Forests of East Germany hide in their depths a lot of secrets associated with the military past these lands. Secret objects In the forests of the former GDR, a huge amount was built - this is a bunker for the Golding Tips of the GDR and underground communication centers and numerous military towns as the People's Army, the GDR and the grouping of Soviet troops. But the highest degree of secrecy has always surrounded everything related to nuclear weapons. Such objects were usually located deeply in the forest most often from civilization and human eyes and were crossed by a triple perimeter under stress with patrols and firing points. The Germans on the Soviet nuclear facilities were not allowed, even military personnel by the Councils of the People's Army of the GDR. It was exclusively a Soviet territory and what is hidden in the surrounding forests, local residents could only guess.
My today's story is devoted to one of these super secret objects - the positions of Soviet nuclear missile The average distance of OTR-22, located in the forest near the Saxon city of Bishofsverd. In the post I will tell the history of the object, I will show what it remains from him and then give the coordinates for those who want to visit this place on their own.
I learned about this place, as well as about many other no less interesting objects from Martin Kaule, "Faszination Bunker: Steinerne Zeugnisse Der Europäischen Geschichte." Coordinates of the object in the book were not, but were identified adjacent to the former secret forest village, so to calculate the approximate location of the missile position using guglokart was not difficult. At the end of March of this year, I was again in Saxony and on the way from Dresden to Zittau decided to stop in the way and visit the once secret object to see with my own eyes what was left of him.
01. In the right place, we fold with the highway to the primer, which should lead us to the goal, but in front of the forest the path blocks the barrier. Forest is the environmental territory and transport is prohibited. We leave the car before the barrier and continue the path on foot.
02. After half a kilometer, the forest primer leads us to a platform laid down by concrete slabs. This is one of the four starting platforms of an object with which ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads would be started in the direction of West Germany. Two concrete deposits depart from the starting platform - one leads straight, the second right. We go first to see where the right concrete is leading.
03. After a hundred meters, the concrete rests on the bunker.
04. In the book, there was only one photo-like bunker and I thought that this bunker is all that remains of the object, since the book contained information that military unit It was demolished, and the hopper was falling asleep.
But before continuing the review, traditionally a bit of history.
In the mid-1970s, the countries of the Eastern Block and NATO reached a nuclear parity. In 1976. Soviet Union Places in Europe the ballistic missiles of the average range of RSD-10, violating the steady equilibrium. In 1979, NATO decides on the deployment of Middle Rockets of Persing-2 in Europe and Tomahawk's Winged Mobile Basets. NATO block was ready to partially or completely eliminate these rockets, provided that the Soviet Union does the same with its RSD-10, in response, the Soviet Union strengthens its nuclear presence in Eastern Europe Rocket complexes OTR-22 (SS-12 Scaleboard on NATO classification). In the GDR, rocket bases armed with OTP-22 missiles were built in four places: Bischofswerda, Königsbrück, Waren and Wokuhl. (see map)
In 1981, the forest between the villages of Uhyst Am Taucher and Stacha was declared a closed military zone and the construction of the future unfolded there rocket basewhich lasted three years. In April 1984, the 1st Separate Rocket Division (PP 68257) of the 119th Rocket Brigade (2nd and 3rd divisions were stationed in Konigsbruch) arrived from the breakdown (Georgia, Hombori) (PP 68257) of the 119th missile brigade (2nd and 3rd divisions) and part of the combat duty
The rocket complexes of OTR-22 "Temp - C" were in service (according to NATO classification - SS-12 / SS-22 Scaleboard). The main task of the Rocket Complex "Temp-C" was to apply nuclear strikes at the corresponding theater of hostilities. The MAZ-543 tractor was used as a chassis for the launcher. The rocket was covered in a special container, dropped along the longitudinal axis after the verticalization of the rocket before launching.
In the photo, the rocket complex OTR-22 "Temp - C".
On the missile database, there were four launchers and eight missiles with nuclear warheads, 500 kiloton (35 times more powerful than a bomb dropped on Hiroshima). Flight range missiles was 900 km. The construction of the base took place in the situation of strict secrecy and even officers of the Stati (the Ministry of State Security of the GDR) initially did not know that it would be placed in the forest under Bishofsverd and were gradually devoted to this mystery. But the population of surrounding villages already in 1985 knew about nuclear missiles in the forest, since from Bishofsverds to the forest at night every two weeks passed a transport convoy with a rocket and in these nights, residents of the villages adjacent to the forest were forbidden to approach the windows overlooking the road, For which rockets transported.
Rocket complex OTR-22 "Temp - C" on the starting position. Next to the launcher there is a test machine and start (MIP)
In December 1987, the USSR and the United States signed an agreement on the elimination of medium and smaller rockets (RSMD), according to which all the rockets are subject to liquidation (from 1000 to 5,500 km) and a smaller (from 500 to 1000 km) of the range. According to agreements, all complexes of OTR-22 "Temp-C" were also destruction.
