General Army A.I. Antonova, "... The second half of the war passed under the sign of the prevalence of our tanks and self-propelled artillery on the battlefields. This allowed us to carry out operational maneuvers of a huge scope, surround the major groups of the enemy, haunt him until complete destruction. "
In total in 1941-1945, the Soviet tank industry gave the front 103 170 tanks and SAU (the last - 22,500, of which the average - more than 2000, and heavy - more than 4,200), from this number of lung tanks accounted for 18.8%, Average - 70.4% (T-34 with 76-mm gun 36 331, and with a gun 85-mm - another 17,898 tanks) and heavy - 10.8%.
During the batt, about 430,000 combat vehicles were returned to a system after repairing in field or factory conditions, that is, each manufactured tank was repaired and restored on average more than four times.
Along with the mass production of armored vehicles during the Great Patriotic War in the Red Army, there were tanks and ACS received from the UK, Canada and the United States on Land Lisa. Transportation of armored vehicles was carried out mainly in three routes: Northern - across the Atlantic and the Barents Sea, South - through the Indian Ocean, the Persian Bay and Iran, East - through the Pacific Ocean. The first transport with tanks arrived in the USSR from Great Britain in September 1941. And by early 1942, the Red Army received 750 English and 180 American tanks. Many of them were used in the battle near Moscow in the winter of 1941-1942. Total years of the Great Patriotic War for the Soviet Union, on Western sources, 3805 tanks were shipped in the UK, including 2394 Valentine, 1084 Matilda, 301 "Churchill", 20 Tetrarch, 6 Crwell. These should add 25 valentine's bridge tanks. Canada provided the USSR 1388 Valentine tanks. In the US, 7172 tanks were submersible on the ships, including 1676 light msa1, 7 light M5 and M24, 1386 medium MZZ, 4102 of the average M4A2, one m26, as well as 707 anti-tank SAUs (mainly M10 and M18), 1100 anti-aircraft SAU (M15, M16 and M 17), and 6666 armored personnel carriers. However, not all of these machines took part in hostilities. So, under the blows of the German fleet and aviation together with the courts of Arctic convoys on the seabed, 860 American and 615 English tanks were sent. With a sufficiently high propriety, it can be said that in the USSR in four years of war, 18,566 armored vehicles were delivered, of which: 10,395 tanks, 6242 BTR, 1802 SAU and 127 BRAM, which were used in parts, compounds and educational units of the Red Army.
Soviet tankers during the Great Patriotic War showed examples of the effective use of armored weapons, although the enemy was strong and had a very powerful combat technique. The Motherland noted the feat of Soviet Tankists: in their ranks - 1150 Heroes of the Soviet Union (including 16 - twice heroes), and more than 250,000 were awarded orders and medals. On July 1, 1946, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was established by the professional holiday "Day of Tanker" - to commemorate the big merit of armored and mechanized troops in the defeat of the enemy during the Great Patriotic War, as well as for the merits of tank builders in equipping the country's armed forces by armored vehicles. It is deeply symbolic that the legendary T-34 tank was often established on the pedestals of monuments in honor of the liberation of Soviet cities from Nazi captivity, and many of the Soviet tanks of that time were often established in many domestic museums.
IN modern video Armored troops represent the main shock force of the land forces, being a powerful means of armed struggle intended for solving the most important tasks in different types fighting. The value of tank troops as one of the main genera of the land forces will continue in the nearest foreseeable future. At the same time, the tank will retain the role of the leading universal combat forces of the land forces. In the post-war years, numerous modern samples of tanks, self-propelled artillery installations, armored personnel carriers, infantry combat martial vessels, in which the latest achievements of domestic science and technology were embodied in the post-war years.
The German Army is our main opponent in the years of the Great Patriotic War, had very powerful armored troops (Banzerwaff). The Versaille Peace Treaty of 1919 was forbidden to have tank troops and produce armored cars. However, in violation of his conditions, in the late 1920s, the Germans began to secretly lead work in the field of tank construction, and with the arrival of Hitler's authority in January 1933, all restrictions on the Versailles were discarded, and the creation of a mass army began in Germany. A special place in it was intended tanks.
The initiator of the construction of armored forces and theoretics of their use in the war was the General Guderian. According to his views, the tanks were to be used massively as part of large shock mechanized compounds in cooperation with other types of troops, primarily with aviation. By breaking through the enemy defense, and without waiting for the infantry, the tanks should go to the operational space, loud the rear, disturbing the connection and paralyzing the work of the headquarters of the enemy. He listed the advantages of tanks in the following order: mobility, weapons, armor and communications.
The German Banzerwaff steel in the years of World War II is the basis of Blitzkrig, making the main shock force of the Third Reich's Ground Forces. The Wehrmacht refused to divide the tanks for the purpose - to infantry and cruising. Tanks reduced to major compounds were to perform any functions if necessary: \u200b\u200band infantry maintenance tanks, and success tanks. Although the complete rejection of relatively small tank parts intended for close interaction with infantry connections and parts can also be recognized as successful. The Wehrmacht moved (similar to the RKKKA) to the division of tanks on the lungs, medium and heavy. But if in the USSR, only the mass of the tank was such a criterion, then in Germany, the tanks were divided into classes for a long time in classes, both by weight and by armament. For example, originally tank PZ. CRFW. IV considered as heavy fighting machineBased on its weapon - 75-mm guns, - and was considered as such until the summer of 1943.
All tanks entering the Wehrmacht wechite received an alphabet abbreviation of the PZ. CRFW. (Abbreviated from RNZEGKAMPFWAGEN - armored combat vehicle) and sequence number. Modifications were denoted by the letters of the Latin alphabet and AUSF abbreviation. - (Sokr. Ausfuhrung - model, option). Commander tanks were designated PZ.BF.WG. (Panzerbefehlswagen). Simultaneously with this type of designation, an end-to-end system for all the moving means of the Wehrmacht was used. According to a through system, most of the armored vehochet armored technique (for some exceptions) received SD designations. Kfz. (SODRKRAFTFAHRZEUG - Special purpose machine) and sequence number.
Self-propelled artillery settings, considered as a means of amplifying infantry and tanks on the battlefield, were designated differently, because in arming the Wehrmacht and the SS troops there were a large number of their classes and types. A assault guns had its own designation, their own self-propelled musitics, zrasu and anti-tank installations. At the same time, in the official designation, almost any SAU, as a rule, included information about the tank chassis, on the basis of which it was created. Like tanks, most self-propelled artillery installations also have end-to-end indexes with sequence numbers in the SD system. Kfz. The classification of self-propelled artillery installations of the Wehrmacht differed in several main classes: assault guns (SturgSchutz; Stug); Sturmhaubitze; Stuh); Self-propelled boilers and chassis (SELBSTFAHRLAFETTEN; SF.); Sturminfanteriengeschutz; Stuig); Storm tanks (Sturmpanzer; Stupz.); Tank fighters / self-propelled anti-tank guns (Panzerjager, pz.jg; jagdpanzer jgd.pz); Gaubic SAU (PanzerHaubitze; pz.n); Anti-aircraft self-propelled installations (Flakpanzer, fl.pz). Unforgettable the classification and notation was aggravated by the fact that the machines of one of the types, after modernization and making changes to their design, were acquired by completely different properties, the so-called. 75 mm storm string tool. III, which, after installation in it, a 75-mm long-life gun, actually turned into a fighter of tanks, but continued to be listed as an assault tool. Self-propelled anti-tank settings "MARDER" also underwent changes in the designation, instead of the initial "RAK SLF" (self-propelled anti-tank gun), they began to be called "RanzerJager" (fighter tanks).
The first serial German tank was light PZ. CRFW. I arrived in the troops in 1934. Next year, a second light tank PZ appeared. CRFW. II. These machines received a combat inspection during the Civil War in Spain 1936-1939.
The creation of medium tanks in Germany was delayed due to the unspecified tactical and technical requirements for them, although some firms began to develop an experimental sample with a 75-mm cannon. Guderian considered it necessary to have two types of medium tanks: the main (Pz. CRFW. III) with a 37-mm gun and a support tank with a 75-mm short-power gun (PZ. CRFW. IV). Production of rz tanks. CRFW. III and PZ. CRFW. IV began in only 1938.
After capturing the Czech Republic, in March 1939, Wehrmacht received more than 400 modern Czech Tanks LT-35 (PZ. CRFW. 35 (t)). In addition, German tank troops increased significantly intensified in the occupied Moravia, but already in German orders, LT-38 tanks (Pz.Krfw. 38 (t)), which had higher combat characteristics than the RZ tanks. CRFW. I and PZ. CRFW. II.
As of September 1, 1939, the Wehrmacht Tank Park in combat, curriculum and at the bases consisted of 3195 cars. There were about 2800 in the existing army.
The losses of the Germans in armored technique during the Polish campaign were small (198 destroyed and 361 damaged) and were quickly replenished by industry. According to the results of September (1939), Guderian fights demanded to strengthen armor and firepower tanks and increase the release of PZ. CRFW. W and PZ. CRFW. IV. By the beginning of the campaign in France (May 10, 1940), 5 German tank buildings had 2580 tanks. British and French tanks exceeded the samples of the enemy on booking and armediation, but German tank troops had higher training and combat experience, as well as better managed. They were used massive, while the allies led the tank fights with small groups, without having a close interaction between them, nor with infantry. Victory went to German shock groups.
