Man is far from the king of nature, but rather, her child, an integral part of the universe. We live in a world where everything is strictly interconnected and subordinated to the Unified System.
Everyone knows that the land is surrounded by a dense air mass, which is customary to call an atmosphere. And on any subject, including the body of a person, "gives" a air pole with a certain weight. Scientist experienced way was able to establish that for each square centimeter human body Atmospheric pressure weighing 1,033 kilograms. And if you carry out simple mathematical calculations, it turns out that on average, the person is under pressure in 15550 kg.
The weight is colossal, but, fortunately, absolutely irrelevant. This is possible due to the fact that dissolved oxygen is present in human blood.
What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on a person? About this little more.
Atmospheric pressure rate
Doctors in a conversation about how atmospheric pressure is considered normal, indicate the range of 750 ....760 mm.rt. Such a scatter is quite admissible because the relief of the planet is not perfectly even.
Meetability
Doctors argue that some people are able to adapt to any conditions. They do not even have such serious trials as far flights by plane from one climatic belt in another.
At the same time, others, without leaving their apartment, feel the approach of changes in the weather. It may appear in the form of strong headaches, inexplicable weakness or constantly wet palms, for example. Such people are more often diagnosed with vascular diseases and an endocrine system.
Especially hard when the atmospheric pressure makes a sharp jump in a short time. According to statistics, most people whose body is so violently reacting to changing atmospheric pressure indicators - these are women living in large cities. Unfortunately, hard rhythm of life, overpopulation, ecology - not the best health satellites.
If you wish, you can get rid of the dependency. It is only necessary to show perseverance and sequence. Methods are known to everyone. These are the basics healthy image Life: hardening, swimming, walking, running, healthy nutrition, sufficient Son., elimination of bad habits, weight loss.
How does our body respond to increased atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure (norm for humans) - ideally 760 mm.rt. But such an indicator is held very rarely.
As a result of an increase in pressure in the atmosphere, clear weather is established, there are no sharp differences of humidity and air temperature. Such changes are actively reacting the body of hypertensive and allergies.
In the conditions of the city, in the windless weather, naturally, it makes itself felt a gaspace. It is the first to feel sick, who have a problem with the respiratory authorities.
Increased atmospheric pressure affects immunity. Specifically, this is expressed in reducing leukocytes in the blood. A weakened organism will not need to cope with infections.
Doctors advise:
Start the day with mild morning gymnastics. Take a contrast shower. For breakfast, give preference to products in which there is a lot of potassium (cottage cheese, raisins, smoking, bananas). Do not let yourself abundant food. Do not overeat. This day is not the most successful for great physical effort and manifestations of emotions. Having come home, take a break from an hour, do routine domestic affairs, go to bed before ordinary time.
Low atmospheric pressure and well-being
Low atmospheric pressure, how much? Answering a questionally, it can be said if the renovation of the barometer is lower than 750 mm.rt.st. But it all depends on the region of residence. In particular, for Moscow indicators in 748-749 mm.rt.st. are the norm.
Among the first, this deviation feels from the norm "cores" and those who have intracranial pressure. They complain on general weakness, frequent migraines, lack of oxygen, shortness of breath, as well as pain in the intestine.
Doctors advise:
Calculate your blood pressure. Lower physical Load. Make ten minutes of rest at every working hour. Drink more often liquid, preferring green tea with honey. Drink morning coffee. Take the tincture of herbs shown for cores. Relax in the evenings under the contrast shower. Go to bed before the usual hour.
How the organism affects the differences of humidity
Low air humidity at 30 - 40 percent is not useful. It annoys the mucosa of the nose. First, this deviation feels asthmatics and allergies. In this case, it may be moisturizing the nasopharynx mucous membraid by a weakly salted aqueous solution.
Frequent precipitates naturally increase air humidity up to 70 - 90 percent. It also negatively affects health.
High air humidity may cause the exacerbation of chronic kidney diseases and joints.
Doctors advise:
Change the climate, if possible, on dry. Reduce the stay on the street in crude weather. Going out in warm clothes. Remember Vitamins
Atmospheric pressure and temperature
The optimal temperature for a person indoors is not higher than +18. This is especially true of the bedroom.
How is the mutual effect of atmospheric pressure and oxygen?
In the event of an increase in air temperature and simultaneous decrease in atmospheric pressure, people who have diseases, cardiovascular and respiratory organs suffer.
If the temperature decreases, and the atmospheric pressure increases, it becomes poorly hypertensive, asthmatics and those who have problems with the stomach and urogenital system.
