How many steps in the structural staircase design. Manual fire stairs

17.09.2020

It is that they are auxiliary device when organizing rescue work. With their help you can penetrate the structure, climb the roof. Lifting devices are indispensable in the case of increased smoke, when evacuation passes are blocked by fire. To ensure high speed and safety of firefighters, during the implementation of lifting or carrying out any work, manual fire stairs must have a number of advantages: simplicity of design, lightness, high strength and stability.

Designs produce from first-class wood varieties different breeds and high-strength metals. For the manufacture of steps take a tree of solid varieties, for example, oak. Wooden elements Impreet with special oil and varnish.

Metal devices are more durable in contrast to wooden models. Among the advantages can be noted: lightness, reliability, durability. Of the minuses - electrical conductivity and tendency to the emergence of corrosion. In addition to the classification of manufacturing material, the fire stairs differ depending on the design features:

Stair-stick A simpler device used for lifting. It is two support racks and steps. Crossbars with the assets are fixed with hinges. In the assembled state, it is used as a shock tool. She opens the doors by the Taran method, beat the plaster. It also serves as a stretcher for the transportation of victims.

The staircase is the second name "Boktok", is the lowest side of the other varieties of manual fire lifting devices.

Stadder-storming Equipped with a hook that is necessary for fixing the design. This hook is used to fix the device for any protruding parts, windows plates. Operated as sports equipment, together with automotive and trollen stairs. With it, you can freely work on the "twisted" roofs.

The assault installation is the easiest among other hand-type lifting structures, wears the informal name "Pinocchio".

Retractable staircase (tricycled L-60) It is used to access firefighters for 3 floor. Also used to raise the roof of a low building (maximum 2 floors). Includes the retractable mechanism, displacement and attachment, 3 metal knees with 12 steps on each and 2 tents.

The L-60 extension is carried out by moving the rope through special blocks. If you need to stop the extension, it is enough to stop moving the rope. Then the device responsible for the stop will fix it in the right state. To make a staircase need to move the rope. Next reduce efforts to ensure slow knee down.

L-60 has advanced functionality and capabilities. Unofficially called "miscarriage". After operation, it is necessary to thoroughly clean and lubricate the rods. Inspection should be carried out 1 time in 4 weeks.

Tests of manual fire stairs

What exactly the research method will be carried out directly depends on the type of test subjected to the design. Lifting devices are tested for compliance with the established standards at the development stage, and during the improvement of the model. When the conveyor occurs, the product is once again undergoing control testing.

Periodic testing equipment is also exposed in places of operation. All elements of the lifting equipment are subject to detailed inspection and exposure to various static loads. Manual fire stairs are required to undergo the following tests:

external inspection - the lifting device is viewed on the integrity of all available elements of the device, the connection location, the manual fire stairs are checked with the parameters specified in the documentation;
the equipment is measured and compared with tolerances according to regulatory documentation;
the reference frame is tested for strength;
static weighing is carried out;
the vertical stands of the product are subjected to a torsion method;
transverse steps are tested for bend, cut;
the knee device of the retractable installation is tested for strength;
calculate the efforts of LP layouts;
hook staircase staircase is also undergoing strength monitoring;
the stability of the work and the ability of the retractable lifting installation is checked.

The last item is an exception to the rules. When checking on the stability and the potential of the retractable device, the tests are carried out 1 time in 3 years. These terms refer to Russian-made products. The results obtained are in a special journal of testing facilities of the fire unit.

With a capital inspection of the design, the hook should be solid, without dents and other defects. Safety cables are strong, without supervisors and are located in the grooves of the Taitiv. The control is carried out in 2 stages:

Verification of the taper - lifting equipment suspended on 2-3 teeth of the hook, which are closer to all to the growths. Next, the load is suspended to the middle of the stage and exactly in the middle of the installation.
Checking the hook - the design is suspended for the big tooth of the hook. Both theetics impose a certain load for 2 minutes.

Testing trollen fire staircase

Control is subject to: a string, steps, degree of fixation of reinforcement, cable and much more. The design surface must be clean, without rust, chip, dents. Design suitability control takes place in 2 stages:

The device is checked for extension and locking the knees. It should "slide", without any jerks. If the fixing equipment securely fixes the knees of the design at any height, the element passes the test.
Strength control: The installation is placed on a solid surface and fully unfolded, while admiring the wall. The rope must maintain its initial characteristics, that is, not damaged and not deformed after tension in 200 kg.

The order and timing of the test of the manual fire tribal staircase is prescribed in special documentation.

Installing a ladder of retractable type

Placing equipment, it is important to adhere to the rules:

install the design follows 1.5-2 m from the wall;
the angle of inclination of lifting equipment on average is 82 degrees;
to push the section (knee) should be smoothly, avoiding winding the rope into hand;
hold down the design during the extension follows the theettes avoiding covered with fingers;
comply with the balance in its extension;
check the fixing device in the extended form.

Operation of the retractable staircase

Before you start working with lifting equipment, you must:

It should be placed in places where with any random deviation, it will not touch the LAP. In the absence of relevant conditions, the operation of the equipment should be carried out by 3 people. One person works as a safety net.
Installing manual fire stairs to a metal roof can be found after de-energizing the structure.
At the time of moving the installation, it is important to look in front of yourself, reliably clasping the steps with your hands.

Training on the manual fire stairs of the discharge type and the storming are carried out after checking the manual of the state of the insulating device. The head is obliged to conduct briefing for those who carry out insurance on the floors. Any type of work should be carried out in special uniforms.

