Distribution of natural zones on Earth. Pattern in the distribution of natural zones in the land

Natural zones

The location of the ecological communities on Earth is a pronounced zonal structure associated with a change in thermal conditions (first of all, the solar energy flow) on different latitudes. Natural zones are elongated in the latitudinal direction and replace each other when moving through the meridian. Own, high, zonality is formed in mining systems; In the global ocean, the change of environmental communities with depth is clearly visible. Natural areas are closely related to the concept of range - the distribution area of \u200b\u200bthis type of organisms. The study of the patterns of the distribution of biogeocenoses on the surface of the Earth is engaged in biogeography.

Ground land is divided into 13 main latitudinal belts: arctic and antarctic, subarctic and subnutrctic, northern and southern moderate, north and southern subtropical, northern and southern tropical, northern and southern subequatorial, equatorial.

Consider the main biogeographic zones of sushi. The territory around the poles covers the cold arctic (in the southern hemisphere - Antarctic) desert. They differ from the extremely harsh climate, extensive glacial interference and stony deserts, underdeveloped soils, poverty and monotony of living organisms. Animals of the Arctic desert are connected, mostly with the sea - this is a polar bear, a laston-enemy, in Antarctica - penguins.

The south of the Arctic desert is located Tundra (Fin. Tunturi "Beggar Highland"); In the southern hemisphere of Tundra is represented only on some subnutrctic islands. Cold climate and soil, underlayed by eternal Merzlot, determine the predominance of moss, lichens, grassy plants and shrubs. South appear small trees (for example, dwarf birches), and Tundra is replaced by Fondra. Fauna Tundra is fairness enough and scarce: reindeer, sands, lemmings and extensions, as well as extensive bird bazaars. From insects are abundant mosquitoes. Most of the vertebrates with the onset of winter leave the tundra (convex or fly away into the heavier edges). Near the seas and oceans of Tundra and the Fierotundra are replaced Oceanic zone meadows.

South Forestandra begins the woods moderate zone ; first coniferous (taiga), then mixed, and finally widecit (southern temperate zone Almost completely covers the world ocean). Moderate forests occupy huge territories in Eurasia and North America. The climate here is already significantly warmer, and the species diversity is more than several times than in the tundra. On podzolic soils dominate large trees - pine, spruce, cedar, larch, south - oak, beeza. Among the animals are predicted (wolf, fox, bear, lynx), hoofs (deer, boars), singing birds, separate groups of insects.

The zone of moderate forests is replaced by a forest-steppe and then steppe. The climate becomes warmer and arid, black soils and brown soil are obtained among the soils. Grandia predominate, among animals - rodents, predatory (wolf, fox, caressing), predatory birds (eagle, hawk), reckless (viper, poloz), beetles. The big percentage of steppes is engaged in agricultural land. The steppes are distributed in the Midwest USA, in Ukraine, in the Volga region and Kazakhstan.

The following area is the zone of temperate semi-deserts and deserts (Middle and Central Asia, the Western part North America, Argentina). The desert climate is characterized by a small amount of precipitation, large daily fluctuations in temperature. The deserts are usually absent; only occasionally the desert crosses large rivers (Juanhe, Syrdarya, Amudarya). Fauna is characterized by sufficient diversity, most species are adapted to habitat in dry conditions.

When approaching the equator, a moderate belt is replaced by subtropics. In the coastal strip (north coast Mediterranean Sea, South Coast of Crimea, Middle East, Southeast of the United States, the Last South South Africa, South and West Coast of Australia, North Island New Zealand) are common evergreen subtropical forests; Farming away from the sea is a forest-steppe (in North America - Prairie), steppe and desert (the latter - in South Australia, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, in Iran and Tibet, Northern Mexico and Western South Africa). The animal world of subtropics is characterized by mixing moderate and tropical species.

Tropical wet forests (South Florida, West India, Central America, Madagascar, East Australia) are largely disparaging and are used under plantations. Large animals are almost exterminated. Western Industan, East Australia, Pool Parana in South America And South Africa - the spreading zones of more arid tropical savannahs and a steady. The most extensive tropical zone - deserts (sugar, the Arabian desert, Pakistan, Central Australia, Western California, Kalahari, Namib, Atakama). The huge spaces of pebble, sandy, stony and salt surfaces are deprived of vegetation. Animal world is small.