In the case of a sharp and multiple fluctuation of temperature in the body, there is an unacceptable large amount of histamine, the main allergy provocateur.
Good to know
What is equal to normal atmospheric pressure for a person, now you know. This is 760 mm.rt, but such indicators of the barometer fixes very rarely.
It is also important to remember that the change in atmospheric pressure with a height (at the same time it decreases rapidly) is rather sharply. It is because of such a differential a person, very quickly rising to the mountain, can lose consciousness.
In Russia, atmospheric pressure is measured in mm.rt.st. But international System Takes per unit of measurement Pascali. At the same time, normal atmospheric pressure in Pascal will be equal to 100kpa. If you convert ours 760 mm.rt.st. In Pascali, the normal atmospheric pressure in Pascals for our country will be 101.3 kPa.
By meteoprognosis, you can see that the pressure of the atmospheric pillar changes every day along with the weather. If the barometer is on the numbers above or below the ideal standard 760 mm, dependent on weather metamorphosis feel in itself: the indicators of atmospheric pressure and human blood pressure for many correlate.
Some meteo conditions dictate a lifestyle - atmospheric pressure and human pressure are so closely connected.
The atmosphere surrounding our planet puts pressure to its surface and all that surrounds us - in normal conditions People do not notice this. Pressure air mass There is no stable, this is a changeable value. It depends on the combination of many factors:
- how highly the person is located above sea level: the higher, the less concentrated air, the height of the atmospheric pillar is lower - respectively below and pressure;
- from the temperature characteristics of the air: when the air heats up, its volume increases, and it becomes easier, so the pressure is reduced. Cold air has a higher pressure than warm;
- time of day: in the morning and in the evening the pressure is higher, at noon and at night below;
- from season: in winter above, in the summer below;
- air circulation in the atmosphere (cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices);
- from geographic location: On the planet there are belts of elevated (at the equator and on the latitude of 30-35 degrees) and reduced (on the poles and on the latitudes of 60-65 degrees) of pressure.
In the human body on the walls of the arteries, veins and capillaries, the blood pressure is allowed that the heart constantly pushes. Often the load on the vascular walls is too high or low due to atmospheric pressure jumps.
When the barrel arrow goes down, the exposure to the outside on the vessels is reduced. If the decrease in atmospheric pressure is combined with low arterial, a person feels bad. 
When the air pressure testimony increases, its effect on the vessels is enhanced; If this is combined with high blood pressure - health effects are destructive.
The human body is created with a large margin and arranged in such a way that it easily adapts to any climate, weather and changing them. People who were born in regions with anomalous pressure perceive it as normal. The unpleasant sensations arise when the conditions are rapidly changing: the weather is changed or the person moves to another climatic region.
People with diseases, injury or high susceptibility are statistically more often about medical care. Especially many complaints and doctors are registered in the offseason - when the weather is changing almost every day.
Weather sensitivity - risk group
Science, which studies the effect of weather on the body and its functioning, is called biometeorology. Studies have proven that the adverse effect of meteorological conditions can have on all the inhabitants of the planet without exception.
Violations in the work of the body are determined by its individual characteristics - the relationship between atmospheric pressure and human pressure can be indirect. In heightened attention, those who have work arterial pressure are increased (hypertension) or lowered (hypotension).
Distinguish three effects atmospheric phenomena To the well-being:
- Direct influence. Together with the increase in the mercury pillar, blood pressure rises, with its decrease - falls. Often, such a phenomenon is observed in hypotonics.
- Reverse partial effect. With the change of atmospheric indicators systolic pressure (during the compression of the heart, the upper digit) changes, and the diastolic (pressure during a relaxed heart muscle, the lower indicator) remains the same. The clinical picture may be reverse. It happens in people with a working pressure of 120/80.
- Reverse influence. Arterial pressure increases, reacting to a decrease in atmospheric - the hypertensive is a common phenomenon.
More than 50% of people living on Earth can be called meteo-sensitive - not everyone has a high adaptation resource. When changing weather, weather-sensitive discomfort and malaise.
With meteo-dependence (meteopathy), the condition of a person is more serious - a sharp change of weather in combination with unfavorable factors And the unhealthy lifestyle can adversely affect physical and mental health.
People with older injuries, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, mental disorders are exposed to increased risk. For them, the load on the vessels and joints is especially painful and sensitive. 