The town of Bishofsverd entered the story of the fact that it was here that the practical implementation of measures envisaged by the Soviet-American agreement on the elimination of rockets of medium and smaller range began. On February 25, 1988, a ceremony of the 119th rocket brigade was held in Bishofsverde (echelon wires with rocket complexes on the basis of their liquidation in Stankovo, Belarus). In March of the same year, the garrison left the last divisions. 119 Rocket Brigade redesigned in the cluster (Georgia, P.Gombori).
I found several archival pictures on the network made at the Bishofsiver Station on the Day of Sending Rocket Complexes"Temp - C"back to USSR.
At the Bishofsverd Station, after a solemn rally, a tent was removed from one start-up and allowed to shoot journalists.
Solemn ceremony February 25, 1988 in Bishofsvend on the case of withdrawal nuclear weapons from the region.
Article February 25, 2012 in the newspaper Bautzener Bote, dedicated to the history of nuclear missiles in the Taucherwald forest:
After the export of missile systems, the Soviet military for several years were in the territory of the rocket base and only on June 14, 1992 left it finally. During 1996, on the territory of the base began work on the reclamation of the forest - the perimeter and firepoints were dismantled, the trenches were filled away, in 2002 the building of the barracks and several other buildings were demolished.
Now let's go back to our walk and look at what remained from the former rocket base.
05. This bunker has become the first building we encountered in this place. Seeing closed doors, I thought they were brewed either tightly closed.
But soon it was that I was wrong in my assumptions:
06. If you looked at the video, then you saw that there is nothing inside, there is nothing but a warehouse of building materials, MOTOs Mesh Ritts and the remains of the ventilation unit.
07. This bunker was designed to cover the main element of the rocket complex - the starting start-up setting of SPU 9P120 and the test machines and the MIP 9V243 startup.
08. Testing machine and starting is designed to conduct pre-train and launch rocket on the starting position. It was located all the console equipment of the complex. The MIP is made on the basis of the Ural-375A car with an extended frame, it is distinguished by the presence of an electric generator operating from the power take-off box, an additional fuel tank for 300l. This car contains test and starting equipment, sources of power supply, a set of aiming instruments (specialodolite, aiming rod, gyrocompass, levels for the verticalization of the rocket, etc.), operator workplaces.
09. The bunker of this type has a FB75 label (FB - FERTIGTEILBUNKER, that is, a bunker made of finished parts). It is a bunker, built from typical concrete panels sprinkled on top of the earth. Such bins were easy to manufacture and used to cover the equipment, equipment, ammunitions, placement inside the command objects or communication objects.
Container with 9M76 rocket complex 9k76 "Temp-C" in one of the similar bunkers. Very detailed and illustrated about the complex "Temp-C" can be read by reference.
10. The entrance to the bunker was closed with massive armored winds with hydraulic drive.
11. I thought that this bunker was the only thing that was preserved from the former rocket base ...
I will give an object plan taken by me from www.sachsenschiene.net and slightly modified for a better understanding of Russian-speaking users.
On the object of the object, we see the perimeter, the barracks of the personnel demolished in 2002, next to her there is a former guard room, which is now used by forestry, and various bunkers placed around four starting sites.
1 - Command Bunker.
2,4,5,8 - bunker to accommodate four launchers with testing machines and start.
3.7 - bunker for other equipment.
6 - Warehouse warhead with nuclear filling
9.10 - team bunkers of start batteries.
We came to the object on the road from the west side, hitting the starting platform, which is in the center of the scheme. The bunker, which we visited the first is indicated on the plan number 8.
13. At the end of the concrete, some other structure was noticeable.
14. But on the way there was a branch of concrete left, at the end of which was another bunker.
15. We decided to view it at first.
Another archival photo from Tasherwald, made in 1988 during the withdrawal of missile complexes from Bishofsverd. The bunker in the background is different, but the concrete is the same.
16. This bunker as the previous thing looked closed.
17. To open massive armored vehicles, I had to make efforts.
18. Inside it turned out to be shorter than previously examined by us.
19. Only one military truck could fit here.
On the map, this bunker is indicated by the number 3. Please note that next to it is another bunker 5, in which one of four starting plants was stored.
20. This is all that remained from the bunker 5. It was completely demolished and fell asleep. Matter sticks out only the concrete arch of the gate.
21. We continue our way along the concrete.
22. Which leads us to another bunker.
23. Before this bunker is equipped with a concrete site, which distinguishes this bunker from others that we have seen earlier.
24. It is the image of this bunker that I saw in the book from which I learned about the existence of this place.
On the map, this bunker is marked with a number 6.
25. What really surprised me, so this is the presence of such a sign near the gate. The attitude of the Germans to history does not cease to struck me. And the quality plate is what!
26. This bunker is the so-called "pumping" - a place where nuclear warheads were kept, the most important part of the base. This is the only bunker equipped with a climatic installation that supported the moisture and temperature required for storage of nuclear bombs.
27. External armored vehicles here are the same as in the other bunkers. They were not hermetic.
28. But inside the bunker there is another partition that overlapped with the emotors that ensure the full tightness of the internal space. It was here that eight warheads were stored, the total destructive capacity of 4,000 kilotons, which is commensurate with 260 bombs like that that was dropped on Hiroshima. The contents of this bunker could erase the entire Western Germany from the face, turning it into the scorched desert.