The Equatorial belt is located closest to the equatorian (Amazon Pool, Central Africa, Indonesia). The abundance of precipitation and high temperature led to the presence of evergreen wet forests (in South America such a forest is called Gilea). Equatorial belt - Record holder on a variety of species of animals and plants.

Similar laws are observed in the change of biogeographic zones in the mountains - High resistance. It is due to a change in temperature, pressure and humidity with an increase in the height of the terrain. Full identity between high-altitude, on the one hand, and latitudinal, on the other hand, belts, however, no. So, inherent in typical tundra shift polar days and nights, its high-altitude analogues are deprived in lower latitudes, as well as alpine meadows.

The most complex spectra of altitude belts are characteristic of high spirits near the equator. The poles are reduced to the poles, and their diversity decreases. The spectrum of high-altitude belts changes and when removing from the seashore.

The same natural zones are found at different continents, however, forests and mountains, steppes and deserts have their own characteristics on various continents. Plants and animals are distinguished, adapter to existence in these natural zones. In biogeography, six biogeographic areas are distinguished:

Palearctic region (Eurasia without India and Indochina, North Africa);

Nonarctic area (North America and Greenland);

Eastern area (Indoostan and Indochina, Malay Archipelago);

Neotropic area (Central and South America);

Ethiopian region (almost all of Africa);

Australian region (Australia and Oceania).

Living organisms inhabit not only land, but also the world ocean. In the ocean, there are about ten thousand species of plants and hundreds of thousands of animal species (in that chive more than 15 thousand vertebrate species). Plants and animals populate in the world ocean two very different areas of the region - pelagial (surface water layers) and Bental ( sea \u200b\u200bbottom). The latitudinal zones are well expressed only in the surface waters of the ocean; With increasing depth, the influence of the sun and climate decreases, and the water temperature approaches characteristic of the ocean thickness +4 ° C.

Heat sun, clean air and water - these are the main criteria of life on Earth. Numerous climatic belts led to the separation of the territory of all continents and water space on certain natural zones. Some of them, even separated by huge distances, are very similar, other unique.

Natural zones of the world: What is it?

Under this definition, it is necessary to understand very large natural complexes (in other words, parts of the geographical belt of the Earth), which have similar, homogeneous climatic conditions. The main characteristic of natural zones is animal and vegetable world, which inhabits this territory. They are formed by the uneven distribution of moisture and heat on the planet.

Table "Natural Zones of the World"

This characteristic of the natural zones of the world is only a familiarization, because it is possible to tell every one of them a lot and long, all the information does not fit in the framework of the same table.

Natural zones of moderate climatic belt

1. Taiga. Excelves all the other natural zones of the world on the occupied area on land (27% of the territory of all forests of the planet). It is characterized by very low winter temperatures. Deciduous trees They are not maintained, so the taiga is coniferous thick forests (mainly pine, spruce, fir, larch). Very large territories of Taiga in Canada and Russia are occupied by the eternal Merzlot.

2. Mixed forests. Characterized to a greater extent for the northern hemisphere of the Earth. It is a kind of border between the taiga and the broadstone. They are more resistant to cold and long winters. Breed trees: oak, maple, poplar, linden, as well as rowan, alder, birch, pine, spruce. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows the soil in the zone of mixed forests gray, do not differ in high fertility, but are still suitable for growing plants.

3. Wide forests. They are not adapted to harsh winters, are deciduous. It is occupied by most of Western Europe, the south of the Far East, North of China and Japan. Suitable for them is a marine climate or moderately continental with hot summer and enough warm winter. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows, the temperature in them does not fall below -8 ° C, even in the cold season. The soil is fertile, rich in humus. The following types of trees are characteristic: ash, chestnut, oak, ram, beech, maple, elm. Very rich forests mammals (hoofs, rodents, predators), birds, including commercial.

4. Moderate deserts and semi-deserts. Their main distinctive feature - almost complete absence of vegetation and meager animal world. Natural zones of this character are quite a lot, they are located mainly in the tropics. Moderate deserts are in Eurasia, and they are characterized by sharp differences of temperatures at the time of year. Animals are mainly replicated.