Factors affecting meteo-sensitivity and meteo-dependence:
- floor - Women as it is better to understand their condition, more often complain about poor well-being when changing the weather;
- age - small children and elderly the most vulnerable categories of the population;
- hereditary predisposition: if there are meteopathy from parents, usually there are children;
- lifestyle - people who have bad habits, pay for them to health;
- the presence of chronic diseases is the most pronounced factor in the probability of meteopathy.
Influence of the weather per person
The manifestations of atmospheric pressure and man pressure, many have experienced: headache, drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night, reduced or elevated appetite, fatigue from light labor, unreasonable emotional bursts without visible causes and bad mood.
Many people complain that they are worried about long injuries, dislocations and fractures, sore joints and osteochondrosis, scars after surgical interventions.
All weather parameters affect the well-being: the strength and direction of wind, temperature and humidity, precipitation, the intensity of sunlight, magnetic storms:
- With a strong wind, doctors know the complaints of headache, drowsiness, lethargy, alarm state. Babies react to a strong wind on the street: Sleep restlessly, often require chest, do not get out of the hands, cry. In mentally illness at this time, phobias, manic states are exacerbated;
- Too low or high temperatures, jumps during the day (more than 10 degrees) provide negative influence On sick vegeto-vascular dystonia. They may be disturbed by migraine, pain in the heart area;
- The well-being of the patients with asthma and diseases of the heart deteriorates with high humidity. Another extreme in Russia is more common: extremely low humidity in apartments. In our country, most of the window and the balcony are closed, and the batteries are drowned very hot. Dry hot air in apartments contributes to a decrease in local immunity and frequent ARVI;
- The amount of sunlight affects both physical well-being (the production of vitamin d in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet directly affects the condition of bone tissue, cardiac and nervous system) and the mental state (the lack of insolation can lead to seasonal depressive disorders);
- The effect of magnetic storms is ambiguous, scientific data on their action diverge. Accumulated data on increasing the number of man-made disasters during magnetic storms. Some people clearly associate deterioration of their condition with strong magnetic storms and solar activity.
Low pressure
If the barometer shows less than 747 mm, weather-sensitive people immediately feel: the body works like a meteobyuro. The atmospheric pressure drops - and the pressure of the person immediately reacts. 
In the zones of reduced pressure, oxygen saturation is reduced, which causes the increase in the pulse and respiration in humans. Hypoxia phenomena are growing: shortness of breath, lethargy, nausea, bleeding from the nose. Cardiac frequency increases.
Hypotoniki at this time feel especially exhausted: complain of dizziness, weakness and nausea.
Patients with violations of heart rate rhythm are serious discomfort in the field of heart. People with arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis complain of pain in the back and joints, muscular pain.
People with a labile psyche are experiencing attacks, fear, inexplicable longing and panic attacks. Persons suffering from depressions can attempts by suicide.
High pressure
Atmospheric pressure above 756 mm for human pressure is harmful: people with cardiovascular and digestive pathologies, elevated arterial pressure And the patients with asthma quickly feel such changes. It aggravates some mental disorders.
For hypertensive, high pressure is danger. The flow of chronic pathologies is aggravated: hypertensive and ischemic diseases, vegetual-vascular dystonia - which manifests itself in the form of severe consequences: hypertensive crises, myocardial infarction, brain strokes.
The consequence of exacerbation of the flow of vegeto-vascular dystonia is not only vibrations of blood pressure, but also violations of the regulation of the functions of the internal organs: the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, hormonal background, the urinary system. 
Spazms of gastric muscles may occur - patients complain of a feeling of gravity in the upper part of the abdomen, discomfort, belching and heartburn.
Since the regulation of biliary tract is disturbed, it causes stagnation of bile and development of a biliary disease: patients complain of pain and gravity in the right hypochondrium.
High numbers on a barometer affect healthy people: everyone can fluctuate systolic and diastolic pressure, as in the direction of increasing, so aside down. For people with normal blood pressure, special measures are usually not required.
Anticyclonov
Anticyclone is clear weather without wind. In the urban environment, the influence of the anticyclone is felt stronger, since the concentration of exhaust gases and harmful emissions increase due to the ulution in the air. 
In anticyclone, the atmospheric pressure increases and unequivocally affects the pressure of the person. The cumulative strength of these factors in patients with high blood pressure indicators causes heartbeat, hyperemia of the skin, feeling of weakness, sweating, pain behind the sternum and in the left hand. Hypertensive should meet anticyclone in complete readiness and especially carefully.
Cardiology teams of ambulance confirm that the number of challenges about heart attacks and strokes during anticyclones maximizes.
Hypotoniki can also hardly tolerate anticyclones: complain about different types of migraines and stomach problems.
