I.A. Leenson

In 1925, sensational messages appeared on the pages of chemical journals about the opening of a new element included in the seventh group of the periodic system. The element was called "Mazuria". Listen to the name: Ma-Zu-Ri-th. Something consonant with Mazurka - a brilliant cheerful Polish national dance, who received in the XIX century. Fame in all european countries, hears in the name of the element. However, not in honor of Mazurka - the dance, who came out of the Voivodeship of Mazovia, called German Chemists Walter Noddak and Ida Such (who later became a noddak) again an open element. In the honor of the southern part of Humbinnen and Königsberg in Eastern Prussia, he was named in honor of the southern part of Humbinnin and Königsberg.

Unjudient turned out to be the obstacle to the opening of a new element. Studies have shown that the authors hurried with their messages - various impurities of other already known elements were adopted for the new element.

Real discovery, or rather, obtaining an element in the periodic system D. I. Mendeleev 43 Number was carried out by the Italian scientist E. Segre and his assistant K. Pier In 1937, a new element was created by "shelling" Molybdenum by deuterons - the cores of heavy hydrogen isotope, accelerated on the cyclotron.

The new element obtained in honor of the technical progress of the XX century, as the brainchild of this progress, was called technetium. "Technicos" - in Greek "artificial".

In 1950, the total number of technetium on the whole globe was equal ... one milligram. Currently, technetium is obtained as a waste of "production" during the operation of nuclear reactors.

The content of technetium in uranium splitting products reaches 6%. Now technetium is an element made by the hands of a person, is not uncommon. By 1958, the employees of the Okrian National Laboratory Parker and Martin had several grams of technetium at their disposal, the compounds of which were widely used in the study of the corrosion mechanism and the actions of inhibitors - substances delaying it.

According to its chemical properties of techneets, manganese and rhenium is similar. She looks more like rhenium. TechNew density - 11.5. In contrast to the process of technetium, more resistant to the action of chemical reagents. An empty cell in the periodic system of elements with the inscription "Ekamarganese", the existence of which D. I. Mendeleev predicted in 1870, is now filled with an element whose properties exactly correspond to the predicted.

However, there is no technetium on Earth! The fact is that, being a radioactive element, it does not have long-lived isotopes. The most steady isotope technetium has a half-life, not exceeding 250000 years. And since the age of the land has several billion years, the initially existed on Earth tehnostov a long time ago from his age and now should be considered a "extinct" element. However, the sun and some stars of technetium found spectroscopicWhat indicates synthesizing it in the process of the evolution of stars.

Article Three.
Alchemical elements. Elements whose names are associated with their properties or opening method.

It is believed that in the XIII-XVII centuries, Alchemists opened five new elements (though their elementality was proven significantly later). We are talking about phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and zinc. Amazing coincidence - four of the five elements are in the same group. If you consider that the discovery of zinc was, in fact, requisition (metallic zinc was paid back in Ancient India Both in Rome), it turns out that alchemists opened exclusively elements of the fifth group.

Zinc
Metal name introduced into Russian M.V. Lomonosov - from German Zink. Probably it comes from the ancient Germanic tinka. - White, indeed, the most common zinc drug - Zno oxide ("philosophical wool" of alchemists) has a white color.

Phosphorus
When in 1669, Hamburg Alchemist Henning Brand opened a white modification of phosphorus, he was amazed by his luminescence in the dark (in fact, not phosphorus and its pairs, with their oxidation of air oxygen). The new substance was called, which translated from Greek means "carrier light". So the "traffic light" is linguistically the same as "Lucifer". By the way, the Greeks were called Phosphorus Morning Venus, which foreshadowed the sunrise.

Arsenic
The Russian name is most likely due to the poison who poked mice, among other things, in color gray arsenic reminds the mouse. Latin aRSENICUM. It goes back to the Greek "Arsenikos" - male, probably, according to the strong action of the connections of this element. And for which they were used, thanks to the artistic literature everyone knows.

Antimony
In chemistry, this element has three names. Russian word "Antimum" comes from the Turkish "surme" - rubbing or black eyebrows in antiquity of paint for this served finely grinding black sulphide antimony SB2S3 ("You're a post of saying, not by anti-eyebrows." - M. Tsvetaeva). Latin name element ( stibium) It comes from the Greek "Stubi" - cosmetic agent to bring eye and treat eye diseases. Salts of antimic acid are called antimitizes, the name may be associated with the Greek "Alekmont" - the flower of the threshing crystals of the antimony shine SB2S2 are similar to flowers.

Bismuth
Probably this is a distorted German " weisse Masse."- White mass with antiquity were known white with a reddish tint of bismuth nuggets. By the way, in Western European languages \u200b\u200b(except German), the name of the element begins on "B" ( bismuth.). Replacing the Latin "B" Russian "in" - a common phenomenon ABEL - Abel Basil. - Basil, basilisk. - Vasilisk, Barbara. - Varvara, barbarism - barbarism, Benjamin. - Veniamin, Bartholomew - Bartholomew, Babylon. - Babylon, Byzantium. - Byzantium, Lebanon. - Lebanon, Libya. - Libya, Baal. - Waal, alphaBet. - Alphabet ... Perhaps the translators believed that the Greek "beta" is Russian "in".

Elements named by their properties or properties of their compounds.

Fluorine
For a long time, only derivatives of this element were known, including exclusively caustic fluoride (plug) acid, dissolving even glass and leaving on the skin very heavy employment burns. The nature of this acid was installed in 1810. French physicist and chemist A.M. Ampere; He suggested for the appropriate element (which was highlighted much later, in 1886) name: from Greek. "Fluoros" - destruction, death.

Chlorine
In Greek "Chloros" - a yellow-green just such a color has this gas. The same root is in the word "chlorophyll" (from Greek. "Chloros" and "Phillon" - leaf).

Bromine
In the Greek "Bromos" - fetid. The suffocating smell of bromine is similar to the smell of chlorine.

Osmium
Greek "OSCE" - smell. Although the metal itself does not smell, a rather nasty smell, similar to the smell of chlorine and garlic, has a very volatile tetraoxide Osmia OSO4.

Iodine
In Greek "Iodes" - purple. Such a color has a pair of this element, as well as its solutions in nonolvating solvents (alkanes, four carbon and etc.)

Chromium
Greek "chromium" - color, color. Many chromium compounds are brightly painted: oxides - in green, black and red colors, hydrated solts CR (III) - in green and purple, and chromas and dichromates - in yellow and orange.