To attack the Soviet Union, a German command consisting of 17 tank divisions focused 3582 tanks and sau. They included 1698 lung tanks: 180 PZ. CRFW. I; 746 PZ. CRFW. II; 149 PZ. 35 (T); 623 PZ. 38 (t) and 1404 medium tank: 965 PZ. CRFW. III; 439 PZ. CRFW. IV, as well as 250 assault implements. The troops numbered another 230 commander tanks that did not have cannon weapons. Fights on the Soviet-German front revealed a number of technical disadvantages of German tanks. Low were their permeability and mobility on the ground. According to armament and booking, they significantly inferior to Soviet T-34 and square meters. Wehrmacht's command became clear that the troops need stronger cars. While the development of new middle and heavy tanks was the development, re-equipment of PZ began. CRFW. IV (a long-term 75-mm gun was installed while enhancing his armor). This temporarily equalized it with the Soviet Tanks for Army and Booking. But according to the rest of these T-34, has retained its superiority.
Even at the height of World War II, the Germans did not immediately begin forcing the production of military equipment, but only when the ghost of defeat was issued before them. At the same time, during the hostilities, the material part of the German tank troops was continuously improved qualitatively and grew quantitatively. Since 1943, on the battlefields, the Germans became massive to use the average tank PZ. CRFW. V "Panther" and heavy PZ. CRFW. VI "Tiger". In these new tanks of the Wehrmacht, weapons were best worked out, and their disadvantage was, above all, a large mass. Fat armor did not save the Wehrmacht Machines from the shells of Soviet guns installed on T-34-85 and IS-2 tanks and SU-100 self-propelled installations and ISU-122. To get superiority over the Soviet Tank IP-2, in 1944 a new heavy tank Rz.KRFW is created. VI in "Royal Tiger". It was the most severe serial tank of World War II. In the course of the war, the German industry, everything in more quantities began to produce self-propelled artillery settings for various purposes. As the Wehrmacht transition to the defensive actions of Ros specific gravity self-propelled artillery compared to tanks. In 1943, the release of self-propelled plants exceeded the release of tanks, and in recent months the war was superior in the past. At different times, the Soviet-German front was approximately from 65 to 80% of the brimirm's armored vehicles.
If Germany's armored technique, created in the period 1934-1940, was mainly distinguished by high reliability, simplicity and ease of maintenance and operation, simplicity of control, then the technique created during the war years could no longer boast of indicators. Hurry and hurry when developing and launching tank production RZ.Krfw.v "Panther", Rz.Krfw.vi ausf.e "Tiger" and pz.krfw.vi ausf. B ("Royal Tiger") had a negative impact on their reliability and performance characteristics, especially Panther tanks and the Royal Tiger. In addition, the Wehrmacht used the trophy armored technique, but in rather limited quantity. Trophy tanks, as a rule, were outdated and did not imagine great value for the front (except for Czechoslovak sample LT-38). Wehrmacht used them at the secondary theaters of hostilities, for occupying troops and fighting partisans, as well as to teach tankers.
The trophy technique was used for alteration under artillery self-propelled installations, armored personnel carriers for delivering ammunition, etc. The German Wehrmacht worked and all the factories of European states occupied by the Germans. Two large plants of the Czech Republic "Skoda" (Plzen) and SKD (Prague), renamed VMM, produced tanks and on their own SAU of their own development before the end of the war. Total Czech plants released more than 6,000 tanks and sau. France's tank-building plants were attracted mainly to alterars of trophy French tanks, their repair or making some spare parts for them, but there was no one new tank or SAU there. In Austria, attached during the 1938 Anshlus to the Third Reich, during World War II, the NiebelungWerke Tank Assembly Plant (Steyr-Daimler-Puch) was created in Saint Valentine. Its products included in the total amount of production of Germany plants. After the surrender of Italy in 1943, its territory was partly occupied by German troops. Some tank-building factories in the north of Italy, for example, Fiat-Ansaldo (Turin), continued to release tanks and sau for German compounds operating in Italy. In 1943 - 1945, they released more than 400 cars. In total, since September 1939 to March 1945, the German industry produced about 46,000 tanks and SAU, and more than 22,100 pieces account for the latter. In addition to these machines, in Germany during World War II, caterpillar, wheel and hemgeneous armored personnel carriers, armored vehicles, armored vehicles, tractor carriers were also made.
In Japan, the first English tanks of the MK V were enrolled in 1918, and in 1921 - MK A and French Renault Tanks FT 17. In 1925, two tank companies were formed from these machines. To his own tank building, the Japanese started only in 1927, when several prototypes of multiple tanks weighing about 20 tons were created. At the same years, British Vickers-6-Tonn tanks and Carden-Load Tank MKVi, French Renault Tanks, NC1, were purchased, the French tanks "Renault" NC1 (the latter consisted until 1940 in service under the designation "OCU"). On their base, Japanese firms began to develop fuels and light tanks.
In 1931-1936, the small series was made by the average tank type 89. This designation of military equipment was taken in the armed forces on the basis of Japanese chores, according to which Japanese 2589 corresponded to 1929 by the Gregorian calendar. In 1933, Japan's leadership and military command decided to mechanize the Japanese army and issued relevant industrial orders. First, the Japanese designers prefer the wedges. The first of these is Type 92 (1932), then the ultra-low tank type 94 (1934) and a small tank type 97 "Te-Ke" (1937) followed. In just 1937, more than 1,000 fasteners were built. However, the further production of this class of machines due to their low combat qualities ceased, although it was in Japan that the design of the fuzzy reached the greatest development.
The Japanese tank-building industry from the mid-1930s completely switched to the development of light and medium-sized machines. In 1935, the most massive light tank "Ha-th" is created, and in 1937 - the average "Chihi". The latter, until the end of the Second World War, was a major model of Japanese armored troops. In 1937, the rate of production of tanks in connection with the supply for Kwantunski army in Manchuria increased. At the same time, the modernization of the "Ha-go" and "Chi-ha" was carried out. In the mid-1930s, the command of the Japanese army first showed interest in the release of tank amphibians, which were necessary for the implementation of marine landing operations in the future war. At this time, samples of floating tanks are being developed.
The Japanese tank construction of the 1920s - 1930s is characterized by a thorough study of foreign experience; hobby fasteners; By focusing efforts on the creation of light and medium tanks for the armament of the Kwantung Army in China, as well as, starting from 1933, using diesel engines in tanks. Japanese tanks were checking the fight during the fighting in 1930 - early 1940s on Far East Against Chinese and Mongolian troops, as well as parts of the Red Army. The resulting experience of combat use of tanks forced Japanese constructors, first of all, to look for ways to increase their firepower and enhancing armor protection. In total in 1931-1939, the Japanese industry released 2020 tanks. 16 samples were developed, including 7 serial.
With the beginning of the war in Europe, the production of tanks in Japan is gaining a tempo: in 1940, 1023 cars were manufactured, in 1941 - 1024. With regard to the country's island position, the Japanese military leadership did not seek to build up their tank and troops. In published in 1935, the instrumentation in the preparation of the troops was noted: "The main purpose of tanks is a fight in close cooperation with infantry." From a tactical point of view, tanks were considered only as a means of support for infantry and boiled down into small units. Their main tasks were considered: the fight against firing points and field artillery and making the passages of infantry in barriers. Tanks could be sent to the "closest raids" for the front edge of the enemy defense to the depth of no more than 600 m. At the same time, violating his defense system, they had to return to their infantry and support her attack. The most maneuverable type of hostilities were the "deep raids" along with cavalry, motorized infantry on cars, sacks and field artillery. In defense, the tanks were used to carry out frequent counterattacks (mostly at night) or to keep fire from the ambush. The fight against the tanks of the enemy was allowed only at extreme need. In November 1941, on the operational plan, the rates for the capture of Filipino Islands, Malaya, Burma and other territories were attracted by the main forces of fleet and aviation, and 11 infantry divisions were distinguished from the land forces and only 9 tank regiments.
By December 1941, the Tank Park of the Japanese Army consisted of about 2,000 cars: mostly light tanks "ha-go" and fasteners, medium tanks "Chi-ha" was a few hundred. Since 1940, the main tanks "Ha-go" and "Chi-ha" was modernized. As a result, in noticeable quantities during the war, a light tank "Ke-Well" and the average "Chi-hee" was built. In 1942, designers created a floating tank "Ka-Mi", which specialists consider the best sample in the history of Japanese tank buildings. But his release was extremely limited. In the same year, self-propelled artillery installations went to combat allies and support their troops to the Japanese army.
Japanese tanks had weak weapons and armor, satisfactory mobility, and were also not reliable enough and did not have good observation and communication. These armament machines, protection and other characteristics lagged behind the samples of other warring countries. Therefore, by the end of the war, the Japanese instructions have already considered tanks as one of the most effective anti-tank agents and often tanks in the defense burned to the ground. The main feature of the Japanese tank construction was a wide use of diesel engines. During the war, the Japanese tank building experienced a constant lack of raw materials (steel) and qualified labor. The maximum level of production of tanks in Japan has reached in 1942 and then falling. In total, the Japanese industry released in 1942 - 1945 2377 tanks and 147 SAU.
The Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War persistently behaves to identify and the meeting of material evidence of the heroic and tragic past. With each followed after the war, it becomes more and more difficult to work on the recruitment of its collections with new samples of armored vehicles. Currently, the museum has tanks and other corporal transfers of the domestic production of the pre-war, military and post-war production periods. This makes it possible to reveal the basic stages of the domestic tank building, to show the stressful in incredible sophisticated conditions The work of workers, engineers, designers, technologists, organizers of production, all the rear workers in achieving victory.