Arctic deserts and semi-deserts

They are huge areas of land covered with snow and ice. The map of natural zones of Mozynamine shows that they are located in North America, Antarctica, Greenland and the northern tip of the Eurasian mainland. In fact, it is lifeless places, and white bears, walruses and seals, sands and lemmings, penguins (in Antarctica) live on the coast. Where the earth is free from ice, you can see lichens and mosses.

Wet equatorial forests

Their name - rainforests. They are located mainly in South America, as well as in Africa, Australia and in the Large Stern Islands area. The main condition for their formation is constant and very high humidity (more than 2000 mm of precipitation per year) and a hot climate (20 ° C and higher). They are very rich in vegetation, the forest consists of several tiers and is impassable, dense jungle, which have become a house for more than 2/3 of all types of creatures living on our planet. These rainforests are superior to all other natural zones of the world. Trees remain evergrees, changing the foliage gradually and partly. Surprisingly, the soil of wet forests contain little humus.

Natural zones of equatorial and subtropical climatic belts

1. Variable-wet forests, they differ from the rain because the precipitation is dropped there only in the rainy season, and in the period of the coming droughts of the trees are forced to dump the foliage. Animal and vegetable world is also very diverse and rich in species.

2. Savannas and gentlemen. They appear where moisture is usually not enough to grow variable wet forests. Their development occurs in the depths of the mainland, where tropical and equatorial air masses dominate, and the rainy season continues less than six months. They occupy a significant part of the territory of sub-screen Africa, the internal areas of South America, partly Industan and Australia. More information about the location reflects the map of the natural zones of the world (photo).

Tighted forests

This climatic zone is considered the most suitable for people. Trestle and evergreen forests are located along the marine and oceanic coasts. The precipitate is not so abundant, but the leaves retain moisture due to the dense leathery (oaks, eucalyptus), which prevents their fallout. In some trees and plants, they are upgraded into spines.

Steppes and forest site

For them, almost complete lack of wood vegetation is characterized, this is due to the poor level of precipitation. But the soil are the most fertile (chernozem), and therefore are actively used by a person for agriculture. Steppes occupy large territories in North America and Eurasia. The prevailing number of inhabitants - reptiles, rodents and birds. Plants adapted to the lack of moisture and most often manage to make their life cycle in the short spring period when the steppe is covered with a thick row of greenery.

Tundra and Fierotundra

In this area begins to feel the breath of the Arctic and Antarctic, the climate becomes more severe, and even coniferous breeds Trees can not withstand it. Moisture in excess, but no heat, which leads to the fear of very extensive territories. There is no trees in the tundra at all, the plant world is mainly represented by mkhami and lichens. It is believed that this is the most unstable and fragile ecosystem. In connection with the active development of gas and oil fields, it is on the verge of an ecological catastrophe.

All natural zones of the world are very interesting, whether it seems at first glance an absolutely lifeless desert, endless arctic ice Or millennial rain forests with a boiling life inside.

Subject:"Natural zones of the Earth"

Purpose:expand the existing knowledge of students on the natural zones of the Earth (to demonstrate the placement of the main zones on the surface of the planet, to explain the reasons for the change of natural zones, show changes in natural zones under the influence of human activity).

Tasks for training:

1. Explain the concepts of "Natural Zone", "High-voltage", "latitudinal zonality".
2. To form a holistic concept of the natural zones of the Earth as natural territorial complexes.
3. Show regularity and reason for changing natural zones.

Tasks developing:

1. Development of skills work with geographic map.
2. The ability to summarize and classify information (independent compilation of the characteristics of the natural zones of the Earth).

Educational tasks:

1. Development of respectful I. careful relationship To wildlife.
2. Development of interest in geography and adjacent disciplines (biology, botany, etc.).

Stages of the lesson:

1. Organizational moment (reading poem-epigraph).
2. Introduction to the topic (method of repetition of the material passed), setting the problem.
3. Studying a new material (lecture method, work with a geographic card, a play point).
4. Fizkultminutka.
5. Generalization of the material passed.
6. Homework.

During the classes

1. Organizing time

As an additional introduction to the topic, the teacher can read the poem (or ask to make it a student) about the natural zones of the earth. This is necessary to create special mood and better digestibility of new knowledge.

You can use as an epigraph:

• V. Keulkuta "Quiet in Tundra at dawn";
• V. Berevlana "And in the north, friends";
• N. Zabolotsky "In Taiga";
• E. Asadov "In Taiga";
• Y. Drunina "In the steppe";
• P. Vyazemsky "More Troika";
• N. Bogovova "You told about the desert ...".