Cyclones
Cloudy, cloudy, precipitation and heat is the phenomena of the cyclone. The pressure during the cyclone is low - it reduces the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere and increases the number carbon dioxide: Blaring and microcirculation deteriorates, nutrition of tissues and organs is broken, intracranial pressure is reflexively rising.
Such changes in the body cause difficulty in inhaling, drowsiness, feeling of inexplicable fatigue, dizziness, nausea, weakness, different types of migrain.
People with reduced arterial pressure are difficult to transfer cyclones, they dramatically lose performance.
If a person with low pressure is not in time the assistance provided and it will continue active activity in this state - complications are possible in the form of a hypotonic crisis and coma.
Air temperature
At temperature drops risk people who suffer ischemic disease Hearts and hypertension - arises spasm of vessels, the oxygen starvation of the brain begins. 
Cold air causes a reflex reduction of blood vessels, so with a sharp drop of temperature - diving into a hot noon in the river or outlet of the frost - high likeness of the occurrence of angina.
Hypertensives are deadly sharp temperature differences.
With an increase in temperature indicators, atmospheric pressure is reduced - people with hypotension at this time feel unreasoning.
Low temperatures are accompanied by an increased atmospheric pressure index - this worsens a person with pathological pressure.
It is possible to pay attention to that in the frost, the skin remains dry and weathered even when staying at home. This is caused by the spasm of the vessels of the skin, which occurs at high metrics of the mercury pillar.
Air humidity
Too low air humidity rates create problems for people with chronic infections. respiratory tract and a tendency to allergic reactions.
Dry hot air in the houses in the heating season is the main cause of reduced immunity, frequent ARVI and LOR infections. 
Extremely increased air humidity is harmful to patients with diseases of the urinary system and joints and worsens their condition.
General Basic Rules for constant meteopathy phenomena:
- Coffee increases pressure. It is better to drink it in the first half of the day no more than 6 cups per day;
- Tablet citrate removes headache and increases low pressure;
- Regular visits to the bath, saunas and pools strengthens and train vessels;
- A small amount of red wine can improve the state during cyclone.
- Constantly monitor blood pressure;
- If possible, reduce the consumption of the table salt;
- Heavy meat food is desirable to replace with low-fat and vegetable;
- Lemon, cranberry and lingonberry slightly reduce the pressure and facilitate the state during the anticyclone;
- Black tea and coffee is better replaced by water, herbal tea or chicory;
- Physical activity in the heat is prohibited;
- We should wear with you and on time to take drugs that reduce pressure.
The atmospheric pressure and pressure of the person are closely connected - meteo conditions affect the work of the body. Knowledge of the action of change of weather per person will help take care of yourself: pay attention to alarm symptoms, comply with the rules of hygiene and provide the necessary assistance to preserve health.
Video rollers about the relationship of the pressure of atmospheric on human well-being
TO aK affects the atmospheric pressure and pressure of a person for general well-being:
How affects atmospheric pressure on hypertensive:
The air surrounding the earth has a mass, and despite the fact that the mass of the atmosphere is about a million times smaller than the mass of the Earth (the total mass of the atmosphere is 5.2 * 10 21 g, and 1 m 3 of air in the earth's surface weighs 1,033 kg), this The mass of air puts pressure on all objects on the earth's surface. The force with which the air presses on the earth's surface is called atmospheric pressure.
At each of us, the air column is 15 tons. Such pressure is capable of crushing all the living. Why don't we feel it? This is explained by the fact that the pressure inside our body is equal to the atmospheric.
Thus, the internal and external pressure is balanced.
Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is measured in millimeters of a mercury pillar (mm Hg. Art.). To determine it, use a special device - barometer (from Greek. Baros - gravity, weight and metreo - measure). There are mercury and naughty barometers.
Bazeless barometers got a name barometers-aneroids (from Greek. A - negative particle, NERYS - water, i.e. acting without liquid help) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Barometer-aneroid: 1 - metal box; 2 - spring; 3 - transmitting mechanism; 4 - pointer arrow; 5 - scale
Normal atmospheric pressure
For normal atmospheric pressure, air pressure at sea level is conditionally adopted on a latitude of 45 ° and at a temperature of 0 ° C. In this case, the atmosphere presses for each 1 cm 2 of the earth's surface with a force of 1.033 kg, and the mass of this air is equilibrated by a mercury column with a height of 760 mm.
Torricelli experience
The value of 760 mm was first obtained in 1644. Evangelist Torrichelli (1608-1647) and Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) - students of the ingenious Italian scientist Galileo Galileo.