Rules of operation of manual fire stairs

To avoid injuries and any incidents when working with equipment, it is necessary:

installation movement should not more than 1 person on one section;
it is important to hold the manual fire staircases of the discharge type at the time of operation;
when using lifting equipment, it is necessary to be fixed for the steps by means of a special waist carbine;
in the process of lifting the installation of a discarded type with a tool, it should be securely consolidated to exclude the fall;
during training, moving around the assault installation without using a special assurance device is prohibited.

Possible malfunctions during the operation of stairs and elimination options

Type of problem	The cause of the occurrence	Remedy
Installation stopped folding and folded	Rope bargain between blocks	· You need to get the rope, then place in the clip · Configure the distance between the rope and block
When folding and folding the device there is a skew and a large resistance	· Not complied with the distance at the front stops of racks · Not complied with the distance between the rear stops and the resistant	Adjust the gaps
In the process of extension it is impossible to fix the structure	Stop the stop mechanism	· Replacement springs · Repair of hooks

Safety measures during the operation of manual fire stairs

Knowledge and compliance with security measures during the operation of the installation will allow to extend their service life, and avoid accidents. For safe operation:

it is forbidden to work with a faulty manual fire staircase;
it is necessary to store stairs in a dry closed place in a packaged form;
in the case of horizontal storage of structures, it is necessary between them, install wooden gaskets (minimum 3 pieces);
it is forbidden to store them under the sun, because when wood dries "loses" the resins that give it the necessary flexibility;

Manual mechanized tool.The mechanized tool used to perform various works when extinguishing fires includes a disk and chain benzine-type saw type "Friendship-4", portable rapid installations for gas cutting of metals, electric saws and a rollergress, pneumatic jackhammers and other devices.

The largest distribution was obtained by a universal mechanized set of UK.M-4, which consists of a motorcycling, smoke, jackhammer, disc and chain saw. With the help of such a mechanized set, you can be injected into the room fresh air or pump out smoke, punch holes in the walls, cut various designsAnd all these works alternately can perform one firefighter.

The DC PDS-400 saw is designed to open the fuselage of the Sun when performing emergency and rescue work and is included in the package of fire airfield cars. The saw can also be used in opening and disassembling metal structures. PDS-400 saw was created on the basis of the Benzine-pot Saw "Ural".

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS PDS-400 benzine

Saw Control
Engine:
	internal combustion, single-cylinder, two-stroke, carburetor
maximum power, kW
rotation frequency at maximum power, rpm
Capacity of the fuel tank, l
Silent:
type of a slit disk	abrasive, reinforced with fiberglass grid
dials of disk, mm:


the diameter of the planting hole
maximum depth of propyl, mm
drive Circle	klinorem transmission
ratio
turning on and off	automatic, centrifugal friction clutch
Performance of sawing aluminum alloys, mm / s
Cutting speed at the engine operating frequency, mm / s
Overall sizes saw, mm:



Mass saw with full refueling, kg, no more

The disk saw (Fig. 15) consists of an internal combustion engine, a sawmaker, a slot abrasive reinforced disk, fuel tank, handle and starter. When cutting, the abrasive circle is administered with a light pressure, gradually increasing the engine speed, and monitors the power tool for the power tool, preventing a sharp reduction in the speed of rotation. The cutting of bulk structures should be made at the maximum depth of propyl, cutting sheets and trims - with minimal. When cutting, it is necessary to monitor the correct position of the circles relative to the propyl, not allowing significant deviations from the cutting plane (Fig. 16). At the end of the cut and during the transition to another place, the engine rotation frequency should be reduced.

To stop the engine, it is necessary to completely release the gas control lever, click on the engine off button, keep it down until the engine stops and then close the fuel faucet. It is forbidden to stop the engine with the removal of the cap from the candle. With full consumption of fuel from the tank, a seating with a fuel of the steam-air mixture is possible, and the engine can develop the maximum rotation frequency even with the throttle of the carburetor closed. In this case, the engine must be immediately stopped, the tank is filled with fuel, and retransmitted.

Safety regulations when working with a gasoline truck saw.In the process of operation of the tool must be observed general rules Safety recommended when working on motorcases, as well as rules for handling gasoline. It is allowed to allow for work with a tool only persons instructed and trained with it. It is possible to work only by making sure the fulfillment of the tool and reliably fix the circle.

When the engine is started, the saw circle should not touch any items, it is impossible to wind the cable on the hand. At idle, the engine should work when the gas control lever is released.

Horizontal and vertical cutting techniques are performed on wooden panels with a thickness of 20-25 mm. Other cutting techniques are performed on various thematic profiles, fixed in vice, and sheets thick up to 3.0 mm. Profiles, sheet material and layouts should be fixed so that when cutting, the circle does not occur in propylence as a result of deformations or skew the test sample. Cutting must be made with a constant feed force, preventing a sharp reduction in the rotational speed of the circle. Both the beginning and end of cutting, i.e. The release of the circle from the propyl, should be performed smoothly, without jerks.

Transfer a tool with a working engine is allowed at idle engine speed. It is not allowed to use eaten gasoline as fuel, as it has a harmful effect on the respiratory organs.

4.3. Firefighters hand stairs

Fire stairs are designed to lift in the upper floors of buildings during rescue work and fires, when stationary stairs, other devices and ways cannot be used. Manual staircases lead manually without the use of mechanical energy sources.