Iridium
The element is called, in fact, as well as chrome; In Greek "Iris" ("Iridos") - Rainbow, Irida - Goddess Rainbow, Herald of the gods. Indeed, crystalline IRCL is copper-red, IRCl2 - dark green, IRCl3 - olive-green, IRCL4 - brown, IRF6 - yellow, IRS, IR2O3 and IRB4 - blue, IRO2 - black. The same origin and the words "Irization" - the iristed color of the surface of some minerals, clouds of clouds, as well as Iris (plant), "iris diaphragm" and even "Irit" - inflammation of the iris.

Rhodium
The element was opened in 1803 by the English chemist U.G. Vollarston. He dissolved the native South American platinum in the royal vodka; After neutralizing an excess of acid with caustic, and the separation of platinum and palladium, it remained a pink-red solution, sodium hexahlorodate Na3RHCl6, from which a new metal was isolated. His name was produced from the Greek Words "Rodon" - Rosa and "Rodeos" - Pink-red.

Praseodymium and Neodya
In 1841, K. Mosander divided "Lanta new earth"Two new" lands "(i.e. oxides). One of them was Lantan's oxide, the other was very similar to her and got the name "Didimia" - from Greek. "Didimos" - twin. In 1882, K. Auer von Velsbach managed to divide into components and didimy. It turned out that this is a mixture of oxides of two new elements. One of them gave salt of a green color, and this element of Auer called Praseodym, that is, "green twin" (from Greek. "Praisdos" is light green). The second element gave salts of pink-red color, called it neodymium, that is, "new twin."

Thallium
English physicist and chemist William Cruks, a specialist in the field of spectral analysis, studying the waste of sulfuric acid production, recorded on March 7, 1861 in the laboratory journal: "The green line in the spectrum given by some portions of selenium residues is not caused by neither gray, selenium, tellurium; neither calcium, barium, strontium; Neither potassium, sodium, lithium. Indeed, it was a line of a new element whose name was produced from Greek thallos. - Green branch. To the choice of the names of Cruks came romantic: "I chose this name, for the green line corresponds to the spectrum and echoes with the specific brightness of fresh plants currently."

Indium
In 1863, in the German "journal of practical chemistry", the message of the director of the Metallurgical Laboratory of the Freiberg Mining Academy F. Raika and his Assistant T. Richter on the opening of a new metal appeared. Analyzing local polymetallic ores in search of a recently open tall license, the authors "noticed an indigose indigo line." And then they write: "We got in the spectroscope such a bright, sharp and stable blue line, which without oscillations came to the conclusion about the existence of an unknown metal, which we propose to call India." Concentrates of salts of the new element were detected even without spectroscope - on intense blue staining of the burner flame, this color was very similar to the color of the indigo dye, from here - the name of the element.

Rubidium and Cesium
These are the first chemical elements opened at the beginning of the 1960s of the 18th century. Kirchhof and R. Bunsen with the help of the method developed by them - spectral analysis. Cesium is called a bright blue line in the spectrum (lat. Caesius - blue), Rubidium - along the lines in the red part of the spectrum (lat. rubidus. - Red). To obtain several grams of salts of new alkali metals, researchers recycled 44 tons of mineral water from Durkhaim and over 180 kg of lepidolite mineral - aluminosilicate of composition K (Li, Al) 3 (Si, Al) 4O10 (F, OH) 2, in which impurities There are oxides of rubidium and cesium.

Hydrogen and oxygen
These names are literal translation into Russian from Latin ( hydrogenium., oxygenium.). They came up with A.L. Lavoisier who mistakenly believed that oxygen "creates" all acids. It would be more logical to enroll on the contrary: to call oxygen with hydrogen (this element also gives rise to "water), and hydrogen - oxygen, as it is part of all acids.

Nitrogen
The French name of the element (Azote) also suggested a Lavoisier - from the Greek negative console "A" and the words "ZOE" - life (the same root in the word "zoology" and its derivatives - zoo, zogeography, zoomorphism, zooplankton, zootechnics, etc. .). The name is not quite successful: nitrogen, although not suitable for breathing, is absolutely necessary for life, since it is part of any protein, any nucleic acid. Of the same origin and german name Stickstoff - stumbled substance. The root "AZO" is present in the international names "Azid", "Azo compound", "Azin" and others. But Latin nitrogenium. and English nitrogen. Take place from the Hebrew "Nether" (Greek. "Nitron", Lat. nitrum.); So in ancient times they called the natural pussy - soda, and later - Selitra.

Radii and Radon
Names common to all languages \u200b\u200boccur from Latin words radius. - Ray I. radiare. - Emboss rays. So the spouses of Curie, who opened radium, designated its ability to radiate invisible particles. The same origin of the word "radio", "radiation" and their countless derivatives (in dictionaries you can find more than a hundred such words, ranging from the outdated radiol and ending with modern radioecology). When the radium is decayed, radioactive gas is released, which was called radium emanation (from lat. emanatio. - expiration), and then radon - by analogy with the names of a number of other noble gases (and maybe just on the initial and final letters of the proposed E. Rostford of the English name rADIUM EMANATION.).

Actinia and Protactinia
The name of these radioactive elements is given by analogy with the radium: in Greek "Aktis" - radiation, light. Although the prostacticity was opened in 1917, that is, 18 years later, Actinia, in the so-called natural radioactive row of actinium (which begins with uranium-235), the prostacticity is worth before; Hence his name: from the Greek "Protos" - the first, initial, initial one.

Astat.
This element was obtained in 1940 artificially irradiation on bismuth alpha particles on the cyclotron. But after seven years, the authors of the discovery - American Physicists D. Cornson, K. Menzi and E. Segre gave this element the name produced from the Greek word "Astatos" - unstable, shaky (the same root word "static" and a lot of its derivatives) . The most long-lived isotope of the element has a half-life of 7.2 hours - then it seemed that it was very small.

Argon
Noble gas allocated in 1894 from the air of English scientists from J.U. Railel and W. Ramzayam, did not enter into a reaction with any substance, for which he received its name - from the Greek negative console "A" and the words "Ergon" is a matter, activity. From this root - and an incidental unit of ERG energy, and the words "energy", "energetic", etc. The name "Argon" proposed a Chemist Mazan, who presided over the meeting of the British Association in Oxford, where Ralea and Ramzay made a message about the opening of a new Gas. In 1904, the Chemist Ramzai for the opening in the atmosphere of Argon and other noble gases received Nobel Prize By chemistry, and the physicist John William Strett (Lord Ralea) in the same year and, in fact, for the same discovery received the Nobel Prize in Physics. This is probably the only case of this kind. While the argon confirms its name - not a single stable connection is obtained, except for the inclusion compounds with phenol, hydroquinone, acetone.

Platinum
When the Spaniards in America in the middle of the XVI century met with a new metal for themselves, very similar to silver (in Spanish plata.), they gave him a somewhat dismissive name platina., literally "little silver", "silverish". This is explained by the reflection of platinum (about 1770 ° C), which has not succumbed to the melting.