The collection of armored vehicles of the USSR, Great Britain, the USA, Germany and Japan was created by the Museum staff since 1990. Great assistance in this work provided the main auto-finnote department of the Ministry of Defense Russian Federation, Management of the border troops of the FSB of Russia, military-patriotic public associations, search groups, veteran organizations of tankers. The museum recreates the missing samples of armored vehicles by building their layouts from the preserved fragments found by search associations. In this way, the mock of a heavy tank of the KV-1 was recreated, the tanks of Japan tanks. A number of exhibits before their placement at the exhibition of weapons were restored by specialists of the 38 Research Test Institute of Armored Technology of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
Technique of the USSR
Tank of the USSR: T-34 (or "ThirtyTherka")
The tank was adopted on December 19, 1939. This is the only tank in the world, which has preserved the combat capacity and in serial production up to the end of the Great Patriotic War. T-34 tank was deserved by the love of fighters and officers of the Red Army, was the best car of the global tank fleet. He played a decisive role in battles near Moscow, Stalingrad, on a Kursk arc, near Berlin and other combat operations.
Soviet equipment Second World War
Tank of the USSR: IS - 2 "Joseph Stalin"
IS-2 - Soviet heavy tank of the period of the Great Patriotic War. The abbreviation of IP means "Joseph Stalin" - the official name of serial Soviet heavy tanks of release 1943-1953. Index 2 corresponds to the second serial model of the tank of this family. During the Great Patriotic War, with the designation of the IS-2, the name of the IS-122 was used on the equal, in this case the index 122 means the caliber of the main weapon of the machine.
Weapons of the USSR: 76 mm Division Gun Sample 1942
ZIS-3 became the most massive Soviet artillery instrument, produced during the Great Patriotic War. Thanks to its outstanding combat, operational and technological qualities, this instrument is recognized by specialists as one of the best weapons of World War II. In the post-war time ZIS-3 has long been in service Soviet armyAnd also actively exported to a number of countries, in some of which it is in service and at present.
Combat Technology of the USSR: Katyusha
Katyusha is an unofficial collective name of BM-8 reactive artillery combat vehicles (82 mm), BM-13 (132 mm) and BM-31 (310 mm). Such installations were actively used by the USSR during World War II.
Osinnikov Roman
1. Introduction
2. Aviation
3. Tanks and self-propelled guns
4. Aircrafts
5. Other Military Technology
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Combat technique of the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. Objective: to get acquainted with various materials about in Elika Patriotic War; Find out which combat technology helped our people to win. Performed: Dudanov Valera Student 4-B Class Manager: Matyashuk Larisa Grigorievna A
Armored vehicles other military equipment tanks and self-propelled guns aviation
Stormware IL - 16
Stormware IL - 2 attack aircraft IL - 10
BOMBARDER PE-8 BOMBARDER PE-2
Tu-2 bomber
Fighter Yak-3 Yak-7 Yak-9
Fighter La-5 Fighter La-7
Tank ISU - 152
Tank ISU - 122
Tank Su - 85
Tank Su - 122
Tank Su - 152
Tank T - 34
BRONONAUTOMABILE BA-10 BRONONAUTOMAUBILE BA-64
BM-31 jet artillery combat
BM-8-36 jet artillery combat
BM-8-24 jet artillery combat
Martial Machine of Jet Artillery BM - 13N
BM-13 jet artillery combat
2. http://1941-1945.net.ru/ 3. http://goup32441.narod.ru 4. http://www.bosonogoe.ru/blog/good/page92/
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Combat technique of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.
Plan.
1. Introduction
2. Aviation
3. Tanks and self-propelled guns
4. Aircrafts
5. Other Military Technology
Introduction
The victory over the fascist Germany and its allies was obsessed with the joint efforts of the states of the anti-fascist coalition, peoples that fought against the occupiers and their accomplices. But the Soviet Union played a decisive role in this armed battle. It was the Soviet country that was the most active and consistent wrestler against the fascist invaders who were striving to enslave the peoples of the whole world.
On the territory of the Soviet Union, a significant number of national military formations were formed by a total number of 550 thousand people, which was not allowed about 960 thousand rifles, carbines and automata, more than 40.5 thousand machine guns, 16.5 thousand guns and mortars. , Over 2300 aircraft, more than 1,100 tanks and sau. Considerable help was also provided in the preparation of national teams.
The results and the consequences of the Great Patriotic War are grandiose on their scale and historical meaning. Not "military happiness," did not accidentally led the Red Army to the brilliant victory. The Soviet economy has successfully coped with the provision of the front with the necessary weapons and ammunition.
Soviet industry in 1942 - 1944 Monthly produced over 2 thousand tanks, while the German industry only in May 1944 reached a maximum -1450 tanks; Field artillery guns in the Soviet Union was produced more than 2 times, and mortars are 5 times more than in Germany. The secret of this "economic miracle" lies in the fact that, carrying out the intense plans of the military economy, workers, peasants, the intelligentsia showed mass work heroism. Following the slogan "Everything for the front! Everything for victory! ", Not believing with any deprivations, the workers of the rear did everything to give the army perfect weapons, dress, shore and feed the soldiers, to ensure the smooth work of the transport and the entire national economy. The Soviet military industry surpassed the German-fascist not only in quantity, but also in terms of the quality of the main samples of weapons and techniques. Soviet scientists and designers have radically improved many technological processes, tirelessly created and improved military equipment and weapons. So, for example, the average T-34 tank, exposed to several modifications, is considered to be the best tank of the Great Patriotic War.
Mass heroism, unprecedented persistence, courage and dedication, selfless devotion to the motherland soviet people At the front, in the rear of the enemy, the working exploits of workers, peasants and intelligentsia were the most important factor in achieving our victory. History did not know similar examples Mass heroism and employment enthusiasm.
You can call thousands of glorious Soviet soldiers who committed wonderful feats in the name of the Motherland, in the name of the victory over the enemy. More than 300 times in the Great Patriotic War was repeated the immortal feat of A.K. Infantry Pankratov V.V. Vasilkovsky and A.M. Matrosov. Gold letters B. fight chronicle Soviet execution inscribed names Yu.V. Smirnova, A.P. Mareseva, paratrooper k.f. Olshansky, Heroes-Panfilovtsev and many, many others. The symbol of inflexible will and perseverance in the struggle were the names of D.M. Karbyshev and M. Jalille. The names of MA are widely fame. Egorova and M.V. Cantaria, licked the banner of victory over Reichstag. More than 7 million people who fought at the fronts of the war were awarded orders and medals. 11358 people were awarded the highest degree of combat differences - the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
Looking at various films about the war, hearing in the media about the approaching 65th anniversary of the Great patriotic WarI became wondering what kind of combat technology helped our people to win the fascist Germany.
Aviation
In the creative competition of the design bureaus, developing new fighters in the late thirties, a lot of success achieved the team to led A.S. Yakovlev. Established experienced fighter and-26 perfectly passed tests and under the brandYak-1. was taken into mass production. According to its aerobatic and combat qualities, Yak-1 was among the best front-line fighters.
During the Great Patriotic War, he was repeatedly modified. On its basis, more advanced Yak-1M and Yak-3 fighters were created. Yak-1m is a single fighter, the development of Yak-1. Created in 1943 in two copies: an experimental instance of N 1 and a double. Yak-1m was the easiest and maneuverable fighter in the world for his time.
Designers: Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov -Lagg.
The introduction of the aircraft did not go smoothly, as the plane and its drawings were still enough "raw", not refined to serial release. To establish the stream production failed. With the release of serial aircraft and their entry into military units, wishes began to come and the requirements to strengthen weapons and increase the volume of tanks. The increase in the tank of the benzobakov allowed to increase the range of flight from 660 to 1000 km. Automatic preds were installed, but regular aircraft were more in series. Plants, releasing about 100 cars Lagg-1, began to build its version - Lagg-3. All this was done as they were performed, but the plane was pulled out and the flight qualities declined. In addition, winter camouflage - rough surface color - worsened aerodynamics of the aircraft (and an experienced copy of the dark cherry blossom was polished to the brilliance, for which he was called a "piano" or "radiol"). The total weight culture in Lagg and La aircraft was lower than in the Yak aircraft, where it was brought to perfection. But the survivability of the design of Lagg (and then LA) was exceptional Lagg-3 in the first period of the war was one of the main front-line fighters. In 1941-1943 The factories have built over 6.5 thousand Lagg aircraft.
It was a free-standing lowlands that had smooth circles and a retractable chassis with a tail wheel; It was unique among the fighters of that time, because he had a one-piece design, with the exception of the steering surfaces that had a metal frame and linen; The fuselage, tail plumage and wings had a wooden power structure, to which were attached using phenol formaldehyde rubber diagonal plywood strips.
More than 6,500 Lagg-3 aircraft were built, and the late options had a retratable tail wheel and the ability to carry discharged fuel tanks. A 20-mm gun was installed from the weapon, which arrived through the sleeve of the screw, two 6.7 mm caliber machine gun (0.5 inches), and the undermining attachments for unmanaged rockets or light bombs.
The armament of the serial Lagg-3 consisted of one shvak gun, one or two BS and two cabastes, 6 RS-82 shells were still suspended. There were still serial aircraft with a gun of 37-mm Sch-37 (1942) and Nudelman NS-37 (1943). Lagg-3 with gun Sh-37 called "tank fighter".