There are three types of manual fire stairs: staircase-stick, staplement staplement and retractable (Fig. 17). Made them of wood, aluminum rolled steel. Stairs are easy to design, comfortable in work. They are included in the equipment of fire trucks that deliver them to the place of fire.

Stair-stick.It is designed to lift firefighters to the first floor through the window openings of buildings and structures and for use as a taran when opening the doors. The staircase-stick due to its relatively low heights is used primarily indoors, in the deployed form - as an attachment. It can also be used as a stretcher.

Technical characteristics of stairs-stick

Design	longitudinal-folding
Length of stairs, mm:
folded
deployed
Cross section of folded staircase, mm
Distance between the growths, mm
Step between steps, mm
Mass, kg, no more

The staircase consists of two wooden thefts of oval sections and eight steps, hinged connected to the assets. At one end of each theater there is a passing, for which the end of another tenant is removed when folding the stairs. Steps of the stairs are cleaned into oblique grooves thes. A hinge connecting the step with a theater is an iron sleeve, tightly inserted at the end of the stage. Through the stage and body, the taper is skipped with an axis of a hinge, which is outside the rusty of spout with the formation of semicircular heads. Under the heads are pucks. Thus, in the folded state, the staircase is a stick with rounded and finished ends, which makes it possible to use it on fires to beat the plaster and performing other similar works.

During operation, at least 1 time per year, the staircase is subjected to strength test. When testing the staircase, the stick is set to the wall at an angle of 75 °, to the middle of the guide, the load is fixed with a mass of 120 kg, to one stage (in the middle part of the staircase) suspend the same cargo and leave for 2 minutes. After removing the load, the staircase should not have any deformations and should be easily and tightly folded.

Fig. 17. Fireman hand stairs:

but- Ladder-stick LP: 1 - ATTA, 2 - step, 3 - Bolt, b.- Wooden Storm Storming LSh: 1 - hook, 2 - ATTA, 3 - step, 4 - support shoe, in - Tricolled retractable wooden 3-CL: 1 - ATTA, 2 - step, 3 - cable, 4 - Support shoe. g.- tricycled retractable metal L-60; 4 - block.

Staples-assault.It is designed to raise firefighters to floors of buildings through windows, balconies, openings, as well as to work on steep roofs when opening the roof. In addition, it is one of the sports shells in fire and applied sports.

Technical characteristics of storming storming

Design	one-mole
Length, mm.
Width, mm.
Hook departure, mm
Distance between the growths, mm
Step between steps, mm
Mass kg, no more

The storming stormed consists of two tents connected by 13 steps, and a steel hook. Creek is fixed using special metal boxes on the 10-12th steps. On the bottom of the hook there are teeth for reliable engagement for the windowsill. Along the hook and two sides there are ribs ribs. Under the 1st, 7th and 12th steps, metal ties are missed. On the inside of each taper, steel cables are laid in the grooves, which cover the upper step with a screed. At the bottom of the ends are fixed by bolts. Cables are designed to prevent accidents when measuring the guards. The lower and upper ends of the tents have a steel shack.

Stainless storms at least 1 time in six months test:

a) on the strength of the hook and the guards. For this, the staircase is fluidly suspended on the large end tooth of the hook and to both antimony at the height of the 2nd stage suspend the load weighing 160 kg;

b) on the strength of the steps and places of connecting them with the assets. For this, the staircase is suspended by 2-3 tooth, located closer to the tutor. To the step that does not have metal fastening, the load is suspended with a mass of 200 kg.

Tests for strength continue at least 2 minutes. After testing, the staircase should not have cracks and residual hook deformations.

Retractable staircase.It is designed to lift firefighters in the third floor window or on the roof of a two-story building for rescue people or delivery of fire equipment.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF RESTRIBLE STADER 3-CL

Design	retractable, tricycle
Length of stairs, mm:
folded
deployed
Width, mm.
Height of one knee, mm
The distance between the tower of the upper knee, mm
Step between steps, mm
Length of the knees, mm:

medium
upper
Mass, kg, no more

The retractable staircase 3-CL consists of three wooden knees, advanced mechanisms, shifting and stop. Each knee is a frame consisting of two longitudinal guards and 12 steps, made in the theettes on end-to-end spikes. The tents of each knee are torn in three metal ties under 1, 6, 12 stages. The knees are interconnected by metal brackets (two pairs of brackets at the joint of each pair of knees) and spikes 2 and 3 knees, moving, respectively, on the longitudinal internal groove 1 and the 2nd knees. The lower ends of the string of the 1st knee are equipped with shoes, the upper ends of the 3rd knee - wallops. Shoes and stops prevent moving stairs.

The ladder nomination mechanism (shift) is a rope unit consisting of a cable, circuit, three blocks in clippers and two brackets with ears for mounting the ends of the cable. To limit nomination on the middle knee, a stop strip is installed. The average knee is extended using a chain, and the upper - with the help of a steel cable. For nomination and fixing 1, the extended staircase on one or another height serves the stop mechanism consisting of a roller with a lever, two landing planks (stops) and two squares mounted at the bottom of the second knee.

The wooden stairs of the 3-CL are now replaced by metal triangular retractable ladders L-60.