29. For a long time I broke my head over the fact why the slag blocks are suspended under the ceiling?
30. Watch inside now, understandable thing, not what. Let's leave the atomic storage.
On this day, I was just a birthday, besides, we with this rocket base turned out to be peers and appeared on the same time at the same time - in the spring of 1984. Symbolically. Removed the widget.
On the plan it is indicated by the number 4.
32. Next to it from under the ground, an electric cable with a voltage of 380 volts was published, judging by the inscription on the shield.
33. The insides of the shield.
34. Inside the standard is empty, but such a folding table was discovered.
35. Well, the remains of the ventilation system.
36. This bunker, like the first, visited by us, served as a garage for launching and testing machine and start.
37. On this, our walk across the territory of the former Soviet rocket base approached the end. It is a pity that I didn't have a map of the object with me, so three bunkers remained not examined by us. But, judging by the photos on the network, attention is worthy of only the first bunker, which was located the command post.
38. Such secrets are taiting the subsoil of Saxon forests. As you understood from the name of the post, it was the first part of the series. In total, I have four posts about completely different, but one other inteaded objects lost in the forests of East Germany.
The territory of the rocket base in the forest of Tasherwald is not a forbidden zone and anyone can visit it without the slightest risk. Watch there there is not a lot of things, but from a historical point of view, the object is more than interesting.
The coordinates of the object: 51 ° 10 "46" N, 14 ° 14 "03" E.
P.S. Created a group in Facebook, where I will place photos of photographs from abandoned military facilities in Europe. Who is interested in the topic - join.
The word "Iskander" makes a reverent horror on impressionable Europeans. This word is mounted for "terrible Russian duby", which at any time can hit them.
We are talking about an operational-tactical missile complex (CZDC) "Iskander-M". He was adopted in 2006 and since then every year plays an increasing role in traditional (since the time of Peter the Great) dialogue between Russia and Europe about building the relationship between these two worlds.
Placed in the Kaliningrad region, Iskander can shoot the floor of Europe. Since these complexes are extremely mobile, which has well shown the teachings of Rocket members of the Western Military District, held in early December last year, to preventively destroy them in the event of a complication of the situation at the European Theater of Military Activities, which have NATO here, is almost impossible. Therefore, any mention of the fact that Russia, as a sovereign statecan put "Iskander" in the vicinity of Kaliningrad, causes a panic attack from impressionable European politicians. However, few people know that it is them and their overseas partners who really contributed to ensuring that Russia appears is terrible.
The fact is that by the mid-1980s of the last century, American and European politicians finally managed to reverse the military-political parity with the Soviet Union in their favor. Signed at that time international treatiesIn fact, disarmed our country on strategically important directions for NATO. One of them is the operational-tactical rocket complexes with nuclear charges, with the help of which the USSR could really "break down" any resistance at the European Theater of Military Activities (in the Domestic Classification with PCCs includes complexes of shooting range from 100 to 1 thousand km, on Western - from 300 to 3.5 thousand km). And it is these complexes of the Elbrus type (shooting range up to 300 km), "Temp-C" (900 km) and "Oka" (407 km), largely ensured the balance of power between the participating countries of the Warsaw Treaty and NATO countries in Europe. Under the blow of the complexes "Oka" and "Temp", for example, the positions of American ballistic "Perching-2" and Tomahawk winged missiles of terrestrial basing were found. Moreover, it was precisely the Soviet strategy - NATO focused on the development of shock aviation with high-precision aviation damage. But, in fact, the Soviet strategy at that time was more efficient than West. "In contrast to the aviation testing limitation due to weather conditions and the necessity to carry out pre-air complex organization operations missile systems could be used for nuclear strikes immediately. No protection against ballistic missiles did not have an enemy "- emphasized the historian Yevgeny Putilov.
Help: "Iskander" in the basic version is a self-propelled wheeled launcher, armed with two solid fuel rockets, which are delivered to 500 km to 500 km a mass of up to 480 kg each. Rockets can be equipped with fragantive-fugasic, penetrating, fugas-incendiary, cassette, cumulative, volume-detonating and even nuclear combat parts. The launch time of the first rocket "from the march" is 16 minutes.
The interval between shots is 1 minute. Each machine is completely autonomous and can receive a target designation even by photographs. "The complex is not dependent on intelligence satellites or aviation. The target designation can be obtained not only from them, but also from a special combustible intelligence machine, a soldier of an artillery fire adjustment or from a photograph of a terrain, which directly on combat position through the scanner will be introduced into the on-board computing machine. Our homing head unmistakably displays a rocket to goal. Neither fog, neither the madless night, nor a specially created opponent's aerosol cloud, can not prevent this, "Nikolai Gushchin Nikolai Gushchin noted at one time.
Rocket 9M723K1 of the Iskander-M complex The starting mass of 3800 kg develops at the initial and final phase of the flight speed up to 2100 m / c. It moves along a quasibalistic (up to 50 km of height) of the trajectory and carries out overloading of about 20-30 units, which makes it impossible to intercept all the existing means of pro, since they would have to make maneuvers with overloads 2-3 times large.