E. Torricelli sealed a long glass tube with divisions from one end, filled with mercury and lowered in a cup with mercury (the first mercury barometer was invented, which was called Torricelli tube). The level of mercury in the tube decreased, as part of mercury poured into a cup and set up at 760 millimeters. Above the mercury column was formed emptiness that was named Torricelli void (Fig. 2).
E. Torricechelli believed that the pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of mercury in a cup is balanced by the weight of the mercury post in the tube. The height of this pillar above sea level - 760 mm Hg. Art.
Fig. 2. Experience Torricelli
1 Pa \u003d 10 -5 bar; 1 bar \u003d 0.98 atm.
Elevated and reduced atmospheric pressure
Air pressure on our planet may vary widely. If the air pressure is greater than 760 mm Hg. st., then it is considered increased less - reduced.
Since the lifting up air is becoming increasingly rarefied, the atmospheric pressure decreases (in the troposphere, an average of 1 mm for every 10.5 m lifting). Therefore, for the territories located at different height above sea level, the average will be atmospheric pressure. For example, Moscow lies at an altitude of 120 m above sea level, so the average atmospheric pressure for it is 748 mm Hg. Art.
Atmospheric pressure during the day rises twice (in the morning and evening) and decreases twice (after noon and after midnight). These changes are associated with a change and movement of air. During the year, in the continent, the maximum pressure is observed in winter when the air is percooled and is compacted, and the minimum one.
The distribution of atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface wears a pronounced zonal character. This is due to the uneven heating of the earth's surface, and consequently, the change in pressure.
On the globe Three belts are distinguished with the predominance of low atmospheric pressure (minima) and four belts with a predominance of high (maxima).
In equatorial latitudes, the surface of the Earth is strongly heated. The heated air expands, it becomes easier and therefore rises up. As a result, a low atmospheric pressure is installed near the Ecuator.
Poles under the influence of low temperature air becomes heavier and lowered. Therefore, the poles atmospheric pressure, elevated compared with 10-65 ° latitions.
IN high layers The atmosphere, on the contrary, above the hot regulations are high (albeit lower than that of the earth's surface), and above the cold - low.
The overall diagram of the distribution of atmospheric pressure is such (Fig. 3): Low pressure belt is located along the equator; 30-40 ° latitude of both hemispheres - high pressure belts; 60-70 ° latitude - low pressure zones; In the saturated areas - high pressure areas.
As a result of the fact that moderate latitudes Northern hemispheres in winter atmospheric pressure over the mainland increases greatly, low pressure belt is interrupted. It is saved only over the oceans in the form of closed areas. reduced pressure - Icelandic and Aleutian lows. Over the continents, on the contrary, winter highs are formed: Asian and North American.
Fig. 3. General atmospheric pressure distribution scheme
In summer, in moderate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, a reduced atmospheric pressure belt is restored. A huge area of \u200b\u200breduced atmospheric pressure with a center in tropical latitudes is an Asian minimum - formed above Asia.
In tropical latitudes, the continent is always stronger than oceans, and pressure above them are lower. Thus, over the oceans throughout the year there are highs: North-Atlantic (Azore), North-Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian.
Lines that climatic map connect items with the same atmospheric pressure called fromobami (from Greek. ISOS is equal and Baros - heaviness, weight).
The closer the isobar to each other, the faster the atmospheric pressure changes at a distance. The value of the change in atmospheric pressure per unit distance (100 km) is called baric gradient.
The formation of atmospheric pressure belts in the earth's surface is influenced by the uneven distribution of solar heat and the rotation of the Earth. Depending on the time of the year, both hemisphere of the Earth is heated by the sun in different ways. This causes some movement of atmospheric pressure belts: in the summer - to the north, in winter - to the south.
For normal atmospheric pressure, it is customary to take air pressure at sea level on a latitude of 45 degrees at a temperature of 0 ° C. In these ideal conditions The air column presses on each area with the same force as the mercury post is 760 mm high. This figure is an indicator of normal atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure depends on the height of the terrain above sea level. On the hill, the indicators may differ from ideal, but at the same time they will also be considered the norm.
Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions
With an increase in height, atmospheric pressure decreases. So, at an altitude of five kilometers, pressure indicators will be about two times less than below.Due to the location of Moscow on the hill, the pressure rate here is the indicators 747-748 mm column. In St. Petersburg, the normal pressure is 753-755 mm mercury post. This difference is explained by the fact that the city on the Neva is located below compared to Moscow. In some areas of St. Petersburg, you can meet the pressure rate in the ideal 760 mm mercury post. For Vladivostok, 761 mm mercury pillar is normal. And in the mountains of Tibet - 413 mm mercury post.