Technical characteristic of the retractable staircase L-60

Design	metal, retractable, tricycle
Length of stairs, mm:
folded
deployed
Knee height, mm
Step between steps, mm
Length of the knees, mm:

medium
upper
Material of the TETIV and steps	aluminium alloy
Mass, kg, no more

The L-60 retractable staircase consists of three nominating metal knees made from the same type of profiles and parts, the mechanism of nomination and shifting the knees and the stop mechanism. The knee is a form consisting of two beams (the guilty) of a special cross section, interconnected by corrugated pipes (steps). The bottom and medium knee have 12 steps, which are embedded in the holes of the roller the taper. The third knee has 11 steps.

Tricolled retractable stairs are experiencing the strength of the guards and steps 1 time in 6 months. in the following way. The staircase is highlighted at full length and set to the wall at an angle of 75 °. In the middle of each knee on both theets, the load is suspended with a mass of up to 100 kg, then the second knee is suspended in the middle on both rigs a cargo weighing 200 kg. The strength of the steps and places of fastening them with the assets are tested by hanging the load with a mass of 200 kg, applied in the middle of the undented step of the lower knee. The duration of the test is at least 2 minutes. After the test, the staircase should not have damage, the knee of the stairs must be extended and descended without jamming.

The rules of exploitation of stairs and security measures when working with them.It is forbidden to operate faulty stairs or not meet the safety conditions of working with them. On firefighters, the stairs must be laid tight and securely fixed. When removing from the machine, the staircase should not be thrown about the solid (metal) parts of the bracket and bend shocks.

With a daily inspection, when changing the guard checks:

stairs-stick - the state of the guilty, the presence of screws, the density of the adjunctness of the tips, doors and planks-shoes, the completion of the ends of the steps, the smooth of the stroke of the axes in the sleeves, the absence of a backlash;

staples-assault - a state of the guilty, the quality of recession of cables in the grooves the guards, the state of fastening the screens and shoes, steps and hooks;

retractable stairs - the condition of the knees, fastening, extension mechanism, stop and the quality of graphite lubricant in the grooves.

When installing retractable stairs, it is necessary to ensure that the shoes are supplied at a distance of 1.5-2 meters from the wall. This distance corresponds to the working angle of inclination of 75-80 °.

When nominating a three-star ladder is necessary:

keep her for the guards of the first knee, with the fingers of the hands should not touch the inner side of the guards;

nominate it evenly, without jerks and prevent the chain winding on the arm;

monitor the stable staircase. It must be in equilibrium, i.e. should not have side slopes.

Lifting and descent on the retractable stairs are allowed if:

valik-stop fists rely on the ladder's knee steps;

the staircase is leaning toward the building (construction) and is supported for the guards of the first knee of fire.

When working on manual ladders with a barrel, with a scrap or other tool, the fireman must consolidate the Karabin for the stepping of the stairs. After operation, the staircase must be carefully examined and missed (this reduces friction and makes it easier for spikes in the grooves).

Types of manual fire stairs

Stadder storming

Stadder storming - This is a ladder manual fireman, constructively consisting of two parallel the tents, rigidly connected by the supporting steps and equipped with a hook for suspension on the support surface (Fig. 1).

Photo storming stadder

Scheme of stadder storming

Tests 1 and 4 stairs are connected by thirteen steps 2 and 5. In addition, they are in five places with metal ties 3 and 6. The hook 7 is fixed on three top steps. The cross section of the hook increases towards the tail part, which brings it to the body of equal resistance. on bending.

Stairs can be made of wood or metal.

Wooden storm starder

On the inside of the wooden stairs on both sides of the steps, steel cores, fixed behind the upper and lower ties, are laid in the grooves. Cutles are designed to prevent accidents at a break of the taper. At the lower ends, the guards are installed shoes, and on the upper tips.

Metal stadder storming

Metal stairs Move from aluminum alloy D16T. Mass of stairs not more than 10 kg.

Purpose of LSH

Stainless stairs Used firefighters for lifting on floors of buildings through windows or balconies. To ensure safe operation, it is used when working on steep roofing rods.

Purpose: LSH is designed to lift firefighters along the outer wall on the floors of buildings and structures, to ensure work when opening the roof on steep roofs, as well as for training sessions and competitions. The most successfully assault staircase is used in conjunction with a triveted retractable staircase or auto expense.

Device LSh.

Device: The assault staircase consists of two tents, interconnected by thirteen wooden steps, three steel screeds (at the ends and in the middle of the tutor) and the steel hook fixed on the three top steps of the staircase. The lower ends of the tents are pointed and equipped with metal shoes.

Steel hookWith which the staircase is suspended, has a tail and console part. In the tail part to reduce the deformation of the steps, boxed sleeves are welded. To reduce the mass of the hook, the holes are drilled in its console part, the increase in the rigidity of the hook is achieved by the welded longitudinal metal planes (rigidity ribs).

The shape of the hook provides the equal strength of its design over the entire length of its design under the action of bending effort, and the teeth prevent sliding along the reference plane.

Technical characteristics of LSh.

Stair-stick (LD)

Stair-stick (LD) — staircase manual firefolding, constructively consisting of two parallel the tents, hingedly connected by supporting steps.

Photo LP (staircase-stick)

Scheme of stairs-stick

The guards 1 and 2 stairs are connected by eight steps 3. The ends of the steps have a metal flip and sleeves through which the axes are tested for steps. A hinge compound of 4 steps with assets allows them to add them by moving one theater relative to the other.

Some ends of the tents have wooden putters 5. For them, they remove another theater when folding the stairs. Movements are attached to the assets of the screeds 6 and covered with tips 7. Other ends of the tents are bevelled at an angle of 45 degrees and protected by metal plates 8.