Molybdenum
Greek "Molybdos" - Lead, from here Latin molibdaena. - So in the Middle Ages, the lead brilliance of PBS was called, and more rare molybdenum glitter (MOS2), and other similar minerals left a black footprint on paper, including Graphite and Leaded (no wonder in German pencil - Bleistift., that is, the lead rod). At the end of the XVIII century, a new metal was allocated from molybdenum shine (molybdenite); At the suggestion of J.Y. Britzelus called him molybdenum.

Tungsten
Mineral with such a name has long been known in Germany. This is a mixed tungsten of iron-manganese x.FEWO4 · y.Mnwo4. Because of the severity, it was often accepted for tin ore, of which, however, no metals were smelted. The suspicious attitude of the miners to this one more "devilish" ore (remember the nickel and cobalt) was reflected on its name: Wolf. In German - Wolf. And what is "frames"? There is such a version: in the ancient Germannsky RAMM. - Baran; It turns out that the unclean power "devours" the metal, like a wolf of the ram. But other things can be assumed: in the South Mimets, Swiss and Austrian German dialects and now there is a verb rahm. (Followable "Ram"), which means "shoot cream", "take the best part". Then, instead of "wolves - sheep", another version turns out: "Wolf" takes itself the best part and the mines do not remain anything. The word "tungsten" is in German and Russian, whereas in English and French only the sign W remained in the formulas of yes the name of the Wolframine mineral; In other cases - only "Tungsenthen". So once Britzelius called a heavy mineral, from which K.V. Sherle in 1781 allocated tungsten oxide. In Swedish tung Sten. - severe stone, hence the name of the metal. By the way, then this mineral (Cawo4) was named after the scientist called Sheelite.

Elements whose names are associated with the way to open them.

Lithium
When in 1817, the student of Burtsellius Swedish chemist I.A. Arpveddson found in one of the minerals a new "fire-resistant patch still unknown nature", his teacher suggested calling it a "litone" - from the Greek "Litos" - stone, since this pitch, unlike already famous sodium and kaliva, was first Detected in the "kingdom" stones. The name of the "lithium" was fixed behind the element. The same Greek root is in the words "lithosphere", "lithograph" (withdrawal with stone form) and others.

Sodium
In the XVIII century, the name "Natron" (see "Nitrogen") hesitated for the "mineral pitch" - by caustic. Now in the chemistry "Natronic Lime" - a mixture of sodium hydroxides and calcium. So sodium and nitrogen - two completely inconsistent elements - have, it turns out, general (if proceed from Latin names nitrogenium. and natrium.) Origin. English and french element names ( sodium.) There were probably from the Arab "Suvvad" - so the Arabs called the coastal marine plant, which, unlike most other plants, contains carbonate not potassium, and sodium, that is, soda.

Potassium
Arabic "Al-Kali" - a product obtained from ash plants, that is, potassium carbonate. Until now, this ash, rural residents are used to feed potatilation plants; For example, in the ashes of sunflower potassium more than 30%. English name element potassium., like Russian "Potash", borrowed from the languages \u200b\u200bof the German Group; in German and Dutch ash. - ash, pot. - Pot, that is, Potash is "ash from pot." Previously, potassium carbonate was obtained, evaporated with an ash hood in the chains.

Calcium
Romans in the word calx (born case calcis) They called all soft stones. Over time, this name was fixed only for limestone (no wonder chalk in English - chalk.). This word was used for lime - calcium carbonate firing. Alchemists with calcination called the firing process itself. Hence the calcined soda - anhydrous sodium carbonate, obtained by calcining the crystalline carbonate Na2CO3 · 10H2O. For the first time, calcium received from Lime in 1808 Davy, he gave the name to a new element. Calcium - relative Calculator: Romans calculus. (Reductive OT calx) - Small pebbles, pebbles. Such pebbles were used for simple calculations using a blackboard with slots - Abaka, ancestor of Russian accounts. All these words left the trail in European languages. So in English calx - Okalo, ash, as well as lime; calcimine. - lime mortar for blissing; calcination - calcination, firing; calculus. - stone in the kidneys, urinary bubble, as well as calculus (differential and integral) in higher mathematics; calculate. - Calculate, count. In modern Italian, which is closest to Latin, calcolo. - This is the calculation, and the stone.

Barium
In 1774, Swedish chemists K.V. Shelele and Yu.G. Gan was allocated from a heavy spar mineral (Baso4) a new "land", which was called Barita; In the Greek "Baros" - the severity, "baris" - heavy. When in 1808, from this "land" (Bao), a new metal was allocated using electrolysis, it was called barium. So, Barium also has unexpected and practically not connected with each other "relatives"; Among them is a barometer, barograph, a barochemer, baritone - low ("heavy") voice, barions - heavy elementary particles.

Boron
The Arabs word "Burak" called many white salts soluble in water. One of these salts is a bora, a natural sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7 · 10H2O. From the borax in 1702, boric acid was obtained by calcination, and from it in 1808, L. Gay-Lussaq and L. Tenar, independently of each other allocated a new element, boron.

Aluminum
It was opened by a physicist and chemist X.K. Ersted in 1825. The name comes from Latin alumen. (born case aluminis.) - so called alums (double potassium-aluminum sulfate kal (SO4) 2 · 12H2O), they were used as a drive with tissue dye. The Latin name is likely to go back to the Greek "Halm" - brine, salt solution. It is curious that in England Aluminum is aluminium., and in the USA aluminum..

Lanthanum
In 1794, Finnish chemist Y. Gadolin in Mineral Tseive revealed a new "yttrium land". A nine years later, in the same mineral, Y. Burtsellius and V. Hizinger found another "land", which Tserievy called. From these "lands" subsequently allocated oxides of a number of rare earth elements. One of them, opened in 1839, on the suggestion of Burtsellus, was named Lantan - from Greek. "Lantanein" - hide: a new element of the decades "hid" from chemists.

Silicon
Russian name of the element given to him G.I. Hessom in 1831, there was a solid stone from the old Slavonic word "flint". This is the origin of Latin silicium. (and international "silicate"): silex - Stone, cobblestone, as well as cliff, rock. It is clear that the rocks of soft stones are not.

Zirconium
The name comes from the Persian "Tsargun" - painted in golden color. This color has one of the varieties of the zircon mineral (ZRSIO4) - the geatrine hyacinth. Zirconium dioxide ("Zirconian Land") allocated the German chemist MG from Ceylon zircon in 1789. Clapproid.

Technetium
The name reflects the artificial preparation of this element: the insignificant amounts of technetium were synthesized in 1936 upon irradiation of molybdenum in the cyclotron of the deuterium nuclei. In Greek "Tehnetos" and means "artificial".