In the mid-1930s, there was probably the fighter that would use such widely fame in aviation circles as I-16 (CKB-12), designed by the team headed by N.N. Polycarpov.
In its appearance and flight qualitiesI-16 Differently different from most of their serial contemporaries.
I-16 was created as a high-speed fighter, in which at the same time the goal of achieving maximum maneuverability to conduct air combat was pursued. For this, the center of gravity in flight was combined with a pressure center of about 31% sac. There was an opinion that in this case the plane would be more maneuverable. In fact, it turned out that I-16 became practically insufficient sustainable, especially in planning, demanded great attention from the pilot, reacted to the slightest movement of the handle. And along with this, there was no, perhaps, an aircraft that would produce such a big impression on contemporaries with its high-speed qualities. The little I-16 embodied the idea of \u200b\u200ba high-speed aircraft, which made it very effectively the shape of the highest pilotage, and was favorably distinguished from any biplan. After each modification, the speed, ceiling and armament of the aircraft increased.
Armament of the I-16 release of 1939 consisted of two cannons and two machine guns. Airplanes first episodes received combat baptism in the fights with the fascists in the sky of Spain. On machines of subsequent issues with installations for jet shells, our pilots have a japanese militarists on Halhin-goal. I-16 took part in the battles with the German-fascist aviation in the first period of the Great Patriotic War. On these fighters they fought and won a lot of victories twice the heroes of the Soviet Union G. P. Kravchenko, S. I. Grishetsky, A. V. Vorozhykin, V. F. Safonov and other pilots.
I-16 type 24 took part in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War. I-16, adapted for picking bombing /
One of the most terrible combat aircraft of World War II Ilyushin Il-2 was made in huge quantities. Soviet sources call the figure of 36163 aircraft. A characteristic feature of the two-bed aircraft of the CKB-55 or BSh-2, developed in 1938 by Sergei Ilyushin and its central design bureau, was a armored shell, which was a single integer with the design of the fuselage and protected the crew, engine, radiators and fuel tank. The plane perfectly approached the role of the attack aircraft defined for him, as it was well protected during an assault on a small height, but it was refused to favor a easier single model - the CCB-57 aircraft, which had an AM-38 engine with a capacity of 1268 kW (1700 liters. p.), a raised, well-streaming lamp of a pilot cabin, two guns of a 20 mm caliber instead of two of the four machine gun installed on the wing, as well as undermining rocket launchers. The first prototype rose into the air on October 12, 1940.
Serial instances indicatedIL-2, In general, they were similar to the CKB-57 model, but had a modified windshield and a shortened fairing of the back of the pilot cockpit. Single version of IL-2 quickly proved that it is a highly efficient weapon. However, losses during 1941-42. Due to the lack of escort fighters, turned out to be very high. In February 1942, it was decided to return to a two-bed version of IL-2 in accordance with the initial concept of Ilyushin. The IL-2M aircraft in the back cabin under the overall lantern was located arrows. Two such aircraft passed flight tests in March, and serial cars appeared in September 1942. A new version of the IL-2 aircraft Type 3 (or IL-2M3) appeared first in Stalingrad in early 1943
IL-2 aircraft used the USSR Navy for anti-workers, in addition, specialized bombers-torpedo-axis IL-2T were developed. On land, this aircraft was used if necessary for conducting exploration and formulation of chimneys.
On the last year of World War II, IL-2 aircraft were used by Polish and Czechoslovak units flying together with Soviet. These attack aircraft remained in service with the USSR Air Force over several post-war years and a little longer than a long time in other countries of Eastern Europe.
To replace the IL-2 attack aircraft, in 1943 two different experienced aircraft were developed. The IL-8 version, retaining the close similarity with IL-2, was equipped with a more powerful AM-42 engine, had a new wing, a horizontal tail plunge and chassis combined with the fuselage of the aircraft of the IL-2 late production. He passed flight trials in April 1944, but he was refused to favor IL-10, which was completely new development All-metal design and improved aerodynamic form. Mass production was launched in August 1944, and the assessment in the existing shelves - two months later. For the first time, this aircraft began to be used in February 1945, and by the spring its production has reached a peak. Before the capitulation of Germany, many shelves were converted by these attack aircraft; Significant number of them took part in short but large-scale actions against Japanese invaders in Manchuria and Korea during August 1945
During the Great Patriotic WarPE-2. He was the most popular Soviet bomber. These aircraft participated in battles on all fronts, were used by land and sea aviation as bombers, fighters, intelligence officers.
In our country, the first dive bomber became AR-2 A.A. Arkhangelsk, which represented the modernization of Sat. The AR-2 bomber was developed almost in parallel with the future of PE-2, but was fasterly launched into mass production, since it was based on a well-worked aircraft. However, the design with b is already quite outdated, so the prospects for the further development of the AR-2 were practically absent. A little later was released by a small series (five pieces) Plane SPb N.N. Polycarpova, who was superior to AR-2 for armediation and flight characteristics. Since numerous accidents occurred during flight tests, then after a long junction, this work machine was discontinued.
In the course of the tests, "hundreds" several accidents occurred. The Stefanovsky aircraft refused the right motor, and he hardly planted the car on the maintenance site, miraculously "jumping over" through the hangar and made up the goats around him. I suffered an accident and the second aircraft, "Dubler" on which A.M.Hripkov and P.I. Perevalov flew. After takeoff, a fire broke out, and the swallowed by the smoke pilot sat on the first place that the playground, crushing people who were there.
Despite these accidents, the aircraft showed high flight characteristics and was decided to build it serially. An experienced "weaving" was demonstrated at the May Day parade of 1940. The state tests "hundreds" ended on May 10, 1940, and on June 23, the aircraft was taken to serial production. The serial plane had some differences. The most noticeable external variation was the shift of the pilot cabin. Behind the pilot, a little right, there was a place of the navigator. The nose of the bottom was glazed, which made aiming during bombing. The navigator had an aroused machine gun on a pivot installation. For the back
Serial production of PE-2 unfolded very quickly. In the spring of 1941, these cars began to flow into the system parts. On May 1, 1941, the Regiment of PE-2 (95th Colonel S.A. Pestova) flew over the Red Square in the parade. These cars "assigned" the 13th air traffic station F.P. Polynova, who, who independently examining them, was successfully applied in battles in Belarus.
Unfortunately, to the beginning of hostilities, the car was still poorly mastered by pilots. The comparative complexity of the aircraft played their role here, and a fundamentally new bombing tactics with dive, and the lack of aircraft- "with a dual control, and structural defects, in particular lack of depreciation of the chassis and poor sealing of the fuselage, which increased the fire hazard. Subsequently, it was also noted that the rise and landing on PE-2 is much more complicated than on domestic Sat or DB-3, or American Douglas A-20 "Boston". In addition, the flight composition of the rapidly growing Soviet Air Force was poorly serious. For example, in the Leningrad District, more than half of the flight formulation graduated from the Aviation School in the fall of 1940 and had a few hours of plaque.
Despite the listed difficulties, parts, armed PE-2, successfully fought in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.
In the afternoon of June 22, 1941, 17 aircraft of the 5th bombardment airlock bombed the Galatsky Bridge across the river Prut. This high-speed and enough maneuverable plane could act in the afternoon in the conditions of superiority of the enemy in the air. So, on October 5, 1941 the crew of Art. Lieutenant Gorslikhina took the battle with nine German fighters BF 109 and shot down three of them.
On January 12, 1942, V.M. Petlyakov died in the aviation catastrophe. The aircraft of the PE-2, on which the designer flew, on the way to Moscow got into powerful snowfall, lost the orientation and crashed into a hill in the Arzamas area. The place of the chief designer was briefly taken by A.M.Izakson, and then I changed A.I. Putilov.
Front extremely needed modern bombers.
From the fall of 1941, PE-2 has already been actively used on all fronts, as well as in the naval aviation of the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets. The formation of new parts was conducted by an expedited pace. To do this, they attracted the most experienced pilots, including the test pilots of the Air Force, from which a separate regiment of the PE-2 aircraft (410th) was formed. During the counterattack near Moscow, PE-2 has already been about a quarter "from concentrated for the operation of bombers. However, the number of produced bombers remained insufficient. In the 8th air Army Under Stalingrad on July 12, 1942, from 179 bombers there were only 14 PE-2 and one PE-3, i.e. About 8%.
The regions of the PE-2 often moved from place to place using them in the most dangerous areas. Under Stalingrad, the 150th regiment of Colonel I.S. Polybin was famous (later General, Commander Aviakorpus). This regiment performed the most responsible tasks. Well, having mastered the bombing with dive, the pilots hit the powerful blows on the enemy. So, for example, a large gas storage facility has been destroyed by Khutor Morozovsky. When organizing the Germans of the "Air Bridge" in Stalingrad, PIKers participated in the destruction of German transport aviation at airfields. On December 30, 1942, six PE-2 150th regiment burned in the brambine of 20 German three-dimensional aircraft Junkers Ju52 / 3m. In winter, 1942-1943, the Baltic Fleet Air Force Picker bombed the bridge across the Narva, sharply difficulty supplies the German troops near Leningrad (the bridge was restored a month).