Staircase

In the folded state, the staircase is a stick with rounded and finished ends. The mass of the ladder is 10.5 kg.

Purpose of LP

Purpose: LP in the working position is designed to lift firefighters and their weapons to the level of the stairs (in the first floor window, to work at a low height), for use as a stretcher for carrying victims; In the folded (transport) position, use for the penetration of wooden partitions and door panels, chopping plaster and performing other utility work.

LD

Device: The staircase-stick consists of two wooden thefts of oval sections and eight steps, hingedly connected to the assets. A feature of the staircase is a hinge fastening of steps in the longitudinal plane of the taper, which allows you to bring them to complete closure when folding the stairs in the form of a stick of oval sections.

When folding, the stairs of the stage are placed in triangular grooves on the inner side of the taper. At one end of each theater with a metal tip and screed fix a wooden lining. The other end of the rust is protected by a metal lining.

Technical characteristics of LP

Staircase retractable tricycled l 60

Staircase extendable — the ladder is a manual fireman, constructively consisting of several parallel-bound knee and equipped with a mechanical device of moving them relative to each other in the axial direction in order to regulate its length. The knee countdown is conducted from the top.

Ladder Retractable fireman

Tricolled retractable staircase - A manual fire staircane, consisting of three parallel-bound knees and equipped with a mechanical device to move them relative to each other in the axial direction in order to regulate its length (Fig. 3).

Scheme of retractable staircase

Photo of retractable staircase

Device staircase triangular

The staircase consists of three telescopically connected knees 6.7 and 8, the mechanism of nomination and the stop mechanism. Each knee consists of two tents connected by twelve steps. The bottom of the lower knee 8 is pulled down at the bottom, in the middle and at the top of the screed 3.

The knee is interconnected with steel brackets 1. The lower ends of the lard of the lower knee have steel shoes 9, and the upper ends of the top knee have the wall stops 4. The average knee is put forward with a chain 2.

The nomination mechanism works as follows. The medium knee 7 (Fig. 4) is connected to a low knee of 8 chain 2, the envelope of the rollers 5 and the upper block of the lower knee. When you move the chain clockwise, it will be extended to 7. The upper knee 6 of the cable 3 through the middle knee unit 7 is connected to the center of the upper body of the lower knee 8. When nominating the medium knee 7, it will move upwards and the upper knee 6.

The average knee in relation to the bottom commits the relative movement. The top knee, in turn, makes a relative movement in relation to the middle knee at speed, at the same time moves along with the middle knee in the portable movement. Thus, the absolute speed of the upper knee movement is equal to

With the equality of the length of all three knees, the absolute rate of extension of the upper knee is equal to the double rate of nomination of the medium knee, i.e.

To fix the extended staircase at a given height, the stop mechanism is applied. It is installed on the guide of the second knee on its lower part. The mechanism consists of two parts: the guide of the coal and the stop, as well as a special roller with two erasures and a lever.

The knee theater covers the corner (Fig. 5) on both sides. Shelf 1 is located on the inner wide side of the theater. The shelf 2 is located on the narrow side of the theater, speaking from it by 10 mm. This protruding part is included in the first knee punch and serves as a guide. The bent part 3 is addressed inside the stairs and is focusing for the stop mechanism. Corners are installed on both assets. Holes 4 in them serve as roller bearings 1 stop mechanism (Fig. 6). At the ends of the roller 1, there is one cam 4, which in combination with the stops 2 (pos.3 in Fig. 5) produce fixation of the nominated knees.

In the middle of the roller at an angle of about 45 degrees to the cams, there is a protruding finger 6 with an eye on the end. The end of the chain 7 is attached to this eye (pos.2 in Fig. 4).

If in the vertical position of the staircase tighten the chain counterclockwise down, then the roller 1, as well as the cam 4 turn so that they will be in the plane of the second knee steps and will not interfere with the knee of the stairs.

To secure the knees of the stairs extended to the predetermined height, it is necessary to cut off the chain in reverse direction. down up. At the same time, the shifting of the knees of the stairs and, in addition, the rotation of the roller 1. In this case, the finger 6 goes down, and the cams 4 will rise up to the stop 3.

When shifting the knees of cam 4, they will meet on its path the stage of the 8 first knee, they will disappear into them and detain the shift of the stairs. In this case, the entire load is transmitted to the level of 8 first knee.

Appointment of retractable stairs

Purpose: A triangled retractable staircase is designed to lift firefighters and PTV in the second window, the third floor of the building, the attic and the roof of the two-story building, for the evacuation of people, to work indoors (in the halls), as well as for training sessions and competitions.

The height of the ladder

The retractable staircase consists of three telescopically shifting the knees made from the same type of profiles and parts, the mechanism of nomination and stop.

Each knee consists of two stands of the brass section, interconnected by steps (corrugated pipes). Each knee has 12 steps fortified in the racks by rolling.

Technical characteristics of the retractable trollen staircase

Scope and rules of application

When installing the retractable fire staircase, it is necessary:

set the retractable staircase of 1.5 - 2 meters from the wall, the angle of inclination of the stairs 80 is 83 degrees.;
put forward the knee of the retractable staircase uniformly, without jerks, not allowing;

hold the retractable staircase when extending the first knee protesters, not allowing the coverage of the inner side of the instrument;

maintain balance of the retractable stairs during its extension;
check the fixation mechanism in the position extended.