"Chemistry and Life - XXI Century"

As a combustible (flammable) air hydrogen is known for quite a long time. It was obtained by the action of acids to metals, observed the burning and explosions of the rattling gas Paracels, Boyle, Lemer and other scientists of the XVI - XVIII centuries. With the distribution of the Flogiston theory, some chemists tried to get hydrogen as a "free phlogiston". In the dissertation of Lomonosov "On Metal Brillia", it is described to obtain hydrogen by the action of "acid alcohols" (for example, "hydrochloric alcohol", i.e. hydrochloric acid) on iron and other metals; The Russian scientist first (1745) put forward a hypothesis that hydrogen ("combustible pairs" - Vapor Inflamabilis) is a phlogiston. Cavendish, investigating the properties of hydrogen in detail, put forward a similar hypothesis in 1766. He called Hydrogen to "flammable air" obtained from "Metals" (INFLAMMABLE AIRRO METALS), and believed, like all the flogistic, that when dissolved in metal acids loses His phlogiston. Lavoisier, which was engaged in 1779 by studying the composition of water through its synthesis and decomposition, called Hydrogine hydrogen (hydrogen), or Hydrogene (hydrogen), from Greek. Hydro - water and guinea - I make boring.

The Nomenclature Commission of 1787 adopted Hydrogene's wordwork from Gennao - giving birth. In the "Table of Simple Bodies" Lavoisier Hydrogen (Hydrogene) will be mentioned among the five (light, heat, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen) "simple bodies belonging to all three kingdom of nature and which should be considered as elements of bodies"; As old synonyms, the name Hydrogene Lavoisier calls the combustible gas (Gaz inflammable), the base of combustible gas. In Russian chemical literature of the end of the XVIII and early XIX century. There are two kinds of hydrogen names: phlogistic (combustible gas, combustible air, ignition air, sunbathing air) and antiflogistic (collapse, hydrogenation, hydrogen gas, hydrogen gas, hydrogen). Both groups of words are the translations of the French hydrogen names.

Hydrogen isotopes were discovered in the 30s of the current century and quickly gained great importance in science and technology. At the end of 1931, Juragi, Brekheshedd and Murphy examined the residue after a long evaporation of liquid hydrogen and found heavy hydrogen with atomic weight 2. This isotope was called deuterium (D) from Greek. - Other, second. Four years later, in water subjected to long-term electrolysis, an even more severe hydrogen isotope 3H was discovered, which was called Tritium (Tritium, T), from Greek. - the third.
Helium, Helium, not (2)

In 1868, the French astronomer Zhansen watched a complete solar eclipse in India and spectroscopically examined the sun chromosphere. He discovered a bright yellow line in the Sun spectrum, indicated by it D3, which did not coincide with the yellow line D sodium. At the same time, the same line in the Sun spectrum saw the English astronomer, which realized that she belongs to an unknown element. Locomer together with Frankland, who he then worked, decided to call a new element helium (from Grech. Helios - Sun). Then the new yellow line was discovered by other researchers in the "earth" spectra of products; So, in 1881, the Italian Palmier detected it in the study of the gas sample, selected in the Vesuvius crater. American Chemist Gillebrand, exploring uranium minerals, found that they are highlighted with a strong sulfuric acid. Hillebrand himself believed that it was nitrogen. Ramzay, who addressed attention to the message Gillebrand, subjected to spectroscopic analysis of the gases secreted during the treatment of slande mineral acid. He found that the gases contain nitrogen, argon, as well as an unknown gas, giving a bright yellow line. Without having a fairly good spectroscope at its disposal, Ramzay sent the samples of the new Gaza Crox and Lockor, which soon identified the gas as helium. In the same 1895, Ramzay allocated helium from the mixture of gases; He was chemically inert, like Argon. Shortly after that, Lockor, Runge and Paschen were a statement that helium consists of a mixture of two gases - orthoglium and paraghelium; One of them gives a yellow spectrum line, the other is green. This second gas was offered to call Asterium (Asterium) from Greek. - Star. Together with Traverts, Ramzay checked this statement and proved that it is erroneously, since the color of the helium line depends on the pressure of the gas.
Lithium, Lithium, Li (3)

When Davy produced his famous experiments on alkaline earth electrolysis, no one suspected about Lithia's existence. Lithium alkaline land was opened only in 1817 by a talented analyst chemist, one of the students of Burtsellus Arfveddon. In 1800, Brazilian mineralog de Andrad Silva, making a scientific journey through Europe, found two new minerals in Sweden, called by Petalitis and Sports, and the first of them in a few years was reopened on the island of Ute. Arphvedson became interested in Petalit, made his full analysis and found an inexplicable loss at first about 4% of the substance. Repeating analyzes more thoroughly, it found that in Petalite contains "fire permanent alkali still unknown nature." Burtsellius suggested calling her lytion (Lithion), because this alkali, unlike Kali and Natra, was first found in the "Mineral Kingdom" (stones); The name is produced from Grech. - Stone. Later, Arphvedson discovered lithium land, or lithium, and in some other minerals, but his attempts to allocate free metal were not crowned with success. A very small amount of metal lithium was obtained by Davy and Brande by alkalis electrolysis. In 1855, Bunzen and Mattsesen have developed an industrial method for producing metal lithium electrolysis of lithium chloride. In the Russian chemical literature began the XIX century. There are names: Lithion, Litin (Dvigubsky, 1826) and Lithium (hess); Lithium land (alkali) sometimes called Lithin.
Beryllium, Be (4)

Containing beryllium minerals (precious stones) - Beryl, Smaragd, Emerald, Aquamarine and others - known with deep antiquity. Some of them were mined in the Sinai Peninsula in the XVII century. BC e. In Stockholm papyrus (III century) describes how to produce fake stones. The name Beryl meets from the Greek and Latin (Beryll) of the ancient writers and in the Old Russian works, for example, in the "Svyatoslav flavor" 1073, where Beryl appears under the name Virland. The study of the chemical composition of the precious minerals of this group began, however, only at the end of the XVIII century. With the onset of the chemical and analytical period. The first analyzes (Clapron, Bindeim, etc.) did not find anything special in Berill. At the end of the XVIII century. The famous Mineralog Abbot Gayui drew attention to the complete similarity of the crystal structure of Berylla from Limoges and Smaragda from Peru. The background was chemical analysis of both minerals (1797) and discovered in both new land, different from aluminum. Having received salt of a new land, he found that some of them have a sweet taste, why and called Glucina's new earth (Glucina) from Greek. - Sweet. The new element contained in this land was named accordingly with glucine (Glucinium). This name was used in France in the XIX century, there was even a symbol - GL. Claprot, being an opponent of the names of new elements by random properties of their compounds, proposed to refer to Berillium glucine (Beryllium), indicating that connections and other elements have a sweet taste. Metal beryllium was first obtained by Veller and Boussi in 1728 by restoring beryllium chloride with metal potassium. We note here the outstanding studies of the Russian chemist I. V. Avdeev of atomic weight and composition of beryllium oxide (1842). Avdeev set the atomic weight of beryllium 9.26 (Sov. 9,0122), while Burtsellius took it equal to 13.5, and the proper formula of the oxide.