In addition, the rocket is made using stealth technologies, which also makes it a detection extremely difficult. The accuracy of the rocket in the target (depending on the method of guidance) - up to 1 to 30 meters. Another modification of the "Iskander" is armed with Wilders of R-500 missiles. Their speed is 10 times less than that of 9M723K1 missiles, however, the R-500, according to some sources, can fly over 2 thousand km at an altitude not exceeding several meters above the Earth.
Therefore, in 1987, the United States and their allies convinced the then Guidelines of the USSR to sign an agreement on the elimination of small and medium-range missiles (RSMD). He concerned, first of all, the PCC "Temp-C", however, on the fact, the new "Oka" went under the knife. "The official motivation of the Americans, if required, to reduce the Rocket Complex 9k714" OKD "a missile complex 9k714" Oka "was that the American rocket could have the range of 500 kilometers. The Soviet "Oka" on the tests showed the maximum range of 407 kilometers. However, the position of Soviet negotiators allowed the Americans to demand a one-sided reduction of "Oka" complexes under the slogan "you promised." What was done "- recalled Evgeny Putilov.
The decision on liquidation of "Oka" and the cessation of work on the "Oka-U" (firing range - more than 500 km) and PTRC "Volga" (he was supposed to replace "Temp-S"), of course, was a terrible blow for the team "Design Bureau Mechanical Engineering "(KBM, Kolomna), which was engaged in the development of tactically and operational-tactical missile systems since 1967, and personally for the head and general designer KBM Sergey Pavlovich invincible. By that time, KBM, being a head organization, has already developed and organized a mass production of nearly 30 missile systems for various purposes, including anti-tank missile systems "Bumblebee", "Baby", "Malytka-Gg", "Sturm-B", and also "Sturm-C", equipped for the first time in the world of a supersonic rocket, "Attack", portable anti-aircraft missile systems "Strela-2", "Strela-2M", "Strela-3", "Needle-1" and "needle", high-precision Mobile tactical and operational-tactical missile systems "Point" (shooting range 70 km), "Point-y", "Oka", "Oka-U". Therefore, invincible made almost impossible - he went to the Central Committee of the CPSU and achieved that the Central Committee of the USSR was decided in 1988 on the beginning of experimental contest works on the creation of a new EHF with a shooting range up to 500 km. Moreover, with the elimination of "Oka", our country, indeed, remained completely without a PCC, since Elbrus had already been to that time, in fact, was removed from weapons, and the "point-y" worked only at a distance of 120 km.
So Born "Iskander". However, after a year, it seemed, the project would be closed, since at the end of 1989 Sergey Pavlovich was invincible resigned from the post of chapter and the Director General of the KBM. They say, gone loudly, slamming the door, saying non-extended words about the "orders", which the leading defense enterprise was imposed on the "perestroika" ... (hereinafter, he worked as the main researcher of the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics, was supervisor The Reagent Scientific and Technical Center, and then returned to CBM as an adviser to the chief and the chief designer of this enterprise).
But work on the "Iskander" continued. Moreover, he became "cough", that is, it was decided to establish on a starting installation, not one, as always was done in the Soviet engineering school, and two rockets. "Before KBM, a task was set:" Iskander "should destroy both fixed and moving goals. At one time, the same task stood before the "Okoy-y". Experienced Okey-y samples were destroyed with the "Okoy" by the same Treaty on RSMD. The reconnaissance and impact complex, which "Iskander" had to enter as a means of fierce defeat, was called "equality". A special reconnaissance aircraft was developed, he was a gunner. The plane detects, let's say a tank column on the march. Transfers the coordinates for a start-up setting of PCC. Next, adjust the rocket flight, depending on the purpose of travel. The reconnaissance and impact complex was to affect from 20 to 40 goals per hour. Many missiles required. Then I suggested to place on the launcher two missiles, "I recalled Oleg Mamalyga, who from 1989 to 2005 was the chief designer for CBM.
In 1993, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation was released on the deployment of developmental work on Czander-M, which was issued by TTZ, based on a new approach to building a complex and optimizing all solutions. However, now the economy has got up on the way of the new weapon. The test volume of the new PCCs assumed 20 rocket launches. Money, for the memories of employees, was enough to launch ... Only one rocket. They say that the then leadership of the Grau, together with the employees of the KBM, personally went to enterprises - manufacturers of components for Iskander, and asked to make a "debt" the required number of details. Six years - 2000 to 2006, went to conduct state tests of the new PCC. And, in fact, only since 2011 Iskander-M began to produce serially, in the framework of the long-term contract between the "Design Bureau of Engineering" and russian ministry Defense.
Abroad complex is not yet available - not enough itself. And since the sacred place is not empty, the place of Soviet-Russian PCCs on the global weapon market was occupied by Americans with their ATACMS development complex of Lockheed Martin Missile and Fire Control with an inertial guidance system and a firing range from 140 to 300 km depending on the modification. They are in operation since 1991 and are launched from RSZO M270 MLRS launchers (on the tracked BMP M2 BRADLEY) and HIMARS (on the wheelbase of the FMTV tactical truck). The United States has actively used these complexes during wars with Iraq 1991 and 2003 and actively sold them in Bahrain, Greece, Turkey, UAE, South Korea etc.