During "fighting, the tactics of Soviet pixers changed. At the end of the Stalingrad battle, shock groups of 30 -70 aircraft were already used instead of the former "triples" and "nine". Here the famous Polbinskaya "Vertushka" was born - a giant inclined wheel of dozens of pixers, covering each other from the tail and alternately appreciating sweeps. In the conditions of street fighting, PE-2 acted from small heights extremely accurately.
However, experienced pilots still lacked. Bombs were discharged mainly from a horizontal flight, young pilots were poorly flew by appliances.
In 1943, the head of the KB was appointed V.M.Myssishchev, also the former "enemy of the people", and later the famous Soviet aircraft designer, the creator of severe strategic bombers. In front of him, the task of modernization of PE-2 was in relation to new conditions on the front.
The opponent's aviation has developed rapidly. In the fall of 1941, the first fighters Messerschmitt BF.109F appeared on the Soviet-German front. The situation required to lead the characteristics of the PE-2 in line with the possibilities of new opponent aircraft. At the same time, it should be noted that the maximum speed of the production of 1942 was even slightly decreased compared with the aircraft of the pre-war release. There were also an additional weight due to more powerful weapons, armor, and worsening the quality of the assembly (women and adolescents worked at the factories, who did not have enough personnel workers in the factories). There were no low-quality sealing of aircraft, a bad fit of the sheets of trim, etc.
Since 1943, PE-2 occupied the first place in the number of machines of this type in bomber aviation. In 1944, PE-2 participated in almost all major offensive operations of the Soviet Army. In February 9, the bridge was destroyed with direct hits of the bridge over the Dnipro at Rogachov. The Germans pressed to the shore were destroyed by Soviet troops. At the beginning of Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya surgery, the 202nd Aviadvisia inflicted powerful blows on airfields to Uman and Christin. In March 1944, PE-2 of the 36th regiment destroyed German crossings on the Dniester River. Picklovers were very effective and in the mountain conditions of the Carpathians. In aviation training, 548 PE-2 participated before the attack in Belarus. On June 29, 1944, PE-2 destroyed the bridge over Berezina-Just exit from the Belarusian "Boiler".
Sea aviation widely used PE-2 against enemy ships. True, there was a small range and a relatively weak instrument equipment of the aircraft prevented here, but in the conditions of the Baltic and Black Seas, these aircraft acted quite successfully - the German cruiser "Nobe" and a number of large transports were swept away.
In 1944, the average accuracy of bombing compared with 1943 increased by 11%. Considerable contribution here already made well-mastered PE-2.
We did not cost without these bombers and at the final stage of war. They operated throughout Eastern Europe, accompanying the offensive of the Soviet troops. Pillas played a big role in the Königsberg storming and naval base Pillau. A total of 743 PI-2 pixer and Tu-2 participated in the Berlin operation. For example, on April 30, 1945, one of the goals of PE-2 was the Gestapo building in Berlin. Apparently, the last combat departure of PE-2 in Europe took place on May 7, 1945. Soviet pilots destroyed the runway at the Sirava airfield, from where the German planes were going to fly to Sweden.
PE-2 participated in a short campaign in the Far East. In particular, the pixers of the 34th bombardment regiment during strikes on the ports of Rasin and Seusin in Korea was soles to sink and two tankers and were damaged five more transports.
The release of PE-2 stopped in the winter of 1945-1946.
PE-2 - the main aircraft of the Soviet bombing aircraft -sgraded the outstanding role in achieving the victory in the Great Patriotic War. This aircraft was used as a bomber, scout, a fighter (it was not used only as a torpedo-stage). PE-2 fought on all fronts and in marine aviation of all fleets. In the hands of Soviet pilots, PE-2 fully disclosed the opportunities laid in it. Speed, maneuverability, powerful weapons plus strength, reliability and vitality were its distinctive features. PE-2 was popular at the pilots who preferred this car to foreign. From the first and to last day The Great Patriotic War "Peszka" served faith and truth.
Airplane pelletsPE-8. He was the only four-dimensional bomber in the USSR during World War II.
In October 1940, a diesel engine was chosen as a standard power plant with Berlin bombardment in August 1941, it turned out that they were also unreliable. It was decided to stop using diesel engines. By that time, the designation TB-7 was changed to PE-8, and to the end of serial production in October 1941, a total of 79 such aircraft were built; By the end of 1942, approximately 48 of the total aircraft were installed AS-82FN engines. One aircraft with AM-35A engines made a magnificent flight with intermediate landings from Moscow to Washington and back in the period from 19 May to June 13, 1942. The surviving planes were intensively used in 1942-43. For neighboring support, and from February 1943 to deliver bombs weighing 5000 kg for accurate attack for special purposes. After the war, in 1952, two PE-8 played a key role in the foundation of the Arctic station, having completed non-stop flights from 5000 km long (3107 miles).
Creating an airplaneTu-2 (front-line bomber) began at the end of 1939 by the design group headed by A.N.Tuolev. In January 1941, he was tested, an experienced aircraft designated "103". In May of the same year, the tests of its improved option "103U" began, which was characterized by a stronger defensive armament, a modified arrangement of the crew composition, which consisted of a pilot, navigator (could be a shooter), an arrow-radar and arrow. The aircraft was equipped with high-altitude Motors AM-37. On the tests of the aircraft "103" and "103u" showed outstanding flight qualities. Speed \u200b\u200bat medium and large altitudes, range of flight, bombing and relics of defensive weapons they significantly exceeded PE-2. At the heights of more than 6 km, they flew faster almost all serial fighters, both Soviet and German, yielding only the domestic fighter MiG-3.
In July 1941, it was decided to launch the "103U" in the series. However, in the conditions of the beginning of the war and large-scale evacuation of aviation enterprises, it was not possible to organize AM-37 motors. Therefore, designers had to redo the plane under the other motors. They became M-82 A.D. Shvedkov, who have just begun to be produced. Airplanes of this type were used at the fronts since 1944. The production of this type of bombers continued a few years after the war, until they changed reactive bombers. A total of 2547 aircraft were built.
The 18 red-starry fighters of Yak-3, raised from the front-line airfield of 18, 1944, met over the battlefield with 30 enemy fighters. In a rapidly fierce fight, Soviet pilots won a complete victory. They shot down 15 fascist aircraft, and lost only one. The battle confirmed the high mastery of our pilots and the magnificent qualities of the new Soviet fighter.
Airplane Yak-3 Created in 1943 the team headed by A.S. Yakovlev, developing the Yak-1m fighter fighter in battles. From its predecessor, Yak-3 was distinguished by a smaller wing (its area of \u200b\u200b14.85 square meters instead of 17.15) with the same sizes of the fuselage and a number of aerodynamic and constructive improvements. It was one of the easiest fighters in the world of the first half of the forties.
Given the experience of combat use of the Yak-7 fighter, the comments and suggestions of the pilots, A.S. Yakovlev made a number of significant changes in the car.
Essentially, it was a new aircraft, although plants, when it was built, it was necessary to make very little changes to the production technology and snap. Therefore, they were able to quickly master the upgraded version of the fighter called Yak-9. Since 1943, Yak-9 became essentially the main air combat aircraft. It was the most massive type of the front fighter aircraft in the composition of our Air Force during the Great Patriotic War in speed, maneuverability, flight range and armament Yak-9 exceeded all serial fighters of fascist Germany. In combat heights (2300-4300 m), the fighter developed the speed, respectively, 570 and 600 km / h. For a set of 5 thousand meters, it was enough for 5 minutes. The maximum ceiling reached 11 km, which made it possible to use Yak-9 and in the country air defense system for intercepting and destroying high-rise opponent aircraft.
During the war, the design bureau created several modifications of Yak-9. They differed from the main type mainly by weapons and fuel reserve.
The team of the Design Bureau, headed by S.A. Malochkin, in December 1941 completed the modification of the Lagg-Z ferry-shaped serial fighter for the Ash-82 star. The alterations were relatively small, the size and design of the aircraft were preserved, but due to the larger mid of the new engine on the side of the fuselage, we admired the second, non-working trim.
Already in September 1942, fighter shelves equipped with machinesLa-5. , participated in the battle near Stalingrad and achieved major success. The fights showed that the new Soviet fighter has serious advantages over the fascist aircraft of the same class.
The operationalization of the large volume of convective work during the tests of La-5 was largely determined by the close interaction of KB S.A. Leschkin with the Research Institute of the Air Force, Lii, Cam and KB A. D. Shvetsov. Due to this, it was possible to solve many questions involved in the shortest possible time with the layout of the power plant, and bring La-5 to the series before on the conveyor instead of Lagga, another fighter appeared.
La-5 production quickly increased, and in the fall of 1942. The first aviation shelves appeared under Stalingrad, which had in service with this fighter. It must be said that La-5 was not the only one by the alteration of Lagg-Z under the M-82 Motor. In the summer of 1941 Such a modification was carried out in Moscow under the leadership of M. I. Gudkov (the aircraft was called GU-82). This aircraft received a good feedback to the NIA Air Force. Subsequent evacuation and, apparently, the underestimation at that time of the importance of such work was strongly delayed testing and improving this fighter.
As for La-5, he quickly won recognition. Large speed of horizontal flight, good railing and pickup in combination with the best than that of Lagg-s, maneuverability on verticals, led to a sharp high-quality jump during the transition from Lagg-Z to La-5. The air cooling motor had a greater vitality than the liquid cooling motor, and at the same time he was a peculiar protection of the pilot from the fire from the front hemisphere. Using this property, pilots flying to La-5, boldly walked into frontal attacks, imposing a battle tactics favorable tactics.