The origin of the name of Mineral Beryl, from which the word beryllium is formed, there are several versions. A. M. Vasilyev (on DirgarTe) cites the following opinion of philologists: the Latin and Greek names of Berylla can be compared with Prakrit Veluriya and Sanskrit Vaidurya. The latter is the name of some stone and comes from the word Vidura (very far) that, apparently, means some kind of country or mountain. Muller offered another explanation: Vaidurya originated from the original Vaidarya or Vaidalya, and the last from Vidala (Cat). In other words, Vaidurya means approximately "cat's eyes". Paradise indicates that in Sanskrit Topaz, Sapphire and Coral were considered a cat eye. The third explanation gives Lippman, who believes that the word Beryl marked some northern country (from where the precious stones came from) or the people. In another place, Lippman notes that Nikolay Kuzansky wrote that German Brille (glasses) comes from the barbarian-Latin Berillus. Finally, Lemeri, explaining the word Berylus (Beryllus), indicates that Berillus, or Verillus, means "Male Stone".

In the Russian chemical literature began the XIX century. Glucine was called - Slavful Earth, Sweet-Sweet (SEVERGYN, 1815), Sweet (Zakharov, 1810), Glicin, Glycine, the base of the glycine land, and the element was called glycine, glycinitis, glycium, sladim, etc. Giza proposed the name of Beryllium (1814). Hess, however, adhered to the name of the glide; He used as synonym and Mendeleev (1st ed. "Forements of chemistry").
Bor, Borum, in (5)

Natural connections Boron (English Boron, Franz. Their, it. Bor), mainly unclean bora, are known from the early Middle Ages. Under the names of Tinkal, Tinkar or Attinkar (Tinkal, Tinkar, Attinkar), the Bura was imported to Europe from Tibet; It was used to solder metals, especially gold and silver. In Europe, Tinkal was called more often Borax (Voex) from the Arabic word Bauraq and Persian - Burah. Sometimes Boraks, or Borao, indicated various substances, such as soda (nitron). Ruiland (1612) calls Boraks chrysocolla - resin capable of "glue" gold and silver. Lemeri (1698) also calls Borax "Gold glue" (Auricolla, Chrisocolla, Gluten Auri). Sometimes Borax indicated something like "Gold Jondas" (Capistrum Auri). In the Alexandrian, Hellenistic and Byzantine Chemical Literature, Borah and Borachon, as well as in Arabic (Bauraq), denoted altogether alkali, for example, Bauraq Arman (Armenian Borac), or soda, later began to call the boor.

In 1702, Gomberg, calcining the boor with an iron vitality, received the "salt" (boric acid), which was called "Salted Solid Gombergii" (SAL SEDATIVUM HOMBERGII); This salt has been widely used in medicine. In 1747, the Baron synthesized the Buru from the "Soothing Salt" and Natron (Soda). However, the composition of the bora and the "salt" remained unknown before the beginning of the XIX century. In the "chemical nomenclature" of 1787, the name Horacique ACID (Boric Acid) appears. Lavoisier in the "Table of Simple Tel" leads Radical Boracique. In 1808, Gay Loussaka and Tenar managed to highlight the free boron from the boring anhydride, heating the latter with metallic potassium in the copper tube; They offered to name the element of boron (vol.) or boron. Davy, repeating the experiments of Gay Loussak and Tenar, also received a free boron and called his boration (Boracium). In the future, the British this name was reduced to Boron. In Russian literature, the word Bura is found in the prescription collections of the XVII - XVIII centuries. At the beginning of the XIX century. Russian chemists called Bor Borotomy (Zakharov, 1810), Bonon (fears, 1825), the base of the drilling acid, Buracin (Severgin, 1815), Boryu (Dvigubsky, 1824). Interpreter Book Giza called Bor Boring (1813). In addition, the names of the buryur, the harrow, buonit, etc.
Carbon, Carboneum, C (6)

Carbon (eng. Carbon, Franz. Carbone, it. Kohlenstoff) in the form of coal, soot and soot are known to humanity from time immemorial; About 100 thousand years ago, when our ancestors captured fire, they were daily dealing with coal and soot. Probably, very early people became acquainted with allotropic carbon modes - diamond and graphite, as well as fossil coal. It is not surprising that the burning of carbon-containing substances was one of the first chemical processes interested in a person. Since the burning substance disappeared, devoured by fire, the burning was considered as the process of decomposition of the substance, and therefore coal (or carbon) were not considered an element. The element was a fire - a phenomenon accompanying combustion; In the exercises on elements of antiquity, the fire typically appears as one of the elements. At the turn of the XVII - XVIII centuries. A phlogiston theory extended beheads and a panel arose. This theory recognized the presence of a special elementary substance in each combustible body - the weightless fluid - phlogiston, catering in the process of burning. Since, when combustion of a large amount of coal, only a little ash remains, the flogistic believed that coal was almost pure phlogiston. This was explained, in particular, the "flustering" action of coal - its ability to restore metals from the "famous" and ore. Latest Flogistics - Reomyur, Bergman, and others - have already begun to understand that the coal is an elementary substance. However, for the first time, the "pure coal" was recognized by Lavoisier, which studied the combustion process in the air and oxygen of coal and other substances. In the book of Hiton de Morvo, Lavoisier, Bertolls and Fourkrua "Method of Chemical Nomenclature" (1787) The name "Carbon" (Carbone) appeared instead of French "Clean Coal" (Charbone Pur). Under the same name, carbon appears in the "table of simple bodies" in the "elementary textbook of chemistry" Lavoisier. In 1791, the English Chemist Tennant was first received free carbon; He missed the phosphorus pair over the calcined chalk, as a result of which the calcium phosphate and carbon was formed. The fact that diamond is burning with strong heating without a balance, it has been known for a long time. Back in 1751, the French king Franz I agreed to give Diamond and Rubin for burning experiments, after which these experiments even became fashionable. It turned out that only diamond burns, and ruby \u200b\u200b(aluminum oxide with chromium admissions) withstands prolonged heating in the focus of the incendiary lens. Lavoisier has set new experience in burning diamond with a large incendiary machine, and concluded that the diamond is crystalline carbon. The second altotrope of carbon - graphite - in the alchemical period was considered a modified lead glitter and was called Plumbago; Only in 1740 Pott found the lack of lead in graphite any impurity. The Shelele explored graphite (1779) and, being a flogistic, found it with a sulfur body of a special kind, special mineral coal containing associated "aircroic acid" (CO2) and a large amount of phlogiston.