Impact of atmospheric pressure on people
The person gets used to everything. Even if indicators normal pressure Low compared to the ideal 760 mm mercury post, but are the norm for this locality, people will be.The human well-being is affected by a sharp fluctuation of atmospheric pressure, i.e. Reducing or increase pressure at least 1 mm mercury pillar for three hours
When the pressure decreases, the lack of oxygen in the blood of a person arises, hypoxia of the cell cells is developing, heartbeat is rapidly. Headaches appear. There are difficulties from the respiratory system. Because of the poor blood supply to a person can disturb pain in the joints, numbness of the fingers.
Increased pressure leads to an excess of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the body. The tone of the vessels increases, which leads to their spasms. As a result, the blood circulation of the body is disturbed. There may be violations of sight in the form of "flies" before the eyes, dizziness, nausea. A sharp increase in pressure to large magnitudes can lead to a rupture of an erupted eardrum.
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Introduction
Rain goes outside the window. After the rain, the air temperature decreased, the humidity increased and the atmospheric pressure decreased. The atmospheric pressure is one of the main factors that determine the weather and climate and climate, therefore, the knowledge of atmospheric pressure is necessary in weather forecasting. Much practical significance is the ability to measure atmospheric pressure. And it can be measured by special barometers. In liquid barometers, when changing the weather, the liquid column decreases or rises.
The knowledge of atmospheric pressure is necessary in medicine, in technological processes, human life and all living organisms. There is a direct connection between changes in atmospheric pressure and weather changes. Growth or decrease in atmospheric pressure can be a sign of a change in weather and affects human well-being.
Description of three interrelated physical phenomena from everyday life:
- Communication between weather and atmospheric pressure.
- The phenomena underlying the operation of the instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Relevance of work
The relevance of the chosen topic is that at all times people, thanks to their observations of animal behavior, could predict the weather changes, natural disasters, avoid human victims.
The effect of atmospheric pressure on our organism is inevitable, sharp changes in atmospheric pressure affect human well-being, and meteo-dependent people suffer. Of course, we cannot reduce the effect of atmospheric pressure on human health, but we can help your own organism. Proper to organize your day, distribute the time between labor and rest can help the ability to measure atmospheric pressure, knowledge folk admission, The use of homemade devices.
Purpose of work: To find out what role atmospheric pressure plays in the daily life of a person.
Tasks:
- Examine the history of measurement of atmospheric pressure.
- Install, whether there is a connection between weather and atmospheric pressure.
- Examine the types of devices designed to measure atmospheric pressure produced by a person.
- To study the physical phenomena underlying the operation of the instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure.
- The dependence of the pressure of the fluid on the height of the fluid column in liquid barometers.
Research methods
- Analysis of literature.
- Generalization of the information received.
- Observations.
Field of study:atmosphere pressure
Hypothesis: Atmospheric pressure is essential for humans. .
Significance of work: The material of this work can be used in lessons and in extracurricular activities, in the life of my classmates, the disciples of our school, all lovers of nature research.
Work plan
I. Theoretical part (collection of information):
- Review and analysis of literature.
- Internet resources.
II. Practical part:
- observations;
- collection of weather information.
III. Final part:
- Conclusions.
- Presentation of work.
History of measurement of atmospheric pressure
We live at the bottom of the enormous ocean, called the atmosphere. All changes that occur in the atmosphere must necessarily influence a person, on his health, ways of life, because Man is an integral part of nature. Each of the factors determining the weather: atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, in the air of ozone and oxygen, radioactivity, magnetic storms, etc. It has a direct or indirect effect on the well-being and human health. Let's focus on atmospheric pressure.
Atmosphere pressure - This is the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and earth surface.