The rise or descent on the retractable staircase is allowed after:

valik-stop fists came up about the step of the knee of the retractable stairs;
the retractable staircase is leaning to the building (construction) and is supported for the guards of the first knee by fireman;

the retractable staircase is extended to such a length so that over the eaves of the building, the windowsill, etc. They performed at least two steps of the top knee.

When working with a retractable staircase, it is necessary:

to establish it, as a rule, in places where it in case of inclination or fall does not come in touch with the lines of electrical and radio networks. If there is no such possibility, it is necessary to highlight three people for installation and cleaning of the retractable staircase, one of which should remain for the safety netting and extended retractable ladder from falling until the end of the work;
the installation of the retractable staircase to the metal roof of the object is allowed only after de-energizing the enterprise.

When lifting (descent) along the retractable stairs, it is necessary to watch in front of you, hackering the steps. When conducting classes for training the personnel of the GPS units to work with assault and trollen stairs on the venues of the Floors of the Training Tower, the personnel of the GPS units to assist the student are exhibited.

Classes on the lifting stores on the school tower using assault and retractable stairs are carried out only after the head of classes personally checks the condition of the accomplishment, the safety cushion of the study tower, instructs people allocated for insurance on the floors. All types of work are performed in combat clothes and in helmets.

During work with manual fire stairs in classes, teachings or fire, it is necessary:

do not allow the rise and descent more than one person on one knee of the retractable staircase, as well as the assault staircase and staircase;

hold the retractable staircase while lifting or descent on it. When working on a staircase with a barrel or a tool, working with a barrel or tool should be fixed behind the stairs with a waist carbine firefighter;

when lifting along the retractable staircase with the tool, take measures that exclude its drop.

During the period of passing through the personnel of the GPS units of special initial training, its work on the rise in the floors of the study tower using the assault staircase without the use of the device is not allowed.

Possible malfunctions

In the process of working with stairs and ways to eliminate them

Name of malfunction	Probable reason	Development method
1) the staircase is not extended and does not shift	The rope has occurred between blocks	Remove the rope and put it in the clip. Adjust the gap between the hub of the block and the rope.
2) extension and shift occurs with distortion or with greater resistance	Normal gaps between the front stops of the racks or stand and rear stops are disturbed	Adjust the gaps with the score of the rear or front stops
3) the staircase during nomination does not fix its position	The stop mechanism does not work	Replace springs or repair hooks

The procedure and timing of the test

Manual fire stairs should be tested once a year and after each repairs.
Before use in competitions, acts are presented.
Use manual fire stairs, having faults, damage to the main parts or not sustained tests is not allowed.

When tested, it is installed on a solid ground, leaning at an angle of 75 degrees. To the horizontal and loaded in the middle of a cargo of 120 kg for 2 minutes. After removing the load, the staircase should not have any damage, it should be easily and tightly folded.

Test stairs-stick

When testing, the assault staircase hangs freely for the end of the hook and each advancement at the level of 2 levels from below is loaded with a load of 80 kg (only 160 kg) for 2 minutes. After testing, the assault staircase should not have cracks and residual hook deformation.

Testing assault staircase

When testing It is installed on a solid ground, put forward to the full height and lets the wall at an angle of 75 degrees. to horizontal (2.8 m from the wall to the shoes of the stairs). In this position, each knee is loaded in the middle of a car in 100 kg for 2 minutes. The rope must withstand the tension of 200 kg without deformation.

Checking steps

Literature:

Norma fire safety NPB 171-98 * "Stairs manual firefighters. General technical requirements. Test methods;
Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements";
Tutorial for higher educational institutions EMERCOM of Russia MD Bezborodko, s.g. Tsarichenko, V.V. Roinko, N.I. Ulyanov, M.V. Aleshkov, A.V. Rozhkov, A.V. Plokonosov, S.A. Shkunov, V.M. Klimovtsov, S.P. Chorans "Fire and Rescue Machinery" Moscow 2012.

Manual stairs are used as an additional inventory when conducting rescue work with outfits of fire parts. The advantage of manual lifting devices is independence from sources of mechanical, electrical or other energy. Autonomy allows the team of rescuers upon arrival at the scene, immediately proceed to evacuation measures without spending precious time in search and connection to the source of electricity.

Types of manual stairs.

The classification of manual fire stairs subdivides them into three main categories:

Staircase-stick, or lp

It serves to climb the fire team to the first floor of the building through the windows for lifting firefighters to the first floor. It is possible to use as a stretcher for the evacuation of victims, which are deprived of the possibilities of independent movement. In a folded position, it is a stick from himself, and is used when clearing the premises or to knock out door openings, like a taran.

Constructively consists of two tents and steps in the amount of eight pieces, fixed by the hinge mechanism, at the expense of which the staircase assembly in the march position occurs.

Staircase storming, or ls

It serves to attach a fit of firefighters to the upper floors, work on steep roofs with a large slope when dismantling roofing. The hook, which is an element of the design, allows the hook for the windowsill or other parts of the facilities.

The design is similar to LP, but there are small differences - two tents, thirteen steps and, as already mentioned, hook. Strength is provided by additional tightening devices in the amount of three pieces, distributed evenly along the entire length of the stairs. Used as a sports projectile in the preparation of fire trains.

Retractable tricycle staircase L-60

Designed to access firefighters on the third floor through window openings, on the roof of the house of two floors, or equipment delivery. It consists of three staircases and a mechanism responsible for nomination. Each of the three knees is collected in a single whole two growths and twelve steps, which are fragmented in the landing sockets. The guys have a special cross-section profile due to the design features - each of the three parts slide alone inside the other. The translation into the working position is made by tensioning the rope, started in the extension system through special blocks. The upper and lower ends of the stairs are equipped with stops.