The army of Western European states now, practically, refused to use operational tactical missiles (OTP). The most significant amount of them was in France. But this country removed them from weapons back in 1996 and since then there is no serial production from Europe in Europe. But the Israel and China are actively working on this topic. In 2011, the Israeli Armed Forces adopted an input with a solid fuel ballistic missile Lora (shooting range - up to 280 kilometers) with an inertial control system, combined with RNS "Castar" (GPS) and a television head of homing. China, according to some data, per year produces up to 150 tactical and operational tactical rockets with firing range up to 200 km. It not only intensively saturate his southern coast, but also invites Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Pakistan. And China is absolutely not embarrassing to get any identification on the part of someone.
I will plunge a little in history. Any leadership in the technique is necessarily based on a solid scientific foundation. What or who could make the foundation of cosmonautics (rocket technology) of the USSR? Famous peace Scientific schools? No, they were not.
Real scientists in the early years soviet power Or emigrated from Russia, or were destroyed. Availability modern technology after civil War During the period of devastation? Ruled out.
Rocket R-1
True, one famous self-taught theorist in the country was Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. However, his real biography and scientific contributions are known to us and extremely mysterious, they are created in full compliance with the Leninsky cliché "Each cook will manage the state." A small example, famous for us "Tsiolkovsky formula", not taking into account the realities of the rocket flight, was placed in the textbook of the University of Cambridge, another year before the birth of the bone. Dreams of dreams, and specialists around the world know that the fundamental scientific and technical issues of the flight of a liquid rocket in the details were developed by Americans Robert Godard and Theodore Pocket, French-Pelti, Germans Hermann Walter, Walter Goman and Max Valle.
It is interesting to note that it is the work of the Valier "Flying to World Space, as a technical opportunity" made such a strong impression on the student Mai Mikhail Yangel, that excerpts from this book he read his future wife on a date in the square. Yes, German rackets received an excellent education for real professors. Thanks to the works of foreign corneses, the rockets moved from book pages to drawing boards, polygons (only the army could give the necessary powerful funding) subsequently on cosmodromes, acquired modern flesh. The first launch rocket launch in the world (fuel components - oxygen + gasoline) was carried out by R. Goddurd 16.03.1926. To compare the level of development of rocket technology in the Soviet Union and Germany before the Second World War, consider several numbers. The Liquid Soviet rocket of the 1933 sample rocket had a starting mass of 29.5 kg, the load of its engine is 75 kg, the height of the flight is 80 m. The German rocket A-2 sample 1934 weighed more halftone, its engines - 1T, Flight height is 2 km.
By the way about Gird. There is information that S. Korolev met with the author of the famous labor "conquest of interplanetary spaces" (later recognized by the theorist of flights to the moon) Y. Kontrautyuk (Shargei), the designer of unique windings that struck the imagination of contemporaries. I met and offered to become his deputy instead of the deceased F. Cander. After inspection of the handicraft laboratories, Gird Yu. Kontrautyuk deniedly refused. But after the arrest M.Tuhachevskogo, oversaw missile, nothing by the time which did not give the Red Army, part of the "embezzlers folk remedies"Shot, part was determined in the camps. The creators of the legendary Katyusha were also destroyed (their own) and destroyed.
German FAU-1 Tool
Relying on the research of Western scientists, Von Brown on the recipes of Berert and under the leadership of V.Dornberger designed in 1937 the first real ballistic guided missile A-4, renamed by the Fuhrer in Fow-2 (V-2 interpret and as a mock over the English symbol of victory from two fingers - "Victory"). Its weight was 13 tons, engines of engines - 25 tons, range - 300 km! And at the beginning of 1944, the background Brown with his like-minded people Helmut Gretroup and Walter Riddem had calculations and determined the volume of FAU-2 modifications to start with its help ... Earth satellite! Gluckles of G. Myuller were treated by the distraction of rackets from improving weapons of retaliation. The whole Trinity was put under arrest. But then I had to return them to place - the phrases and the planetary Aryan domination were found in the transcript of Gitler's conversation with the von Brown. On October 3, 1942, FAu-2 became the first rocket, which exceeded the speed of the sound. And on February 17, 1943 (!) The first apparatus of earthly origin fell into space. According to generally accepted canons, space begins with 70 km. Fow-2 rocket, carrying devices, rose to the height of ~ 190 km! This is how it describes this historical event. His organizer V.Dornberger: "... about an hour after sunset over the forest arose and grew a bright flame. I did not see the rocket itself - but a long, flaming reactive jet of gas was in a dark sky and dissolved. The rocket was at an altitude of about 3 kilometers, when, vertically leaving behind, she suddenly snapped out of the shade of the Earth and sparkled in the sun, which was already gone for us. " "Romance" Dornbergerua, like the background Brown, later again, was very lucky - in the first days of the world they fell into the hands of Americans, not English intelligence. The latter had instructions to hang greedy on the first bitch without trial. But the Soviet propagandists on the historical fact of the time of the war do not pay any attention. Rocket people and historians of civilized countries, in particular, the UK, the Germans consider pioneers, by giving a tribute to the event that occurred on February 17, 1943. It is interesting to note that at the same height, the same von Brown launched the first two American astronauts - A.Shetpard on May 5, 1961 (185 km) and V. Gryssow on July 21, 1961 (190 km). Since 1944, FAu-2, parts of which, thanks to the indication of the British, were found at the Polygon in Poland, M.Tikhonravov and Yu. Poszedonztsev, began to be closely studied by Soviet specialists. Immediately after the end of the war, the documentation, FAU-2 samples and Reintochter missiles, Rainbote, Wasserfal, Typhoon, engines, technological equipment arrived in the Soviet Union (in a larger scale - in the USA, England). And the first Soviet ballistic missile P-1 is a full analogue of the German Rocket FAu-2, only created in domestic drawings and from domestic materials. How could it be called it yet?