Twenty years later, Hyton de Morvo by cautious heating turned diamond to graphite, and then into coalic acid.

The international name Carboneum comes from Lat. CARBO (coal). The word is very ancient origin. It is compared with Cremare - burn; Sorry root, Cal, Russian Gal, Gal, Gol, Sanskrit stimmer means boiling, cook. With the word "Carbo" related to the names of carbon and in other European languages \u200b\u200b(Carbon, Charbone, etc.). German Kohlenstoff comes from Kohle - coal (Starogerman Kolo, Swedish Kylla - heated). Ancient Russian refinery, or Ugrati (burn, beaten) has a root of gar, or mountains, with a possible transition to the goal; Coal in Old Russian Yugil, or coal, the same origin. The word Almaz (Diamante) comes from ancient Greek - disadvantageous, adamant, solid, and graphite from Greek - I write.

At the beginning of the XIX century. The old word coal in Russian chemical literature was sometimes replaced by the word "home" (Sherler, 1807; Severgin, 1815); From 1824, Solovyov introduced the name carbon.

Nitrogen, Nitrogenium, N (7)

Nitrogen (eng. Nitrogen, Franz. Azote, it. Stickstoff) was opened almost at the same time several researchers. Cavendish got a nitrogen from the air (1772), passing the latter through hot carbon, and then through alkali solution to absorb carbon dioxide. Cavendish did not give a special name to the new gas, mentioning him as a Mephitic air (Air Mephitic from Latin Mephitis is a suffocable or harmful evaporation of the Earth). Soon they were attracted that if the candle is lit in the air for a long time or there is an animal (mouse), then such air becomes unsuitable for breathing. Officially, the opening of Nitrogen is usually attributed to the disciple of Black - Rutherford, published in 1772 the thesis (for the degree of doctor of medicine) - "On the fixed air, called otherwise suffocating," where some chemical properties of nitrogen are described. At the same years, Shelele got nitrogen from atmospheric air in the same way as Cavendish. He called the new gas "spoiled air" (Verdorbene Luft). Since air transmission through hot coal was considered by flogistic chemists as its flogistation, attracted (1775) called nitrogen with flogisticated air (Air Phlogistics). On the flogistation of air in his experience earlier, and Cavendish. Lavoisier in 1776 - 1777. In detail investigated the composition of atmospheric air and found that 4/5 of its volume consists of suffocable gas (AIR MOFETTE - atmospheric mofette, or just mofett). Nitrogen names - Floated air, Mephitic air, atmospheric motofette, spoiled air and some others - used before recognition in European countries of a new chemical nomenclature, i.e., before the release of the well-known book "The method of chemical nomenclature" (1787).

The compilers of this book - members of the Nomenclature Commission of the Paris Academy of Sciences - Giton de Morso, Lavoisier, Bertolls and Furkrua - accepted only a few new names of simple substances, in particular, the proposed lavanise name "oxygen" and "hydrogen". When choosing a new name for nitrogen, the Commission proceeded from the principles of oxygen theory was difficult. As you know, Lavoisier offered to give such names such names that would reflect their main chemical properties. Accordingly, this nitrogen should be given the name "Radical nitrick" or "Seliticic acid radical". Such titles, writes Lavoisier in his book "The Beginning of Elementary Chemistry" (1789), are based on the old terms of the NITR or the Selitra adopted in the arts, in chemistry and in society. They would be very suitable, but it is known that nitrogen is also the foundation of a volatile alkali (ammonia), as it was shortly before that was established by Bertoll. Therefore, the name of the radical, or the base of the saltry acid, does not reflect the main chemical properties of nitrogen. It is not better to dwell on the word nitrogen, which, according to members of the Nomenclature Commission, reflects the basic property of the element - its unsuitability for breathing and life. The authors of the chemical nomenclature proposed to produce the word nitrogen from the Greek negative console "A" and the words of life. Thus, the name of Nitrogen, in their opinion, reflected its unwanishness, or lifeless.

However, the word nitrogen was invented not by Lavoisier and not his colleagues on the commission. It is known from antiquity and used by philosophers and alchemists of the Middle Ages to designate "primary matter (bases) of metals", the so-called Mercury philosophers, or double Mercury alchemists. The word nitrogen entered the literature, probably in the first centuries of the Middle Ages, like many other encrypted and the names of the name. It meets in the writings of many alchemists, starting with Bekon (XIII century) - Paracelsa, Libavia, Valentina, and others. Libavia even indicates that the word nitrogen (azoth) comes from the ancient Spanish-Arabic word azok (Azoque or Azoc), which denoted mercury. But it is more likely that these words appeared as a result of distortions by rewriters of the nitrogen nitrogen (azot or azoth). Now the origin of the word nitrogen is set more accurately. The ancient philosophers and alchemists considered the "primary matter of metals" Alpha and Omego of all existing. In turn, this expression is borrowed from the Apocalypse - the last book of the Bible: "I - Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and last." In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, Christian philosophers were considered to use only three languages \u200b\u200bin writing their treatises, recognizing "sacred", - Latin, Greek and Hebrew (the inscription on the cross in the crucifixion of Christ on the Gospel story was made in these three languages). For the formation of the word nitrogen, the initial and final letters of the alphabets of these three languages \u200b\u200bwere taken (A, Alfa, Aleph and SET, Omega, Tov - AaAzot).

The compilers of the new chemical nomenclature of 1787, and above all the initiator of its creation of Gyton de Morvo, well aware of the existence from ancient times of the word nitrogen. Morvo noted in the "Methodological Encyclopedia" (1786) the alchemical significance of this term. After publishing the "method of chemical nomenclature" opponents of oxygen theory - flogistic - made a sharp criticism of the new nomenclature. Especially, as the Lavoisier itself notes in his chemistry tutorial, the adoption of "ancient items" was criticized. In particular, Lametre is the publisher of the magazine "Observations Sur La Physique" - the unfold of opponents of the oxygen theory, indicated that the word nitrogen was used by alchemists in another sense.

Despite this, the new name was adopted in France, as well as in Russia, replacing the previously adopted names of the "Flogistic gas", "Mofett", "The Base of Mofetta", etc.

The word formation of nitrogen from Greek also caused fair remarks. D. N. Spankings in his book "Nitrogen in the life of plants and in the agriculture of the USSR" (1945) absolutely correctly noticed that the word formation from Greek "is in doubt." Obviously, these doubts were also in contemporaries Lavoisier. Lavoisier himself in his chemistry tutorial (1789) uses the word nitrogen along with the name "Radical Nitrique" (RADICAL NITRIQUE).