1. Introduction to the topic

The teacher reminds students about the adjacent topics about the natural zones of the Earth, asks leading questions:

The climate is the same on the whole earth?

What is zonality?

What are the causes of zonality?

How many illumination belts on earth, what are they called?

In which of the lightening belts do we live?

What is the high-rise explanancy?

The teacher adjusts the answers of children who complement them.

1. Studying a new material

The teacher under the record gives the definition of the term "natural zone" and explains it on concrete examples. Next, the teacher appeals to the geographic map, and students - to personal atlas. Natural land zones are clearly shown. To stimulate brain processes ask the question:

Why natural zones are called natural? (Named so because of the vegetation prevailing on this territory)

In the form of a story, the teacher explains the reason for the placement of natural zones (the law of latitudinal zonality). This is how the final formation of the concept of "latitudinal zonality" occurs.

To secure new knowledge, the disciples are called to the blackboard and the map shows one or another natural zone.

The teacher explains that natural zones are changing not only in latitude, but also in height (the formation of the concept of "high-rise zonality"). For better memorization and reflection, the question is set:

Why is this happening? (with high pressure changes and temperature)

To secure the result, a play point is introduced - riddles. As the mysteries can be used as follows:

Here is a forest biome,

Plants and animals are very much in it.

He is multi-tiered, lyana brawl,

And "light lands" is called.

There are many "jewels" in it,

Their medicine uses people.

On the map along the equator you will find

And you call this zone

(Answer: Wet Equatorial Forests)

With the approach of summer every day all the hotter. The rays of the hot sun drink the last water from the soil and plants. Here he swears hot sukhov. And there are no already flowers, no bright grass - yellower, burned out, as if the fire burned: only herbs with narrow leaves

(Answer: Steppe)

This is a flavored wetland plain in the north of the country. Nature here Surov. Winter windy, cold​ naya, with frosts below 50 degrees, lasts 8-9 months,

snow a little, earth freezes for greater depth?

(Answer: Tundra), etc.

The teacher makes brief conclusions on the volume of knowledge.

1. Fizkultminutka

It is carried out in the traditional form, i.e. In the form of charging (squats, jumping in place, etc.). A cognitive point may be present: a student must answer every physical exercise (for example, what animals are found in the tundra or what is useful for the planet wet equatorial forests).

1. Generalization of material passed

It is carried out in the form of a story with the elements of the conversation, i.e. involvement of children in the learning process. Once again work with a geographic map. As consolidation, children draw contour cards In notebooks, painting natural zones in a certain color.

Summary of the lesson is carried out by a teacher independently or with the help of students. For this, questions are asked about the concepts obtained (natural zone, latitudinal and altitude zone).

1. Homework

Give on the recommendation of the textbook. As a creative task, it is possible to offer synthesized work - an essay on the topic "How I visited ... (Tundra, desert, taiga, etc.)." This will simultaneously secure the knowledge gained in the lesson, will develop creativity and will be favorable on the development of speech.

Education of natural zones

Natural zone is natural complex with homogeneous temperatures, moisturizing, similar soils, plant and animal world. The natural zone is called vegetation. For example, taiga, broad-sized forests.

The main reason for the heterogeneity of the geographic shell is uneven redistribution of solar heat on the surface of the Earth.

Almost in each climatic belt sushi, the peequish parts are moistened more than internal, continental. And it depends not only on the amount of precipitation, but also on the ratio of heat and moisture. The warmer, the greater the moisture that fell out with precipitation evaporates. The same amount of moisture can lead to excess moisturizing in one belt and insufficient in the other.

Fig. 1. Swamp

Thus, the annual precipitation amount of 200 mm in a cold subarctic belt is excessive moistening, which leads to the formation of the marshes (see Fig. 1).

And in hot tropical belts - abruptly insufficient: the desert are formed (see Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Desert

Due to differences in the amount of solar heat and moisturizing inside geographical belts, natural zones are formed.

Patterns accommodation

In the placement of natural zones on the earth's surface, a clear pattern is visible, which is well traced on the map of natural zones. They extend in the latitudinal direction, replacing each other from the north to south.