At the end of the war, the Nazi rocket top of another path to salvation, except for passing the Americans, was not. But how do Yankov behave themselves, whether the British will be given to the British, will they go to cooperation and under what conditions the last days The war was not clear the background of Brown, nor the main rocket of Reich General Dornbergeru. And in the first giving Americans, the group of Gretruup was not. And he no longer fell into the second ... in the first peaceful days and the Soviet command, puzzled by the results of the study of the parts of huge ballistic missiles found on the Polish landfill in 1944, began hunting for German specialists. One of the first "skull hunters" was appointed B.Cholov (afterwards the permanent deputy S. Korolev), the person's insightful, ironic, perfectly owning an Ezopov language. Since all materials on the history of rocket technology in the USSR were strictly calmly classically classified and selectively destroyed, then the memoirs of Boris Essayevich are practically the only sources of information (he led the diary all his life), as well as V.Mishina, B.Ruushenbach, S. Ilyushina, V. Bolovitinova, N. Kamanin. As for the memoirs of the German rackets who were in the "Honorary Soviet Captivity", then, not imagining these people, not knowing the motives of their behavior, in my opinion, you can only take this information. It turned out that the rocket center was located in the Soviet occupation zone - Nordhausen, an underground plant, where the prisoners of concentration camps worked. There found important materials. To study them, the "Institute of Slave" was created, in which the Germans began to work under the supervision of Soviet specialists. The head of the institute was B.Ferkt, director - one of the employees of the German Rocket Center. But they really lacked a specialist who owns the whole problem. And soon he was found - they were Helmut Grettrup.
Gelmut Grettrup
Negotiations on cooperation with him behaved personally by B.Ferk, also an engineer for control systems. Good missions worthy of money allowance, the intelligence of the Soviet director played a role. Grettroup attracted to the work of leading German specialists, professors and doctors of science. The case of our future corneses was so successful, such prospects for the improvement of FAu-2 were opened, which had to significantly enlarge the organization. Its functions were expanded, headed by the largest organizer of the jet artillery of Leo Gaidukov, his deputy - S. Korolev, who was released from the Kazan "Sharacter" (like V. Glushko) from the Kazan "Sharashka". The Americans tried to paint and Werner von Brown, but at the last moment the operation was canceled, which, as B. Itsket noted, S. Korolev was delighted, under whose start in Germany, V. Glasnets, N. N. Pilyugin, V. Kuznetsov, M. Razansky. In Germany, the general efforts managed to restore one of the main rocket factories , Which provided ten sets of V-2. In the summer of 1946, in a voluntarily compulsory, about 500 leading German specialists were sent to the USSR, where some of them (about 150 people) were placed in strict isolation on the island of Goromba in the middle of the picturesque lake Seliger. For leadership of missile development in the USSR, NII-88 was created led by a large organizer of military production by Lvom Gonor. In the structure of the Head Institute "Guests", the role of the branch number 1 (!), Whose soul was G.Gretrup. The Germans (they were removed with their families) received a decent salary (noticeably above payment of our specialists), soldering, they were regularly exported to Moscow theaters, museums. They were provided with normal "office" squares, housing, laboratory equipment, a small plant where our and German workers worked. Without having a party, nor trade union organization, the Germans immediately independently provided themselves and leisure - built tennis courts, created a symphonic and jazz orchestra. Of all this it becomes clear that the country's leadership was going to cooperate with the Germans seriously and for a long time. Yes, and the Germans were causing capital. In the same way as in the United States, the Germans worked there before the Log of Centers, Von Brown created spacecraft, V.Dornberger, departing in England for war crimes in England, in the United States he was sent to the Advisor of the President on Air Defense Advisor. It should be noted that S. Korolev after Germany was "deployed" on the third role - he headed only one of the departments, which in the head research institute was more than 25, not counting branches and other structural units. Now V. Glushko, M. Razansky, V. Barmin, V. Kuznetsov, N. Pilyugin on a service table of ranks were significantly higher than the Queen - they were the leaders (or the first rates of managers) of allied enterprises (institutions) with experienced plants. It is the "Soviet" Germans under the leadership of G.Gretruup, ahead of the "American" Germans, in the projects of "their" missiles gave the world technical decisions, now the shittomatic for all