It is interesting to note that later the authors, trying, apparently, somehow justify the inaccuracy made by members of the Nomenclature Commission, produced the word nitrogen from Greek - giving life, life-giving, creating an artificial word "azocos", missing in Greek (Dirgart, Remy and Dr.). However, this path of education word nitrogen is hardly recognized as correct, as the derivative of the Nitrogen name would have to sound "Azatikon".

The failure of the nitrogen name was obvious to many contemporaries of Lavoise, quite sympathetic for its oxygen theory. So, the chapel in its chemistry textbook "Elements of Chemistry" (1790) suggested replacing the word nitrogen by the word nitrogen (nitrogen) and called gas, respectively, the views of his time (each gas molecule seemed to be surrounded by a heator atmosphere), "gas nitrogen" (Gas Nitrogene). His proposal Shaptal motivated in detail. One of the arguments was the indication that the name meaning to lifeless could be given to other simple bodies (possessing, for example, strong poisonous properties). The name Nitrogen, adopted in England and in America, was the following foundation of the international name of the element (Nitrogenium) and nitrogen symbol - N. in France at the beginning of the XIX century. Instead of symbol N, AZ symbol used. In 1800, one of the co-authors of the Chemical Nomenclature - Fourkrua proposed another name - alkaligen (alcalienne - AlcaliGene), based on the fact that nitrogen is the "base" of volatile alkali (Alcali Volatil) - ammonia. But this name was not accepted by chemists. We will finally mention the name of nitrogen, which was used by flogistic chemists and, in particular, were attracted, in the late XVIII century. - Septon (Septon from French septique - shuffle). This name is proposed, apparently by Mitchello - a student of Blake, who later worked in America. Davy rejected this name. In Germany since the end of the 18th century. And to date, the nitrogen is called Stickstoff, which means "suffocating substance".

As for the old Russian nitrogen names, which appeared in a variety of writings of the late XVIII - beginning of the 4th century, then they are such: suffocating Gus, unclean Gas; Mofetic air (all these are transfers of the French name Gas Mofette), a stumbled substance (translation of the German Stickstoff), Flohyted air, Gus is dressed up, distressed air (Flogistic names - Translation of the term proposed by Priwley - Plogisticated AIR). The names were also used; Spoiled air (Translation of the term Sweetener VERDORBENE LUFT), Oilitrogenation, Oilitrogenated Gas, Nitrogen (Translation of the name proposed by Shapthal - Nitrogene), Alkaligen, Alkaliper (Terms of Furkrua translated into Russian in 1799 and 1812), Septon, Gnill (Septon ) and others, along with these numerous names, the words of nitrogen and nitrogen GAS were used, especially from the beginning of the 4th century.

V.Sergine in his "leadership to the most convenient understanding of the chemical books of foreign" (1815) explains the word nitrogen as follows: "Azoticum, azotum, azotozum - nitrogen, suffocating substance"; "Azote - Nitrogen, Selitrotection"; "Oilitrogenated gas, azove gas". Finally, the word nitrogen entered the Russian chemical nomenclature and displaced all the other names after entering the light of the "bases of clean chemistry" of Gesse (1831).
The derivatives of compounds containing nitrogen are formed in Russian and other languages \u200b\u200bor from the word nitrogen (nitric acid, azo compounds, etc.), or from the international name nitrogenium (nitrates, nitro compounds, etc.). The last term comes from the ancient names of the NITR, Nitrum, Nitron, who normally denoted Selitra, sometimes - natural soda. In the Roadland, 1612) said: "Nitrum, Borakh (Baurach), Nitraum (Sal Petrosum), Nitrum, Germans - Salpeter, VRGSALZ - the same as Sal Reetrae."

Opening oxygen (English. Oxygen, Franz. Oxygene, it. SauerStoff) marked the beginning of a modern period of chemistry development. With deep antiquity, it was known that air is needed for burning, but many centuries the burning process remained incomprehensible. Only in the XVII century. Majov and Boyle independently of each other expressed the idea that there was some substance in the air, which supports burning, but this completely rational hypothesis did not receive the development, since the view of burning, as a conjunction of the burning body with some part of The air seemed to be contrary to such an obvious fact as the fact that the decomposition of a burning body on the elementary components occurs when burning. It is on this basis at the turn of the XVII century. There was a phlogiston theory created by Becher and a staffing. With the onset of the chemical and analytical period of the development of chemistry (the second half of the XVIII century) and the emergence of "pneumatic chemistry" - one of the main branches of the chemical and analytical direction - the burning, and the breath again attracted the attention of researchers. Opening of various gases and establishing them an important role In chemical processes, was one of the main incentives for systematic research of the processes of burning substances undertaken by Lavoisier. Oxygen was opened at the beginning of the 70s of the XVIII century. The first message about this discovery was made attracted at a meeting of the English Royal Society in 1775. Prondulgested, heating red oxide mercury with a large incendiary glass, got gas, in which the candle was burning more bright than in the usual air, and the smolder flashed. Prondulges defined some properties of the new gas and called it by defluminated air (Daphlogisticated Air). However, two years have previously attracted (1772), the Shelele also received oxygen decomposition of mercury oxide and other methods. Shelele called this gas with fiery air (Feuerluft). The message was able to do about his opening of the Shelele only in 1777. Meanwhile, in 1775, Lavoisier spoke to the Paris Academy of Sciences with a message that he managed to get "the cleanest of the air that surrounds us", and described the properties of this part of the air. Initially, Lavoisie called this "Air" Empirein, Life Air (Air Empireal, Air Vital), the base of the vital air (Base DE L "Air Vital). Almost simultaneous discovery of oxygen in several scientists in different countries has caused disputes about priority. Especially persistently recognizing themselves with the discoverer They were attracted. Essentially, these disputes did not end up so far. A detailed study of the properties of oxygen and its role in the processes of combustion and the formation of oxides led the lavanise to the wrong conclusion that this gas is an acid-forming principle. In 1779, Lavoisier in accordance with this The conclusion was introduced for oxygen a new name - an acid-forming principle (Principe Acidifiant Ou Principe Oxygine). The word OxyGine Lavoisier appears in this complex name produced from Greek. - Acid and "I".
Fluorum, Fluorum, F (9)

Fluorine (English Fluorine, Franz. And it. Fluor) was obtained in a free state in 1886, but its compounds were known for a long time and were widely used in the metallurgy and glass production. The first refueling references (CAF2) called Plavik Spat (Fliisspat) refer to the XVI century. In one of the writings attributed to the legendary Vasily Valentine, they are mentioned in various colors of the stones - flux (Fliisse from Lat. Fluere - flow, flow), which were used as smooth when weave metals. Agricola and Libavius \u200b\u200bwrote about this. The latter introduces special names for this float - Plavik Plusspat (Flusspat) and Mineral Plavik. Many authors of chemical and technical writings of the XVII and XVIII centuries. Describe different types of smelting spat. In Russia, these stones were called the Plavik, Spalt, will be spathed; Lomonosov attributed these stones to the category of selenites and called Pliste or Flous (Crystal Flous). Russian masters, as well as collectors of collections of minerals (for example, in the XVIII century. Prince P. F. Golitsyn) knew that some species of swipes during heating (for example, in hot water) glow in the dark. However, another leibyan in his history of Phosphorus (1710) mentions in connection with this about the thermophosphorus (THERMOPHOSPHORUS).