But all the advantages of La-5 at the front were not immediately manifested. At first, due to a number of "childhood diseases", its combat qualities declined significantly. Of course, in the transition to serial production, La-5 flight data compared to its experienced copy, somewhat deteriorated, but not so much as other Soviet fighters. Thus, the speed on small and medium heights decreased by only 7-11 km / h, railing almost did not change, and the time of the virages due to the installation of the preds even decreased from 25 to 22.6 s. However, the maximum features of the fighter in battle was difficult. Overheating of the motor limited the time of using the maximum power, the oil system needed a refinement, in the cockpit, the air temperature reached 55-60 ° C, the emergency reset system and the quality of the plexiglass needed an improvement. In 1943, 5047 La-5 fighters were issued.
La-5 fighters from the first days of appearance on front-line airfields perfectly proven themselves in battles with German-fascist invaders. The pilots liked the maneuverability of La-5, their ease of control, powerful weapons, the survivile star-shaped engine, well-protected from the fire in front, and quite high speed. On these machines, our pilots won a lot of brilliant victories.
Design team S.A. Leschochkina persistently improved the excused car. At the end of 1943, its modification was released - La-7.
Adopted for the mass production of La-7 in the last year of the war became one of the main front-line fighters. On this plane, I.N. Kozhedub, awarded the three gold stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union, won most of his victories.
Tanks and self-propelled guns
Tank T-60 was created in 1941 as a result of the deep modernization of T-40 tank conducted under the direction of N.A. Astrov in the context of the Great Patriotic War. Compared to the T-40, he had reinforced armor protection and more powerful weapons - 20-mm gun instead of a large-caliber machine gun. On this serial tank, a device for heating the engine coolant in winter was first applied. Modernization reached the improvement of the main combat characteristics when simplifying the design of the tank, but the fighting was narrowed - the buoyancy was eliminated. As with the T-40 tank, there are four rubber rinks on board, three supporting rollers, located in front of the driving wheel and the rear guide wheel. Suspension individual torsion.
However, in conditions of lack of tanks, the main advantage of the T-60 was simplicity of production at automotive plants with wide use of automotive components and mechanisms. The tank was made at the same time on four factories. In just a short time, 6045 T-60 tanks were issued, which played an important role in the battles of the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.
Self-propelled installation ISU-152
The heavy self-propelled artillery installation of the ISU-122 was armed with a 122-mm field gun of the 1937 sample, adapted for installation in Su. And when the design team, headed by F. F. Petrov, created a 122-mm tank gun of the 1944 sample, was also installed on IPU-122. The car with a new tool was called ISU-122C. The sample gun of 1937 had a piston shutter, and the 1944 sample was semi-automatic sample. In addition, she was equipped with a dool brake. All this allowed to increase rapidity from 2.2 to 3 shots per minute. The armor-piercing projectile of both systems weighed 25 kg and had an initial speed of 800 m / s. Amusement consisted of splitting shots.
The angles of vertical guidance tools were somewhat different: they were from -4 ° to + 15 °, and on ISU-122C - from -2 ° to + 20 °, the angles of horizontal tip were the same - 11 ° in each direction. The combat mass of ISU-122 was 46 tons.
Self-propelled installation of the ISU-152 on the basis of the IS-2 tank is nothing but the artsystem did not differ from ISU-122. It was installed on it 152-mm Gaubitsa-gun of the 1937 sample with a piston shutter, the rate of fire which was 2.3 shots per minute.
The ISU-122 crew, as well as the ISU-152, consisted of a commander, anema, charged, castle and driver mechanic. The combat hatching of the hexagon form is completely protected by armor. The gun, which was attached to the machine (on ISU-122C in a mask), shifted to the right side. In the combat department, except for weapons and ammunition, there were fuel and oil tanks. The driver sat in front of the left of the gun and had his surveillance devices. The commander's turret was absent. The commander led to observation through the periscope in the roof of the cut.
Self-propelled installation ISU-122
As soon as at the end of 1943, a heavy tank IP-1 appeared in service, on its basis, they decided to create a fully armored self-propelled installation. At first, it met some difficulties: because IS-1 had a corps noticeably already than a sq-1c, on the basis of which in 1943 it was created a heavy self-propelled installation of the Su-152 with a 152-mm green-powder. However, the efforts of the designers of the Chelyabinsk Kirov plant and artillery led by F. F. Petrova were crowned with success. Already by the end of 1943, 35 self-propelled guns armed with a 152-mm green gun were released.
ISU-152 was distinguished by powerful armor protection and artillery system, good driving qualities. The presence of panoramic and telescopic sights allowed fire to fire both direct vendor and with closed firing positions. Easy device and operation contributed to the rapid development of its crews, which in wartime was extremely important. This machine, armed with a 152-mm gun-warm, was serially produced since the end of 1943. Its mass was 46 tons, the thickness of the armor is 90 mm, the crew consisted of 5 people. Diesel with a capacity of 520 liters. from. accelerated the car up to 40 km / h.
In the future, on the basis of the Self-propelled chassis of ISU-152, several more severe SAU were developed, on which high power cannon were installed 122 and 130 mm. The mass of ISU-130 was 47 tons, the thickness of the armor is 90 mm, the crew consisted of 4 people. Diesel engine with a capacity of 520 liters. from. Provided the speed of 40 km / h. A 130-mm gun installed on a self-propeller was a modification of a marine gun adapted for mounting in a combat cutting machine. To reduce the gas branch of the combat department, it has been supplied with a system blowing system with compressed air from five cylinders. ISU-130 has passed front-line tests, but was not adopted into service.
Heavy self-propelled artillery Installation of ISU-122 was armed with a 122-mm field fender of the sample
Heavy Soviet self-propelled artillery installations have played a huge role in achieving victory. They have proven themselves perfectly during street fighting in Berlin and during the storming of the powerful fortification facilities of Königsberg.
In the 50s, self-propelled installations of the ISU, which remained in service with the Soviet Army, passed, as well as the Tanks of the IS-2, modernization. In total, the Soviet industry more than 2,400 IPU-122 and more than 2,800 ISU-152 were issued.
In 1945, on the basis of the IS-3 tank, another sample of severe SAU was designed, which was the same name as the machine developed in 1943 - ISU-152. A feature of this car was that the overall head of the inclination was attached to the overall head, and the lower side sheets of the body had reverse tilt angles. Departments combat and management combined. The mechanic was located in combat logging and led to observation through a periscopic observation device. Specially created for this machine, the target designation system associated commander with a member and mechanic driver. However, with many advantages, a large angle of inclination of the walls of logging, a significant amount of rolling back of the Gaubi Gaubi, and the combination of separations was significantly hampered by the crew. Therefore, the ISU-152 sample of 1945 was not adopted. The car was made in a single instance.
Self-propelled installation Su-152
In the autumn of 1942, at the Chelyabinsk Kirov plant, the designers led by L. C, Trojanov created on the basis of a heavy tank KB-1C self-propelled installation of the SU-152 (kV-14), intended for the maintenance of fire on the clusters of troops, long-term reference points and armorobjects.
Regarding its creation in the "History of the Great Patriotic War" there is a modest mention: "On the task of the State Defense Committee at the Kirov Plant in Chelyabinsk for 25 days (a unique term in the history of world tank construction!) A prototype of the self-propelled artillery installation of su- 152, since February 1943, enrolled in production. "
The combat baptism of SU-152 self-propelled creation was obtained on a Kursk arc. Their appearance on the battlefield was for German tank workers with a complete surprise. These self-propelled plants perfectly showed themselves in martial arts with German "tigers", "panthers" and "elephant". Their armor-piercing shells pierced the armor of enemy machines, broke the towers from them. For this front-line, with love called heavy self-propelled "Zverbags". The experience gained in the design of the first Soviet heavy SAU was subsequently used to create such fire funds based on heavy IP tanks.
Self-propelled installation Su-122
On October 19, 1942, GKO decided to create self-propelled artillery installations - lungs with 37-mm and 76 mm implements and medium with a 122-mm gun.
Su-122 production continued on Uralmashzavoda from December 1942 to August 1943. During this time, the plant has released 638 self-propelled settings of this type.
In parallel with the development of the drawings of the serial self-propelled installation, work on its cardinal improvement began in January 1943.
As for the serial SU-122, since April 1943 began the formation of self-propelled-artillery regiments with the same type machines. In such a shelf there were 16 SAU SU-122, which up to the beginning of 1944 continued to be used to accompany the infantry and tanks. However, such an application was not enough effective due to the small initial rate of the projectile - 515 m / s - and, therefore, the small walter of its trajectory. In August 1943, entering the troops from August 1943 in significantly large quantities, the new self-propelled artillery installation SU-85 quickly fastened its predecessor on the battlefield.
Self-propelled installation Su-85
The experience of using SU-122 installations showed that to perform accompaniment and support tasks with fire, infantry and cavalry, they have too low rapidity. The troops required the installation, armed more rapid.
SU-85 self-propelled shifts entered the armament of individual self-propelled-artillery regiments (16 installations in each shelf) and were widely used in the battles of the Great Patriotic War.