In 1640, the Grand Duke Tuscan decided to arrange a fountain on the terrace of his palace and ordered to do this to bring water from the nearest lake using the suction pump. The invited Florentine masters said that it was impossible, because the water had to be sucking at a height of more than 32 feet (more than 10 meters). And why the water is not absorbed in such a height, could not explain. Duke asked to deal with the great scientist Italy Galileo Galilee. Although the scientist has already been old and sick and could not work by experiments, he still suggested that the decision of the issue lies in the field of determining the weight of the air and its pressure on the water surface of the lake. For the resolution of this issue, the student of the Galilee Evangelist Torricechelli took. To check the hypothesis of his teacher, he spent his famous experience. A glass tube with a length of 1 m, sealed from one end, filled with completely mercury, and tightly closing the open end of the tube, turned it with this end in a cup with mercury. Part of mercury from the tube broke out, the part remained. An airless space was formed over mercury. The atmosphere presses on mercury in a cup, mercury in the tube also presses on mercury in a cup, since equilibrium has been established, then these pressures are equal. Calculate the mercury pressure in the tube means to calculate the pressure of the atmosphere. If the atmospheric pressure increases or decreases, the mercury column in the tube increases, respectively or decreases. So the unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure appeared - mm. RT. Art. - Millimeter mercury pillar. Watching the level of mercury in the tube, Torricelli noticed that the level changes, it means that it is not constant and depends on the weather change. If the pressure rises, the weather will be good: cold - winter, hot - in summer. If the pressure decreases sharply, it means that the appearance of cloudiness and saturation of air moisture is expected. Torricelli tube with attached ruler is the first device for measuring atmospheric pressure - mercury barometer. (Attachment 1)
Created barometers and other scientists: Robert Guk, Robert Boyl, Emil Marriot. Water barometers constructed French scientist Blaze Pascal and German Burgomaster of Magdeburg Otto von Gerica. The height of such a barometer was more than 10 meters.
For pressure measurement, various units are used: mm mercury post, physical atmospheres, in the SI-Pascal system.
Communication between weather and atmospheric pressure
In Roman Zhula, the "Fifteen-year-old captain" is interested in the description of how to understand the testimony of the barometer.
"Captain Gul, a good meteorologist, taught him to understand the testimony of the barometer. We will briefly tell you how to use this wonderful device.
- When, after a long period of good weather, the barometer begins to sharply and continuously fall this faithful sign of rain. However, if good weather It was for a very long time, the mercury column can descend two to three days, and only after that will occur in an atmosphere any noticeable changes. In such cases, the more time there was between the beginning of the fall of a mercury pillar and the beginning of the rain, the longer the rainy weather will be.
- On the contrary, if during the long period of rains, the barometer will begin slowly, but continuously rise, it is safe to predict the offensive of good weather. And good weather will keep the longer the longer the longer the time passed between the beginning of the risk of mercury pillar and the first clear day.
- In both cases, the change in the weather that happened immediately after lifting or falling the mercury pillar, is held very short time.
- If the barometer is slowly, but continuously rises within two or three days and longer, it foreshadows good weather, at least all these days and lil, without stopping, raining, and Vice Versa. But if the barometer slowly rises in rainy days, and with the onset of good weather immediately begins to fall, the good weather will keep very long, and Vice Versa
- In the spring and autumn, a sharp drop of a barometer foreshadows windy weather. In the summer, in severe heat, it predicts a thunderstorm. In winter, especially after prolonged frosts, the rapid drop in the mercury pillar speaks of the upcoming change of wind direction, accompanied by thaw and rain. On the contrary, the increase in mercury table Ba during long frosts foreshadows snowfall.
- Frequent oscillations of the level of mercury pillar, then rising, then falling, in no case should be considered as a sign of a long-term approximation; Period of dry or rainy weather. Only a gradual and slow fall or increasing mercury pillar foreshadows the onset of a long period of sustainable weather.
- When at the end of autumn, after a long period of winds and rains, the barometer begins to rise, it foreshadows the northern wind in the offensive of frosts.
Here are general conclusions that can be made from the testimony of this valuable device. Dick Sand perfectly knew how to understand the predictions of the barometer and many times convinced how correct they are. Every day he was advised to be with his barometer so as not to be caught by the surprise of weather. "
I conducted observations of weather change and atmospheric pressure. And made sure that there is this addiction.
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Measuring atmospheric pressure
For scientific and everyday purposes, you should be able to measure atmospheric pressure. For this, there are special devices - barometers. Normal atmospheric pressure is called pressure at sea level at 15 ° C. It is 760 mm Hg. Art. We know that when the height of 12 meters is changed, the atmospheric pressure changes by 1 mm Hg. Art. Moreover, with an increase in height, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and when decreasing - rises.
The modern barometer is made to the naughty. It is called barometer aneroid. Metal barometers are less accurate, but not so cumbersome and fragile.
- Very sensitive device. For example, climbing the last floor of the nine-storey house, due to the difference in atmospheric pressure at different heights, we will detect a reduction in atmospheric pressure by 2-3 mm Hg. Art.