Main characteristics

The table below shows specifications Manual fire stairs are the most widespread models.

Requirements and norms

The rules of operation of manual fire stairs provide for a certain amount of tests and the frequency of their conduct.

LD staircase. Tested once a year and after any repair. When used on competitions, the commission must make an act of testing as a sports recorder. Ladders with malfunctions, damage to the main part, which did not pass the test to use strictly prohibited. When testing, the LP is inspected, lay out and placed on a solid surface at an angle of seventy-five degrees. To the middle part of the step, located in the middle of the stairs applies the test force of 1.2 ± 0.05 kN 120 ± 5 kgf - for wooden LPs and 2.0 ± 0.1 kN 200 ± 10 kgf - for metal. Time until exposure is counted at the rate of 130 ± 10 s. After liberation from the cargo, the LP should easily understand and confidently develop, deformations are not allowed. The inspection results are issued by a fire inventory record.
LS staircase. Tested once a year and after any repair. When used on competitions, the commission must make an act of testing as a sports recorder. Ladders with malfunctions, damage to the main part, which did not pass the test to use strictly prohibited. LS tests are carried out in two stages:
- Testing the guards. The staircase is fixed by 2-3 tooth, which are closer to the growth. To the middle part of the step, located in the middle of the stairs, apply a test force 2.0 ± 0.1 kN 200 ± 10 kgf. Time until exposure is counted at the rate of 130 ± 10 s.
- Test hook. The staircase engages for a large tooth at the height of the second stage below the force of 1.6 ± 0.05 kN 160 ± 5 kgf is applied. Time until exposure is counted at the rate of 130 ± 10 s.
- After liberation, LSH should easily understand and confidently develop, deformations are not allowed. The inspection results are issued by a fire inventory record.

. The frequency of tests is once a year. Initially, visual inspection and performance testing, followed by load tests:
- Simultaneous testing of a load of 1.0 ± 0.05 kN 100 ± 5 kgf, attached to the middle of the stage in the middle of each span.
- Test force 2.0 ± 0.05 kN 200 ± 10 kgf, attached to the middle of the stage in the middle of the second span.

Time until exposure is counted at the rate of 130 ± 10 s. After liberation from the load, L60 should easily understand and confidently develop, deformations are not allowed. The inspection results are issued by a fire inventory record.

The test methodology and requirements for stairs made of wood is regulated by "GOST 8556-72 firefighters hand wooden stairs."

It is recommended to use metal products due to higher reliability and versatility of the design.
Do not store fire inventory in rooms with an aggressive environment and under open sky. To do this, there are special places.
Conduct a visual inspection of the funds used immediately before each application - it can save health or even save life.

And tools.

Strictly speaking, a tricolled staircase is only a special case of general - ladders of the drawn, however, only tric-butter stairs are currently produced. Therefore, in fact, the tricycling retractable staircase and the ladder of the retractable is the same.

Constructive features

The staircase consists of three telescopically shifting the knees, from the same type of profiles and parts.

1-movable block, 2-second knee; 3-first knee; 4-steel rope; 5-hemp rope; 6 top stage; 7th third knee; 8-fixed block; 9-tray; 10-plug stops; 11-lower level; 12-wall emphasis; 13-steel bracket; 14-block; 15-roller; 16-bracket; 17-shoe; 18-steel pipe; 19-hook; 20-Spring

The principle of nomination of the knees - manual with the help of ropes and blocks. The ladder has a movable block 1, installed on the second knee 2. The first knee 3 is suspended on a steel rope 4 with a diameter of 4.8 mm, the second is shifted using a hemp rope 5 with a diameter of 12 mm. The top end of the hemp rope is fixed on the upper step 6 of the third knee 7, which passes through the moving block 1 of the second knee and further - on the fixed block of 8 of the third knee, knitted 9, with a fork of 10 stops, fixed on the third knee. Next, the rope goes to the lower stage 11 of the third knee, on it and it is fixed its second end.

Knee first. It consists of two beams (the guilty) of the brand, interconnected by corrugated pipes (steps).

Taving beam in the middle part has hollow rectangular thickening for sealing steps.

At the upper ends, the strings are installed walls 12, which consist of a fork, axis and roller. At the lower ends, the strings from the outside on the lower shelf are the stops that hold the knee from the fallout when the staircase is put forward to the full length and give the direction of the knee, gliding along the exhausting the tents of the second knee.

To the bottom stage, steel kraschtein 13 is attached for fastening the steel knee nomination cable. The knee has 12 steps in a step of 350 mm. Steps are strengthened in the assets of the rolling method and form a delicate connection.

Knee second. The design is similar to the first knee in all major elements (theetics, steps).

A bracket with a block 14 is attached to the top of the knee, through which the steel cable of the first knee is passed, the bars with block 1 for the hemp rope are installed on the bottom stage.

Over the upper and third steps on the inside, on the upper shelf, the tents are installed on rivets, stretching the direction to the first knee when extending and shifting, as well as holding it from falling out when the staircase is extended to full length, while the lower stops of the first knee rest in the upper stops Second knee.

On some steps, two rollers 15 are installed, on which they slide when put forward and shifted the support plane of the overall knee.

The knee has 12 steps in a step of 350 mm. Fastening steps is the same as in the first knee. At the lower ends, the guards are installed, having the same appointment as the lower stops of the first knee.