Due to the heterogeneity of the relief of the earth's surface and the conditions of moisturizing in different parts of the mainland, natural zones do not form continuous strips parallel to the equator. We are more often replaced towards the coasts of the oceans deeply. In the mountains, natural zones replace each other from foot to the tops. Here is a high-rise explanancy.

Natural zones are formed in the World Ocean: from the equator to the poles, the properties of surface waters are changed, the composition of vegetation and animal world.

Fig. 3. Natural areas of the world

Features of the natural zones of the mainland

In the same natural zones on different continents, vegetable and animal world have similar features.

However, on the specifics of the spread of plants and animals, in addition to climate, other factors are influenced: the geological history of the continents, relief, man.

The association and separation of continents, the change in their relief and climate in the geological past has caused the fact that in similar natural conditionsBut different types of animals and plants live on different continents.

So, for example, for african savannah Characterized antelope, buffaloes, zebras, African ostrises, and several types of deer are common in South American savannas and a non-bulking bird of Nanda.

Each mainland meet endemics - both plants and animals, characteristic of only this mainland. For example, only in Australia there are kangaroo, and white bears are only in the Arctic deserts.

Geofocus

The softening surface of the Earth Sun heats the unenochnakovo: the most heat gets the plots over which it is worth high.

Above the poles of the rays of the sun only slide over the ground. The climate depends on this: hot from the equator, harsh and cold in poles. With this, the main features of the distribution of vegetation and the animal world are associated.

Wet evergreen forests are located non-sturbs and stains along the equator. "Green Hell" - so called these places. Many travelers of past centuries, who had to be here. The solid wall cost high multi-tiered forests, under the thick krons of which the dusk constantly reign, the monstrous humidity, constant heat, there is no change of seasons, the shower is regularly collapsed with a solid flow of water. Forests of the equator are called still-rated. Alexander Humboldt called them "Gile" (from Greek. Hyle - Forest). Most likely, it was exactly that wet forests of a coal period with gigantic ferns and horsavers.

South America's rain forests are called "Selva" (see Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Selva

Savannah - Sea of \u200b\u200bherbs with rare istes of trees with umbrella crowns (see Fig. 5). Extensive spaces of these amazing natural communities There are in Africa, although there are savannahs in South America, and in Australia, and in India. A distinctive feature Savannan is an alternation of arid and wet seasons, which occupy about six months, replacing each other. The fact is that for subtropical and tropical latitudes, where savannahs are located, characterized by a change of two different air masses - wet equatorial and dry tropical. Significantly affect the climate Savannn Mussonny winds bringing seasonal rains. Since these landscapes are located between very wet natural zones. equatorial forests And very dry desert zones, then constantly experiencing the impact and those and others. But the moisture is not enough for a long time in Savannas, so that multi-tiered forests grow there, and dry "winter periods" in 2-3 months do not allow the savanna to turn into a harsh desert.

Fig. 5. Savanna

The natural zone of Taiga is located in the north of Eurasia and North America (see Fig. 6). In the North American continent, it stretches from the West to the East by more than 5 thousand km, and in Eurasia, taking the beginning on the Scandinavian Peninsula, spread to the shores Pacific Ocean. Eurasian Taiga - the largest continuous forest zone on the ground. It takes over 60% of the territory Russian Federation. Taiga contains huge stocks of wood and supplies a large amount of oxygen into the atmosphere. In the north of the taiga, smoothly moves to the Festource, gradually the Taiga forests are replaced by a parel, and then separate groups of trees. Further, the taiga forests come to the Festrup on the valleys of the rivers, most protected from strong northern winds. In the south of Taiga, it also smoothly goes into coniferous and broad-willed and broadst forests. In these areas, a person intervened in natural landscapes for many centuries, so now they are a complex natural and anthropogenic complex.

Fig. 6. Taiga

Under the influence of human activity, the geographical shell is changing. Swamps are dried, the deserts are irrigated, forests disappear and so on. Thus, the appearance of natural zones changes.

Bibliography

Basici

1. Geography. Earth and people. Grade 7: Tutorial for general. Uch. / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Drones, series of "spheres". - M.: Enlightenment, 2011.