The barometer can serve to determine the height of the flight of the aircraft. Such a barometer is called barometric altimeter or altimeter. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe experience of Pascal was based on the design of the altimeter. It determines the height of the rise above the sea level by changing the atmospheric pressure.
When observing the weather in meteorology, if you need to register the fluctuations in atmospheric pressure for a certain period of time, use the self-safe device - barograph.
(Storm Glass) (Storm Hells, Netherl. storm - "storm" and glass. - "Glass") is a chemical or crystalline barometer consisting of a glass flask or ampoule filled with alcoholic solution, in which camphor was dissolved in certain proportions, ammonia and a potash salter.
This chemical barometer was actively used during his marine travel English hydrograph and meteorologist, Vice Admiral Robert Fitzroy, who thoroughly described the behavior of the barometer, this description is still used. Therefore, the storm diagram is also called a "fizz barometer". In 1831-36, Fitzroy headed the oceanographic expedition on the Bigl ship, in which Charles Darwin participated.
The barometer works as follows. The flask is hermetically sealed, but, nevertheless, it constantly occurs in it and the disappearance of crystals. Depending on the upcoming weather changes, crystals are formed in the liquid various shapes. The stormballs are so sensitive that it can predict a sharp change in the weather in 10 minutes to that. The principle of work has not received a complete scientific explanation. The barometer works better from the window, especially in reinforced concrete houses, probably in this case the barometer is not so shielded.
Baroscope - Device for monitoring the change in atmospheric pressure. You can make a baroskop with your own hands. For the manufacture of a Baroskop, the following equipment is required: glass pot of 0.5 liters.
- A piece of film from a balloon.
- Rubber ring.
- Light straw arrow.
- Wire for mounting the arrow.
- Vertical scale.
- The body of the device.
The dependence of fluid pressure on the height of the fluid column in liquid barometers
When a change in atmospheric pressure in liquid barometers, the height of the fluid pillar (water or mercury) changes: with a decrease in pressure, it decreases, with an increase increases. It means that there is a dependence of the height of the fluid pole from atmospheric pressure. But the fluid itself presses on the bottom and the walls of the vessel.
The French scientist B. Pascal in the middle of the XVII century empirically established the law called the law of Pascal:
The pressure in liquid or gas is transmitted in all directions equally and does not depend on the orientation of the site to which it acts.
To illustrate the Law of Pascal, the figure shows a small rectangular prism, immersed in liquid. If we assume that the density of the prism material is equal to the density of the fluid, then the prism should be in the liquid in a state of indifferent equilibrium. This means that the pressure forces acting on the verge of prisms must be balanced. This will occur only if the pressure, i.e., the forces acting on the unit of the surface of each face are the same: p. 1 = p. 2 = p. 3 = p..
The fluid pressure on the bottom or side walls of the vessel depends on the height of the fluid column. Pressure force on the bottom of the cylindrical vessel height h. and base area S. equal to the weight of the fluid column mG.where m. = ρ gHS. - The mass of fluid in the vessel, ρ is the density of the liquid. Consequently p \u003d ρ gHS. / S.
The same pressure at depth h. In accordance with the law of Pascal, the liquid also has on the side walls of the vessel. Fluid Plus Pressure ρ gH. Call hydrostatic pressure.
In many devices encountered to us in life, fluid pressure and gases are used: reporting vessels, water supply, hydraulic press, gateways, fountains, artesian well, etc.
Conclusion
The atmospheric pressure is measured in order to predict a possible change in weather with greater probability. There is a direct connection between pressure changes and weather changes. Growth or decrease in atmospheric pressure with some probability can be a sign of changing weather. It is necessary to know: if the pressure falls, then the cloudy, rainy weather is expected, if it rises - dry weather, with cold weather in winter. If the pressure drops very sharply - it is possible serious bad weather: a storm, a strong thunderstorm or a storm.
In antiquity, doctors wrote about the influence of the weather on the human body. IN tibetan medicine There is a mention: "The pains in the joints are intensified on the rainy time and in the period of large winds." The famous Alchemist, doctor Paracels noted: "To the one who studied winds, lightning and weather, the origin of the disease is known."
In order for man to be comfortable, the atmospheric pressure should be 760 mm. RT. Art. If the atmospheric pressure is deflected, at least 10 mm, in one direction or another, a person feels not comfortable and it can affect his state of health. Adverse phenomena are observed during the change in atmospheric pressure - increase (compression) and especially its reduction (decompression) to normal. The slower the pressure change occurs, the better and without adverse effects adapts to him the human body.