The Heavy Tank IP-1 was developed in the Design Bureau of the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant in the second half of 1942 under the leadership of J. Ya. Kotina. As a basis was taken by the KV-13, on the basis of which two experienced variants of the new heavy machine IP-1 and Is-2 were manufactured. Their difference was in service: there was a 76-mm gun on the IS-1, on an IS-2-122-mm Gaubitian cannon. The first experienced samples of the tanks of the IP had a pyattnaya running part, made by the type of chassis of the KV-13 tank, from which the outlines of the body and the overall layout of the machine were also borrowed.
Almost simultaneously with the IS-1, the production of a more powerful armed model of the IC-2 (object 240) began (Object 240). 122-mm tank gun D-25T (originally having a piston shutter) with the initial shell rate of 781 m / s allowed to strike all the main types of German tanks at all battle distances. In an experienced manner, 85-mm high-power gun was installed on the test tank with the initial rate of the projectile 1050 m / s and 100-mm C-34 gun.
Under the IS-2 brand in October 1943, Tank was taken into mass production, which was deployed in early 1944.
In 1944, IS-2 was modernized.
The Tanks of the IS-2 entered the armament of certain heavy tank regiments, which the name "Guards" was assigned during the formation. In early 1945, several separate guards heavy tank brigades were formed, which included three heavy tank shelf each. IS-2 was first applied to the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, and then participated in all operations of the final period of the Great Patriotic War.
The last tank created during the Great Patriotic War was the heavy IC-3 (object 703). It was designed in 1944-1945 at an experienced factory No. 100 in Chelyabinsk under the guidance of the lead designer M. F. Balley. Serial production began in May 1945, during which 1170 combat vehicles were issued.
The Tanks of the IS-3, contrary to the problem, were not applied in the fighting of World War II, but on September 7, 1945, one tank regiment, which was in service with these combat vehicles, took part in the parade of the units of the Red Army in Berlin in honor of the victory over Japan, And IP-3 made a strong impression on the Western Allies of the USSR on the anti-Hitler coalition.
Tank square
In accordance with the Decree of the USSR Defense Committee at the end of 1938, the Kirovsky Plant in Leningrad began designing a new heavy tank with anti-frequency booking, called the SMC (Sergey Mironovich Kirov). The development of another heavy tank, named T-100, was engaged in the Leningrad Plant of Experimental Engineering named after Kirov (No. 185).
In August 1939, the QMS and KB tanks were made in metal. At the end of September, both tanks took part in the show of new samples of armored vehicles on a NIBTPOLIGON in the Moscow region Cuba, and on December 19, the heavy tank KB was adopted by the Red Army.
The KB tank showed himself from the best side, but it turned out very quickly that the 76-mm gun L-11 is weak to fight dotami. Therefore, in a short time, the tank kV-2 was developed and built with a tower of increased size, armed with 152-mm M-10 Gaubita. By March 5, 1940, three kV-2 were sent to the front.
In fact, the mass production of tanks of the KV-1 and KV-2 began in February 1940 at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.
However, in the conditions of the blockade, it was impossible to continue the release of tanks. Therefore, from July to December, in several stages, the evacuation of the Kirov plant from Leningrad to Chelyabinsk was conducted. On October 6, the Chelyabinsk Tractor was renamed to the Kirovsky Plant of Narkomtankoprom - ChKZ, who became the only manufacturer of heavy tanks up to the end of the Great Patriotic War.
The tank of the same class as KB - "Tiger" - appeared in the Germans only at the end of 1942. And then the fate played the second earnest joke with the KB: it is instantly outdated. KB was simply powerless against the "tiger" with his "long paw" - 88-mm gun with a barrel length of 56 calibers. "Tiger" could affect KB on distances, beyond for the latter.
The situation was somewhat smoothed somewhat. But these cars were arranged late, they were released a little, and they could not make a significant contribution to the fight against German heavy tanks. A more serious opponent for the "tigers" could be the KV-122 - serial kV-85, armed in an experimental order of 122-mm gun D-25T. But at this time, the CCZ workshop has already begun to leave the first tanks of the IP series. These cars, at first glance, continued by the KB line, were completely new tanks, which in their fighting qualities were far exceeded the heavy tanks of the enemy.
For the period from 1940 to 1943, the Leningrad Kirovsky and Chelyabinsk Kirov factories have released 4775 KB tanks of all modifications. They were in service with a tank brigade of a mixed organization, and then were reduced to separate tank shelves of the breakthrough. Heavy tanks KB took part in the fighting of the Great Patriotic War until its final stage.
Tank T-34
The first prototype T-34 was manufactured by Plant No. 183 in January 1940, the second - in February. In the same month, factory tests began, which were interrupted on March 12, when both cars went to Moscow. On March 17, I. V. Stalin demonstrated on the Ivanovo Square of Tanks. After the machine is shown, went further - on the route Minsk - Kiev - Kharkov.
The first three serial cars in November - December 1940 were subjected to intensive testing of shooting and mileage on the route Kharkov - Kubinka - Smolensk - Kiev - Kharkov. Tests conducted officers.
It should be noted that each plant-manufacturer made some changes and additions to the tank design in accordance with its technological capabilities, so the tanks of different plants had their own characteristic appearance.
In minor quantities, tank trawls and bridges were manufactured. There was also a commander version of the "thirty parts", distinctive feature which was the presence of a radio station of RSB-1.
T-34-76 tanks were in service with the tank parts of the Red Army, the whole of the Great Patriotic War and took part in almost all combat operations, including Berlin's assault. In addition to the Red Army, the average T-34 tanks consisted of armed with the troops of the Polish, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and the Czechoslovak Corps, who fought against fascist Germany.
Armored vehicles
BRONONAUTOMABILE BA-10
In 1938, the Red Army adopted the average BA-10 armorAutomobile, developed a year earlier at the Izhora factory, a group of designers at the head of which were such well-known specialists as A. A. Lipgart, O. V. Dybov and V. A. Grachev.
The armored car was made according to the classic layout diagram with the front engine location, front control wheels and two rear leading bridges. The BA-10 crew consisted of 4 people: commander, driver, gunner and machine gunner.
Since 1939, the release of the modernized BA-10M model began, which was different from the base machine with reinforced armor protection of the frontal projection, improved steering, the external location of the gas tanks and a new radio station / in small quantities for armored traded parts was produced by railway armored vessels of BA-10 8 tons
Battle baptism BA-10 and BA-10M took place in 1939 during an armed conflict at the Khalkhin-goal river. They constituted the main part of the Armored Park 7, 8 and 9 and Motobonebrigad. Successful application contributed by steppe terrain. Later, BA 10's armored person took part in the liberation campaign and Soviet Finnish War. During the Great Patriotic Warriors, they were used in the troops until 1944, and in some units until the end of the warrior. They have proven themselves as a means of reconnaissance and combat effort, and with competent use they successfully fought with the tanks of the enemy.
In 1940, a certain number of BA-20 armored cars and BA-10 were captured by the Finns and in the future they were actively used in the Finnish army. 22 BA 20 units were adopted, and individual machines were used as training before the early 1950s. BA-10 armored cars were smaller, their native 36,7-kilowatt engines Finns were replaced with 62.5-kilowatte (85 hp) eight-cylinder V-shaped motors "Ford" V8. Three cars Finns sold the Swedes who experienced them in order to further apply as management machines. In the Swedish Army, the BA-10 received the designation M / 31F.
The Germans also used trophy BA-10, captured and restored machines, entered on some infantry parts of the police and educational units.
BRONONAUTOMABILE BA-64
In the pre-war period, the Gorky Automotive Plant was the main supplier of the chassis for light machine-gun vehicles of FAI, FAI-M, BA-20 and their modifications. The main disadvantage of these machines was their low permeability of rough terrain, and their armorpus did not differ in high protective properties.
The beginning of the Great Patriotic War found the employees of the Gorky Automobile Plant for the development of the production of GAZ-64 - a passenger army car of increased traffic, designed under the leadership of the leading designer V.A.Grachev in early 1941.
Given the experience gained in the 30s, the creation of two-axis and three-axis chassis for armored vehicles, Gorkovchan decided to make a light machine-gun arm-machine on the basis of GAZ-64 for the operating army.
Plant's management supported the initiative of Grachev and already on July 17, 1941, design work began. The layout of the car was led by the engineer F.A. Replendin, the leading designer was appointed G.M.vasserman. The projected armored car and externally, and on combat capabilities sharply differed from the previous cars of this class. Designers had to take into account the new tactical and technical requirements for armored cars arising from the analysis of combat experience. The cars had to be used for intelligence, for the control of troops during the battle, in the fight against the air force, to accompany the auto-colon, as well as for the controversial defense of tanks on the march. Also, a certain influence on the design of the new car was acquainted with the factory workers with the German trophy armored car SD KFZ 221, which was taken on September 7 for a detailed study.
Despite the fact that the designs of Yu.N.Sorobin, B.T. Komarevsky, V.F. Samamel and the other for the first time I had to design a bronorpus, they, taking into account the experience of predecessors, successfully coped with the task. All the armorists (different thicknesses) were located with a slope, which significantly increased the resistance of the welded body when the armor-piercing bullets and large fragments entered into it.
The BA-64 was the first domestic armored car with all the leading wheels, so that he successfully overcomed on the solid grounds of over 30 °, brods with a depth of 0.9 m and slippery storage with a slope of up to 18 °.
The car not only went well in a fat and sand, but also confidently rushed from such soils after the stop. The characteristic feature of the corps - the largets in front and rear facilitated the BA-64 overcoming the gallery, holes and funnels. The survivability of the armored vehicle increased the Pulleted Tires of the GK (spongy camera).