rackets of the world - separated headsets, bearing tanks, intermediate bottoms, hot fuel tanks, Flat nozzle heads of engines, vector control using engines, etc. Having in its composition the Pleiad of scientists with a world name, first of all, such as kernel (Korphin on management systems, died in the USSR under mysterious circumstances - "from appendicitis"), Magnus (Specialist in Gyroscope), UmPfenbach, Albringer (student of L. L. Prandtle!), Muller, Rudolf, is not surprising that they won all government contests to create a missile shield of the USSR. They completed the projects of ballistic missiles with a range of 600, 800, 2500 and 3000 km, on the intercontinental range (analog R-7), an aerodynamic scheme was proposed for the flight of astronauts to the moon (subsequently used in the project H-1). The conical compartments are the corporate sign of German ... and Soviet rackets until the early 60s. The Germans managed to lay and strong the foundations of Soviet anti-aircraft and winged missiles (M-5 or P-15 with a range of 3000 km). All projects in Germans were called the letter "G" - Mr., M-2, etc. It was equally important for subsequent developments that Grettrup on the merits for the first time in the world developed and expressed the doctrine design of complex systems to which rockets belong. In the main features, it is also valid in our time. What could oppose overseas stars talented Soviet engineers, united by a passionate dream of themselves to embarcate on the first roles? That's right, the mode of secrecy and intrigue. Although the experience of just the ending war clearly testified: if someone could not be trusted, then there is no Germans. And about the wide front of work on the creation of ballistic missiles and powerful EDD, Soviet intelligence, as well as allies, nothing was known almost until mid-1944 - there were no information leakage. The traitor to the same secrets only becoming the Soviet rocket technology - "His" Pinkovsky is known to historians around the world.
Helmut Gröttrup (center) after a successful start
The scheme of working with German specialists quickly gained a peculiar character. The German scientific and technical councils made a detailed report on the next rocket project. Opponents performed. The report was comprehensively regarded and discussed. He recognized his victory. Then the Soviet experts came to the island, they clarified the nuances, they took the documentation, in many cases, even not allowed to re-issue it, limited only to the erasure of German surnames. And most importantly, "guests" did not give anything to test, explaining this employment of all stands. As a result, squeezing out of the German rackets, all that can, creating unbearable conditions for them and their leadership for them further work, The Germans returned to the GDR, even without addressing the question of their employment. In the film "The Taming of Fire" there is a cynical phrase attributed to S. Korolev: "I have nothing to learn from the Germans, I learned from Tsiolkovsky" ... intrigues, infinite appeals through the heads of managers led to the predicted result - as in the 37th year, the leadership of the Research Institute Hit under Stalin's repression. They did not have time to shoot them - the Great Lead died. Full rehabilitation followed, they returned all the awards, but they no longer fell into rocket equipment - "all the places have already been occupied." To compensate for the "German outcome" in 1954, four independent missile design bureaus were created, including Dnepropetrovsk. Later, in August 1956, OKB S. Korolev was created. The latter, as was the leader, at the end of 1953 left the USSR G.Gretrup. Crytok notes that he could not watch Helmut in his eyes. Directly on the platform in Berlin, American intelligence agents "packed" G.Gretruup into their car were taken to the embassy, \u200b\u200band from there to West Germany. There he was offered a leadership work in the states of his friend Brown. He refused. He was interrogated. True, it is impossible to be called interrogations - it did not beat him, so long conversations with light in the face. Now the results of these "conversations" are now already known. One can only be amazed by the decency of Grettruup after "ours" did with him, "he could," the shadow was on the woven. " American intelligence agencies, called "Scoop" resistance, created an atmosphere of hostility around it, not giving anywhere to get a job. The family has loved the year. But then Grettruppe still found a place in one of the divisions of "Siemens", invented the electronic machine for counting and exchange of money (for the first time in the world), it is not less popular than the rocket. Very soon under his beginning, more than four hundred employees have already worked. But the special services got it here. In 1967, when for the first time on television, a rocket was shown, with the help of which the founder of practical cosmonautics S. Korolev launched Sosmos Y.Gagarin, Grettroup Mile was crying, having learned the rocket of his team, "the German wife wrote in his memories.