Apparently, chemists and chemicals-artisans met the laying acid no later than the XVII century. In 1670, the Nuremberg artisan Schvanhard used a fluid spar in a mixture with sulfuric acid for etching patterns on glass glasses. However, at that time, the nature of the plating spat and the plating acid was completely unknown. It was believed, for example, that drilling effect in the process of Shvanharda has flock acid. This erroneous opinion eliminated the Shelele, proving that in the interaction of a plumbing spat with sulfuric acid, flintic acid is obtained as a result of separating glass retorts formed by fluoric acid. In addition, the Shelele set (1771) that the Plavik Space is a compound of limestone with a special acid that was called "Swedish acid". Lavoise recognized the radical acid radical (Radical Fluorique) with a simple body and included it in its table of simple bodies. In a more or less pure form, the floatful acid was obtained in 1809 gay-lousak and tenar by distillation of a platitive spat with sulfuric acid in lead or silver retort. With this operation, both researchers received poisoning. The true nature of the plating acid was installed in 1810. Ampere. He rejected the opinion of the Lavoisier that the oxygen should be contained in plaguic acid, and proved an analogy with hydrochloric acid. The Ampera told Davy, who immediately established the elementary nature of chlorine shortly before that. Davy fully agreed with the armed arivers and spent a lot of effort to obtain a free fluorine electrolysis of plastic acid and other paths. Taking into account the strong corrosive action of the glassic acid on the glass, as well as on plant and animal fabrics, Ampere offered to name the element contained in it, fluorine (Greek - destruction, death, sea, plague, etc.). However, Davy did not accept this name and offered another Fluorine (Fluorine) by analogy with the then name of Chlorine - Chlorine (Chlorine), both names are still used in english language. In Russian, the name given by the ampere has been preserved.

Numerous attempts to allocate free fluorine in the XIX century. did not lead to successful results. Only in 1886 Moassana managed to do this and get a free fluorine in the form of a gas of yellow-green. Since Fluorine is an unusually aggressive gas, Moassana had to overcome many difficulties before he found material suitable for equipment in experiments with fluorine. The U-shaped tube for electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid for minus 55 ° C (cooled with a liquid chloride methyl) was made of platinum with plugs made of platinum. After the chemical and physical properties of the free fluorine were investigated, it was widely used. Now Fluoro is one of the most important components of the synthesis of fluoroorganic substances of a wide range. In Russian literature, early XIX century. Fluorine was named differently: the base of the plating acid, Fluorine (Dvigubsky, 1824), the packaging (IOV), fluor (shcheglov, 1830), fluor, platform, melting. Hess since 1831 introduced a fluoride name.
Neon, NEON, NE (10)

This element is open with rasmes and traverse in 1898, a few days after the opening of Krypton. Scientists selected the first gas bubbles formed during evaporation of liquid argon, and found that the spectrum of this gas indicates the presence of a new element. Ramzay so talks about choosing the name for this item:

"When we first reviewed his spectrum, while my 12-year-old son was.
"Father," he said, "what is this beautiful gas called?"
"It's not yet decided," I replied.
- He's new? - I was curious son.
- Newly open, - I objected.
- Why, in this case, do not name it novum, father?
"It doesn't fit, because Novum is not a Greek word," I replied. - We will call it neon that in Greater means a new one.
That's the way the gas got its name. "
Author: Figurovsky N.A.
Chemistry and chemists № 1 2012

To be continued...

TechNetium, those) Chemical element at number 43 in the Mendeleev table.

In 1925, sensational messages appeared on the pages of chemical journals about the opening of a new element included in the seventh group of the periodic system. The element was called "Mazuria". Listen to the name: Ma-Zu-Ri-th. Something consonant with Mazurka - a brilliant cheerful Polish national dance, who received in the XIX century. Fame in all European countries, hears in the name of the element. However, not in honor of Mazurka - the dance, who came out of the Voivodeship of Mazovia, called German Chemists Walter Noddak and Ida Such (who later became a noddak) again an open element. In the honor of the southern part of Humbinnen and Königsberg in Eastern Prussia, he was named in honor of the southern part of Humbinnin and Königsberg.

Unjudient turned out to be the obstacle to the opening of a new element. Studies have shown that the authors hurried with their messages - various impurities of other already known elements were adopted for the new element.

Real discovery, or rather, obtaining an element in the periodic system D. I. Mendeleev 43 number was carried out by the Italian scientist E. Segre and his assistant K. Pern in 1937. The new element was created by the "shelling" of Molybdenum deuterons - nuclei Heavy hydrogen isotope, accelerated on the cyclotron.

The new element obtained in honor of the technical progress of the XX century, as the brainchild of this progress, was called technetium. "Technicos" - in Greek "artificial".

In 1950, the total number of technetium on the whole globe was equal ... one milligram. Currently, technetium is obtained as a waste of "production" during the operation of nuclear reactors.

The content of technetium in uranium splitting products reaches 6%. Now technetium is an element made by the hands of a person, is not uncommon. By 1958, the employees of the Okrian National Laboratory Parker and Martin had several grams of technetium at their disposal, the compounds of which were widely used in the study of the corrosion mechanism and the actions of inhibitors - substances delaying it.

According to its chemical properties of techneets, manganese and rhenium is similar. She looks more like rhenium. TechNew density - 11.5. In contrast to the process of technetium, more resistant to the action of chemical reagents. An empty cell in the periodic system of elements with the inscription "Ekamarganese", the existence of which D. I. Mendeleev predicted in 1870, is now filled with an element whose properties exactly correspond to the predicted.

However, there is no technetium on Earth! The fact is that, being a radioactive element, it does not have long-lived isotopes. The most steady isotope technetium has a half-life, not exceeding 250000 years. And since the age of the land has several billion years, the initially existed on Earth tehnostov a long time ago from his age and now should be considered a "extinct" element. However, the Sun and some stars of technetium discovered spectroscopically, which indicates synthesizing it in the process of the evolution of stars.