In the spring of 1943, the production of BA-64B continued to 1946. In 1944, in despite its main drawback, the Low Fire Power - BA-64 armored vehicles were successfully used during landing operations, intellectuals, for escorting and combat care of infantry units.
Other military equipment
BM-8-36 jet artillery combat
In parallel with the creation and launch of the BM-13 combat vehicles and the M-13 mechanics and shells, work was carried out on the adaptation of air-air air-air reactors of the RS-82 for use in field jet artillery. These works were completed on August 2, 1941. The adoption of the 82-mm reactive projectile M-8. During the war, the M-8 projectile was finalized several times to increase the power of the target and the flight range.
In order to reduce the timing of building installation Designers, along with the creation of new nodes, the BM-13 installation nodes have been widely used, for example, the base, and the guides of the Flute type guides are used as guides.
Taking into account the experience of production of BM-13 installations, when creating a new installation, special attention was paid to ensuring the parallelism of the guides and strength of their fastening in order to reduce the dispersion of shells during shooting.
The new installation was adopted by the Red Army on August 6, 1941 under the designation of BM-8-36 and was launched into serial production at the Moscow Plants "Compressor" and "Red Presnya". By the beginning of September 1941, 72 installations of this type were manufactured, and by November - 270 installations.
Installation BM-13-36 has established itself as a reliable weapon with a very powerful volley. Its significant disadvantage was the unsatisfactory permeability of the ZIS-6 chassis on off-road. During the war, this disadvantage was largely eliminated by.
BM-8-24 jet artillery combat
Used when creating a BM-8-36 combat vehicle BM-6 chassis, the chassis of a three-axis cargo car ZIS-6, although he had a high passability on the roads of various profiles and coatings, but was unsuitable for movement over a wetrated cross-country and in dirt roads, especially in the abolition in autumn and spring. In addition, when conducting hostilities in the conditions of a rapidly changing environment, combat vehicles were often under the artillery-machine-gun enemy's fire, as a result of which the calculations carried significant losses.
For these reasons, in August 1941, in the Design Bureau of the Compressor plant, the issue of creating the BM-8 launcher on the T-40 light chassis was considered. The development of this installation was carried out quickly and by October 13, 1941 was successfully completed. The new installation that was called BM-8-24 had an artillery part with guides to launch 24 reactive mechanisms with guides to launch 24 M-8 reactive mechanisms.
The artillery part was mounted on the roof of T-40 tank. All necessary electrical wiring and fire control devices were placed in the battle branch of the tank. After the T-40 tank was replaced by the production of Tank T-60, its chassis was appropriately upgraded to use as the chassis of the BM-8-24 installation.
The BM-8-24 launcher was produced serially at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War and was distinguished by high patency, an enlarged angle of shelling along the horizon and a relatively small height that facilitated its disguise on the ground.
M-30 launcher
On July 5, 1942, on the Western Front, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Bellev, a volley was made by the fortified points of the enemy 68th and 69th Guards mortar shelves of the four-fivision composition, which had in service with new start-up settings for the launch of heavy fugasic reactive shells M-30.
The M-30 projectile was intended to suppress and destroy the sheltered fires and the living force, as well as the destruction of field defensive structures of the enemy.
The starting unit was the inclined frame made from steel corner profiles, which was placed in one series of four capping with reactive mechanics M-30. Shooting was carried out by supplying an electric current pulse to a shell on wires from a conventional sperm subversive machine. The machine served a group of starting settings through a special camshaft "Crab".
Already when creating a projectile M-30 designers it was clear that its flight range does not fully meet the needs of troops. Therefore, at the end of 1942, a new heavy Fuchic Jet Tool M-31 was admitted to armared the Red Army. This shell, having a weight of 20 kg more than that of the I-30 projectile, exceeded its predecessor and in flight range (4325 m instead of 2800 m).
The mechanics of M-31 were also launched from the M-30 launcher, however, this setting in the spring of 1943 was also upgraded, as a result of which the two-row laying of shells on the frame was possible. Thus, 8 shells were launched from each such launcher instead of 4.
M-30 launchers were in service with the Guards mortar divisions that have emerged from the mid-1942, each of which had three brigades of the four-divisional composition. The injection of the brigade was 1152 projectiles with a total weight of over 106 tons. In total, there were 864 launchers in the division, which could simultaneously release 3456 mechanisters M-30-320 tons of metal and fire!
BM-13N jet artillery combat
Due to the fact that the production of BM-13 launchers urgently was deployed in several enterprises with various production capabilities, more or less significant changes were made to the design of the installation, due to the production technology adopted at these enterprises.
In addition, at the stage of deploying the serial production of the launcher, the designers made a number of changes to its design. The most important of them was the replacement of a "spark" used in the first samples of the guide type to a more perfect guide type "beam".
Thus, the troops used to ten varieties of the BM-13 launcher, which made it difficult to train the personnel of the guards mortar parts and adversely affected the operation of military equipment.
For these reasons, it was developed in April 1943, a unified (normalized) launcher of BM-13N was adopted. When creating installation, designers critically analyzed all the details and nodes, seeking to increase the manufacturability of their production and reduce the cost. All installation nodes received independent indices and steel, essentially universal. In the design of the installation, a new node was introduced - a subframe. The subframe allowed the assembly of the entire artillery part of the launcher (as a single unit) on it, and not on the chassis, as it was before. In the assembled form, the artillery part is relatively easy to mounted on the chassis of any brand of the car with minimal finalization of the latter. The created design made it possible to reduce the labor intensity, the manufacture time and the cost of starting installations. The weight of the artillery part was reduced by 250 kg, cost - more than 20 percent.
The combat and operational qualities of the installation were significantly increased. Due to the introduction of the reservation of gas tank, the fuel station, the side and rear walls of the driver's cabin, the vitality of launchers in battle was raised. The shelling sector was increased, the stability of the launcher in the marching position increased. Advanced lifting and turning mechanisms allowed to increase the rate of targeting the installation on target.
The creation of this launcher was finally completed by the development of the BM-13 serial combat vehicle. In this form, it was reworked until the end of the war.
BM-13 jet artillery combat
After adopting an air-air-air reactive air-air shells of RS-82 (1937) and 132-mm air-earth reactive shells of the RS-132 (1938), the main artillery management has delivered before the developer Shells - reactive Reactivity - the problem of creating a reactive field system of salvo fire based on RS-132 shells. The refined tactical and technical assignment was issued by the Institute in June 1938.
In accordance with this task by the summer of 1939, the Institute has developed a new 132-mm fragmentation-fuznaya projectile, which has later received the official name M-13. Compared to Aviation RS-132, this shell has a greater range of flight (8470 m) and a significantly more powerful combat part (4.9 kg). Right increment is achieved by increasing the number of rocket fuels. To accommodate a larger missile charge and explosive, it was necessary to lengthen the rocket and head part of the reactive projectile by 48 cm. The M-13 projectile has a slightly better than RS-132, aerodynamic characteristics, which made it possible to obtain higher accuracy.
The projecture also developed a self-contained multi-chain starting unit. In the period from December 1938 to February 1939. Polygonal installation tests have shown that it does not fully meet the requirements. Its design allowed the start of jet shells only perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the car, and the jet of hot gases damaged the elements of the installation and the machine. Safety is also not ensured when controlling fire from the cab. The starting unit was strongly swollen, which worsened the part of the shooting of jet shells.
Chargeing the starting setting from the front of the guides was inconvenient and required a lot of time. The SIS-5 car has limited permeability.
During the tests, an important feature of the volleary shooting was revealed by reactive shells: while simultaneously breaking several shells on a limited area from different directions, shock waves operate, the addition of which, that is, counter strikes, significantly increases the destructive effect of each projectile.
According to the results of those who have ended in November 1939, the Institute ordered five launchers for military testing. Another installation ordered the artillery management of the navy to use it in the coastal defense system.
Thus, in the context of the Second World War, the leadership of the main artillery management clearly did not hurry with the adoption of reactive artillery: who had no sufficient production capacity, the institute made ordered six launchers only by the fall of 1940, only in January 1941
The situation has changed dramatically after June 21, 1941, at a review of the samples of armament of the Red Army, the installation was presented to the heads of WCP (b) and the Soviet government. On the same day, just a few hours before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a decision was made to urgently deploy the mass production of M-13 reactive shells and a launcher that received the official name BM-13 (combat machine 13).
The production of BM-13 installations was organized on the Voronezh factory. Comintern and at the Moscow Plant "Compressor". One of the main enterprises for the production of jet shells was the Moscow Plant. Vladimir Ilyich.
The first battery of field jet artillery sent to the front on the night from July 1 to July 2, 1941 under the command of Captain I.A. Fleroova, was armed with seven installations made by reactive research institutes. With his first volley at 15 o'clock 15 minutes, July 14, 1941, the Battery erased from the face of the Railway Railway Orsha together with the German echelons on it with troops and military equipment.
The exceptional efficiency of the battery of Captain I.A. Flerov and formed after another seven such batteries contributed to the rapid increase in the rate of production of reactive weapons. Already by the fall of 1941, 45 tribady-four divisions were operated on the fronts of four launchers in the battery. For their weapons in 1941, 593 BM-13 installations were manufactured. At the same time, the live strength and military equipment enemy was destroyed on an area over 100 hectares. Officially, the regiments were called guards mortar shelves of artillery reserve of the Supreme Command.
Literature
1. Creative equipment, equipment and armament 1941-1945