2. Geography. Earth and people. 7 CL.: Atlas, Series "Spheres".

Additional

1. N.A. Maximov. Behind the pages of the textbook geography. - M.: Enlightenment.

1. Russian Geographical Society ().

3. Tutorial by geography ().

4. Geographical directory ().

5. Geological and geographical education ().

1. List the main natural zones of the Earth.
Tundra, Taiga, wide forest, grassy plain (savanna), deserts and semi-deserts, steppe and forest-steppe, wet a tropical forest.

2. What does the spread of natural zones on earth depend on?
Natural zones are formed due to heat distribution and moisture on the planet. Relief, the distance from the ocean affect the location of the zones and their width.

3. Give brief description Tundra.
This natural zone is in the polar zone (most in the permafrost zone), where the air temperature is low enough. Vegetable world Presented mainly by low-voltage plants with a poorly developed root system: mshami, lichens, shrubs, dwarf trees. In the tundra live hoofs, minor predators, a lot of migratory birds.

4. What trees make up the basis of taiga, mixed and large forests?
The basis of the taiga - coniferous trees (pine, spruce, fir, larch, etc.)
Mixed forests are characterized by mixing coniferous and broad-breeds of trees.
Wide forests consist of deciduous trees (oak, leech, beech, linden, maple, chestnut, rhine, elm, ash, etc.)

5. What is common to all herbal plains of our planet?
It is characterized by a small amount of precipitation and constantly high air temperature. For savanna, the presence of a dry period is characterized, during which herbs dry out, and animals strive for water bodies. Vegetation here is predominantly herbal, trees are rare. For Savannan, the abundance of large herbivores and predators is characterized.

6. Give a brief description of the desert.
The deserts are distinguished by very low humidity, the vegetable and animal world of the desert adjusts to these difficult conditions. Animals have a property for a long time to do without water, to experience the most arid months in a hibernation, many lead a nightlife. Many plants are able to store moisture, most of the evaporation is reduced, in addition, they have a branched root system that allows you to collect moisture crumbs with a large volume. In general, the plant and animal world is very limited. The plants are mostly common to light-free spiky shrubs, from animals - reptiles (snakes, lizards) and small rodents.

7. Why are few trees in steppes, savannas and deserts?
In the savannahs, steppes and deserts there are very few precipitation, trees simply lack water.

8. Why are the wet rainforest - the richest community?
There is always a high temperature and humidity. These conditions are especially favorable for plants and animals. The top layer of the soil is very fertile.

9. With the help of examples, prove that the spread of natural zones on Earth depends on the distribution of heat and moisture.
Natural zones are formed due to heat distribution and moisture on the planet: high temperature and low humidity are characteristic of equatorial deserts, high temperature and high humidity - for equatorial and rainforest.
Natural zones are elongated from the west to the east, there are no clear boundaries between them.
For example, savannaments are where moisture is not enough to grow wet forests, in the depths of the mainland, as well as far from the equator, where the most of the year is no longer the equatorial, and tropical aerial massAnd the rainy season lasts less than 6 months.

10. The characteristic features of which natural zones are listed?
A) the largest variety of species;
Wet rainforest.
B) the predominance of herbaceous plants;
Savannah.
C) abundance of moss, lichens and dwarf trees;
Tundra.
D) Many coniferous plants of few species.
Taiga.

11. Analyze the drawings on with. 116-117 tutorial. Is there a connection between the painting animals and their habitat (natural zone)? What is it connected with?
Yes, there is a connection. This is called protective color. Animals thus merge with environmental With different goals. If it is a predator - then to attack. For example, Tiger striped successfully hides in yellow grass, preparing for attack. Polar bear And the sands are practically invisible against the background of snow.
For protection from predators, animals have also developed painting to hide. Examples: Tushkanchik, roe, green frog and mn. Dr.

12. In which natural zones do these organisms live?
Dwarf birch - Tundra.
Leniv is a wet rainforest.
Kedrovka - Taiga.
Zebra - Savannah.
Oak is a wide forest.
Jaran is a desert.
White owl - Tundra.

13. Using the card on with. 118-119 Textbook, name Natural zones found in our country. What are their greatest territories?
The territory of Russia has a greater length from the north to south, the relief is mainly plain. Thus, the following natural zones are sequentially represented on extensive plains: Arctic deserts, tundra, timber, forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, deserts, subtropics. In the mountains, high-rise explanation. The large territory is occupied by Taiga, Stepia, mixed forest and tundra.