Knee third. Structurally not much different from the first and second knee. A bracket 16 is attached to the upper step to which the ends of steel and hemp ropes are attached. Above the upper and second steps, as in the second knee, there are stops that hold and guides the second knee. On three stages of the knee are installed in two rollers 15, for which the second knee slides when nomigating and shifting the stairs. On the lower ends, the gums are attached to the shoes 17. The knee has 11 steps with a step of 350 mm and with a fastening similar to the first and second knees. Between the upper and second steps is attached to the stop, designed to hold the knee and the entire staircase in the position extended.

Stop is made of steel pipe 18, to which two hooks are welded 19, and in the middle of the pipe, the plug is welded to connect with a fixed block of the staircase spreading system.

Work stairs

Maintenance

After each application on a fire or teaching, the staircase must be cleaned of dust and dirt, steel rope and axis of blocks are lubricated. For good content, regular inspections, tests and repair of the stairs are needed.

With a prophylactic examination at least once a month check:

Labor protection requirements

Rules for labor protection when working with triangular retractable stairs

When removing the retractable staircase with a fire tank truck, it is necessary to take it on the elongated hands, put on the shoulder with caution, not allowing the strikes about the ground. During the carrying, the retractable staircase is supported for the guarantees in compliance with caution measures when driving on turns, especially on a slippery road, to avoid falling.

When installing the retractable staircase, it is necessary:
a) install the staircase on the flat platform so that its mass is distributed on both shoes evenly, not allowing distortion and fall;
b) set the staircase at a distance of at least 1.5-2 m from the wall with observance of the angle of inclination of a fully extended ladder of 80-83 degrees;
c) put forward the knee of the stairs evenly, without jerks, not allowing winding the rope to hand;
d) when the staircase is nominated, it is not allowed to hold it for the guards of the first knee, not allowing the coverage of the inner side of the instrument;
e) maintain balance during the ladder nomination;
e) check the mechanism for fixing the stairs in the nominated positions.
The rise or descent on the retractable staircase is made after:
a) the stop block reliably recorded the knee of the retractable stairs;
b) the staircase is leaning to the building (construction) and is supported for the first knee guards by the second firefighter, not allowing the coverage of the inner side of the instrument;
c) The staircase is put forward to such a length so that there are at least two steps of the top knee over the eaves of the building, the windowsill acted.

When lifting (descent) along the retractable stairs, it is necessary to look in front of you, without raising the heads up, hackering the steps with your fingers (the thumb below the stage) and not allowing the swinging of the stairs.

It is forbidden to climb and descend along the retractable staircase to more than one person on one knee and leave the staircase without supervision in the extended state.

When working on a retractable staircase with a barrel or tool, the personnel of the FPS unit is fixed behind the retractable stairs with the waist carbine firefighter.

When lifting the retractable staircase with a tool, measures are taken, excluding the drop in the instrument.

It is forbidden to change the location of the ladder extended without warning about this personnel of the FPS units operating at height.

The retractable staircase is installed in places where its contact is excluded with power lines in case of inclination or fall. In the absence of such an opportunity, three people are allocated for its assembly and installation, one of which remains for the safety of the rising and advanced retractable stairs from the fall until the end of the work.

Installation of the retractable staircase to the metal roof of the building is carried out in the absence of a threat of falling (contact) on the roof of electrical wires.

During the external inspection, the state of the guards and steps is checked. On the surface of the retractable staircase, there should be no cracks, chosel, dents and corrosion traces, the state of fixing reinforcement, cable and rope of the nomination mechanism and the knee-fixing mechanism are also checked.

Testing of the retractable fire staircase consists of two parts: checking the extension and fixation of the knees and testing for strength.

Checking the extension and fixation of the knees of the retractable fire staircase should pass smoothly, evenly, without jerks and jams. The knee shift of the stairs should be under the action of its own mass.

The fixing device must keep the knees of the stairs at any height, which is a multiple step steps. Both hooks of the fixing device should be engaged with the knee steps located above.

When testing for strength, the retractable fire staircase is installed on a solid soil, is put forward for the entire length and attached to the wall at an angle (75 ± 5) 0 to the horizontal (at a distance of 2-3.5 m from the wall).

This load is consistently applied to the staircase:

(1.0 ± 0.05) KN (((100 ± 5) kgf) - simultaneously to each knee in the middle of its length, in the middle of the stage;
(2.0 ± 0.05) KN ((200 ± 10) kgf) - on the second knee in the middle of its length, in the middle of the stage.
The staircase is contained with each specified load for (130 ± 10) C, after which the load is removed.

The rope of the staircase must withstand the tension of 200 kg without deformation and damage.

After testing, the staircase should not have residual deformation and damage to the parts is determined visually, the length of the retractable staircase should be freely extended and move. Test results are recorded in the journal of the fire and technical equipment of the fire and rescue part.

TTX different modifications

INDICATORS	Brand stairs
INDICATORS	VMAS-92.	L-3KM	NAP	L-3KM	L-3K.	L-3KM	LRTMP
Item code	48 5485 1417*	48 5485 1421*		48 5485 1908*	48 5485 1423*		48 5485 1426*
Regulatory document	TU 78.7.011-93	TU 4854-014-08559824-99 C change one	TU at 28.7-26287312-013 -2003	TU 78.7.206-96	TU 4854-035- 00323890-99	TU 4854-014-00232236-03	TU 4854-004-44036714-98
Manufacturer's enterprise