memories of rackets 19 Divisia - Vladimir Vasilyevich Zeleslo, born in 1934. In 1953 he graduated from 10 classes, entered military school Kaliningrad graduated in 1955 and was sent to the Carpathian Military District to a part that was stationed in Kamenets - Podolsky Khmelnitsky region. In 1956, he served in the Artillery Division of the 12 Rocket Brigade in the city of Corson Ternopil Region. From December 1956. On October 1961, he served in the southern group of troops in Hungary in 83 separate reactive division as a platoon commander position, a senior battery officer. Corr.: Tell me please, and how influenced what is happening in Hungary your 06 parts? - Administrative power was in the hands of the commandation. Prior to May 1957, we maintained order commandant's service. This mission was until 1957. And later, the elimination of military administrations occurred and the authorities completely moved to the Hungarian government. But we continued our duties here until 1961. Corr.: And how many people did you have? - Ch.V.: A separate part. Corr.: And the relatives were with you? - Ch.V.: At that time I was a single. Although, yes, later allowed to import families. Corr.: Then worried about certain global problems? - Ch.V.: Yes, it was about the life and death of the USSR, and the countries of the socialist camp, ie, avoiding the 3rd World War. Nr, M. Tetcher-Iron Lady believed that nuclear weapons were the possibility of success for the West. At first, it was perceived as a misunderstanding of the thesis, about the possibility of a global catastrophe, but over time it became clear that the presence of nuclear weapons was our parity in this area is the first warranty to avoid a nuclear war. After all, everyone understood that some of the parties could be the first to "click the button". As a result, he will answer that lead to the destruction of the planet. My opinion: Caribbean crisis - "brewed" is not USSR. We did not use nuclear weapons in Hiracima and Nagasaki, the Americans did it. We then lagged in the development of nuclear weapons. The main thing is that the USSR quickly reached parity, i.e. Guaranteed the opportunity to avoid nuclear war. Otherwise, the planet earth would cease to exist. From 1961 to 1971 He served B. Rocket shelf 19 rocket division as the head of the branch of refueling the third division of the V / g 54 145, the senior engineer of the division. Corr.: And simple civilians Participated in engineering and technical work? - Ch.V: Yes, it was the miners, representatives of the mines. In 1963, an accident occurred. Corr.: What is the accident? - Ch.V.: After the hall did command Point Started three rockets. Then the first fighting graphics worked. After that, they switched to preparing re-launch. At that time, the documentation for these operations were absent. We worked these charts to obtain information, calculated when you can make repeated launches. It was then that tragic events occurred, for technical reasons. It is the flaws of designers, collectors, as a result of which people were injured. Corr.: That is, suffered, died? - Ch.V .: No, they were still alive, but too sighted by vapors of fuel components - nitric acid vapor. And this is a burn of the respiratory tract of man. Corr.: Tell me, for this process, special protective equipment was thought out? - Ch.V.: Yes, there were protective equipment. They worked. Personally, I was saved by Combined Arms mask. And people who have not used it, and fuel components hit them on the face. To check the personnel I went to another mine. After the first accident, 10 minutes passed. There I found two people who tried to hide. They saw the gas masks, but when it was probably no longer breathing, they removed them, faded themselves inspired by nitrogen couples. I pulled them out of the mine and took to the hospital. But they burned airways , there was a swelling of the lungs. After these accidents in the hospital, they were treated for 45 days, six months, even two years. Treatment provided by the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. Corr.: These are all young people, yes? - Ch.V.: Of course - those who served the first, second, third year. They were 18-20 years old. Then three people were killed from my part. After that, about ten years, I continued to serve at refueling. No such accidents happened. They began to pay more attention to protecting people. In the 70 -80-ies there was a reorganization of all systems. I had to rebuild on the area of \u200b\u200bdozens of missiles. In each shelf there were about a dozen rockets located at a distance of 7-8 km. Their delivery to any point of the globe is 25 minutes. Immediately make a reservation that their launch in Ukraine was never. I also want to emphasize that after accidents, security measures have always been observed. Of course, the opposition could protect the respiratory organs, but, for example, if the acid falls on his head, he will burn everything ... before accidents, and not only the soldiers died, the Marshal of the Indeline was killed, all sorts were happening: somewhere they misunderstood somewhere. You know, to prevent an accident: you need to check everything again. And it was a new task, time loss, so no one was engaged in protection. There were graphs, everything happened quickly, in a hurry. What to say here, especially when to any holiday it was necessary to have preparation for descent. This hurry sometimes ended with the death of people. After accidents, protection measures have always been observed very strictly. Corr.: Tell me, please, if you consider the situation in general: how was family life? - Ch.V.: I was a bachelor, he married a year later - got an apartment. All housing, which was built in the sink, first of all provided us, rackets. Corr.: So you felt some preferential social status? - Ch.V.: Yes, of course, without a doubt. Q .: I understand it is another incentive to patriotism - a sense of interest in the person feeling the need in the present case, and not an appeal. - Ch.V.: You know, the Soviet ideology brought up us like this: before thinking about my homeland, and then - about yourself! - Corr.: It seems to me that in our time the upbringing of young people in the example of the Soviet ideology, in the "Golob" will cause the emotion of negative. Nevertheless, then the state was the foundation of young people. At least did not refuse then the call and did not bother off the army in such a quantity as now (laughs). - Ch.V.: I will say you more: then people themselves went to the army, they did not need to force them. See: Officer of the Military School was produced. We already knew in the division: how many people will come, who are with the family who are with children. If the Lieutenant graduate came with his family, then even the captain was not allowed to the apartment, but first of all him. They were interested, pointed to a certain perspective. Officers - bachelors, for example, were provided by hostels, later - a hotel. That is, everything was thought out, provided before the smallest detail. That is why it was honorable to serve in the Soviet army, there was pride and patriotism. And now not? After all, rocket troops were elite troops. Corr.: Probably the selection was also serious? - Ch.V.: Yes. For example, among people who served with me, everyone had a secondary education and even higher.