Speed, strength and direction of wind. Preferential winds Permanent winds of moderate latitudes

06.11.2019

The wind is a horizontal and evenly moving air flow relative to the surface of the Earth. There is a huge set of local winds, to explain which is impossible on the example of conventional observations due to the specific features characteristic of them characteristic of a certain region. So, talking about what winds on the coast are, allow, for example, such observations: the breeze blows at noon from the sea - cool, gentle, and at night the same wind moves from sushi towards the sea. In the deserts and mountainous areas "live" mostly mountain or valley winds. However, there are types of winds that apply to the entire planet as a whole.

What are the winds

Musson - wind with a periodic character, and carrying a lot of moisture. Winter monsoon blows from sushi on the ocean, and in summer period - From the side of the ocean on land. Muscals are mostly dominated in a tropical belt and are in their essence seasonal winds, lasting in several months of each year.
Passat - winds with a constant character moving with a rather stable force of three or four points. The trade winds are moving in almost one direction, sometimes slightly deviating. Such a dynamics of motion leads to stirring of the air masses of the planet, up to global scale: for example, trade winds that follow the Atlantic Ocean can carry dust particles from African deserts to the territory of West Indies and several North American districts.
Local winds:
- Breeze - Wood breeze, blowing from the territory of the coast at night (coastal breeze) and in reverse direction Day (sea breeze). The main generators of preferential winds in the areas of the coarse are marine and continental breeze. Due to the fact that the sea (reservoir) warms up slower than the sushi due to the greater water heat capacity, the air is stronger above the air rises up, forming a zone reduced pressure. So the difference is formed atmospheric pressure Between air flows and a cool sea breeze is born in the coast.
  At night, in mind the smaller heat capacity, the dryer is faster, and the marine breeze is stopped. At a time when the sushi temperature turns out to be lower on the surface of the reservoir, the reverse pressure drop is formed, creating (if there is no strong wind from the sea) continental breeze moving from sushi towards the sea.
- Bora is a wind with a cold sharp character moving from the mountains on the territory of the coast or valley.
- Fashion - dry, strong and warm wind, which moves from the mountains to the territory of the Valley or the coast.
- Sirocco is the name in the Italian language of the south-western or strong southern wind, formed in the Sahara desert.
Variables and constant winds.
The nature of the movement of the air masses also helps to understand what winds are. So, variable winds are capable of changing their direction. These include the above-considered breeze (translated from the French "Breeze" means light wind), as they change the direction of their movement twice a day (day and night).

Mussons are born as well as breeze. They change the direction of their movement twice a year after season (in summer and winter). Arab name of the wind "Musson" translated and means "season". When the summer monsoon is formed, thunderstorm rains are coming due to severe air saturation sea waterAnd in winter, dry and cold air moves with sushi.
Also, winds can also be described as a gusty and lungs, or give them the name, taking into account the direction of their movement, for example: East, South-West, etc.

Wind is one of the most unique natural phenomena. We cannot see it, touch, but are able to observe the results of his manifestation, for example, how he slowly, or quickly drives the clouds and clouds across the sky, tilts the trees to the Earth or slightly trepal foliage.

Concept of wind

What is the wind? Determining from the point of view of meteorology The following: This is a horizontal movement of air layers from a high-atmospheric zone in a low zone, accompanied by a certain speed. This movement occurs because during the day the sun permeates the air layer of the Earth. Some rays, reaching the surface, heat the oceans, the sea, rivers, mountains, soil, rocks and stones, which are in the air heat, thereby heating and it. For the same amount of time, dark items absorb more heat and warmer harder.

But what value is how heat is given and how fast? And how will it help us find out what kind of wind? The definition is as follows: the dryer is heated rapidly than water, which means that the air clustered over it receives heat from it and rises up, therefore, the atmospheric pressure over this area drops. With water, everything is exactly the opposite: the air masses are colder and the pressure is higher. As a result, the cold air is measured from the high pressure section into the low area, forming the wind. The greater the difference between these pressures, the more stronger.

Types of winds

Having understood what kind of wind, you need to know how much its species exists and what they differ from each other. Three main groups of winds are distinguished:

local;
constant;
regional.

Local winds correspond to their name and blow only in certain territories of our planet. Their appearance is associated with the specifics of local reliefs and changes in temperature in relatively short periods of time. These winds are characterized by low length and daily frequency.

What is the wind of local origin, is now clear, but he is divided into his subspecies:

Breeze is a light wind, which per day twice changes the direction. In the afternoon blowing from the sea to the land, and at night, on the contrary.
Bora is a strong-speed cold air flow that blows from the vertices of the mountains to the valley or coast. He is inconstant.
Fashion - warm and light spring wind.
Sukhov - a dry wind, prevailing in steppe areas in a warm period of time in the conditions of anticyclone. He foreshadows drought.
Sirocco - rapid southern, southwestern air flows, which are formed in Sahara.
And what is the wind Hamsin? These are dusty, dry and hot air masses prevailing in northeastern Africa and the East of the Mediterranean.

Continuous winds include those depending on the cumulative air circulation. They are stable, uniform, constant and strong. They belong to them:

passat - wind from the east, differ in constancy, not changing direction and strength of 3-4 points;
antipassatats - wind from the west carrying huge air masses.

The regional wind appears as a result of pressure drops, slightly similar to the local, but more stable and powerful. A bright representative This species is considered monsoon, which originates in the tropics, at the turn with the ocean. It blows periodically, but by large-scale streams, changing his direction a couple of times a year: during the summer season - from water to land, during the winter season - on the contrary. Musson brings a lot of moisture in the form of rains.

Strong wind is ...

What is a strong wind and how does it differ from other streams? His main feature is a high speed that fluctuates in the range of 14-32 m / s. It produces devastating actions or brings damage, destruction. In addition to speed, the temperature, direction, place and duration is also valid.

Types of strong winds

Typhoon (Hurricane) is accompanied by a saturated precipitation and a decay of temperature, a large force, speed (177 km / h or more), blowing at a distance of 20-200 m for several days.
What is the wind, which is called a squall? This is a sharp, sudden flow at a speed of 72-108 km / h, which is formed in the hot period as a result of the powerful penetration of cold air into the warm zone. It blows over a couple of seconds or dozens of minutes, changing the direction, and brings a decrease in temperature.
Storm: its speed is 103-120 km / h. It is characterized by a high duration, force. He is a source of strong marine oscillations and destruction on Earth.

Tornado (Tornado) - air whirlwind, visually similar to a dark pillar, along which a curved axis passes. Below and at the top of the post there are extensions, similar to a funnel. Air in the whirlwind is spinning counterclockwise at a speed of 300 km / h and delays all nearby objects, objects into his funnel. Pressure inside tornado reduced. In the height of the pillar reaches 1500 m, and its diameter is from a dozen (above water) to hundreds of meters (above the ground). The tornado can go from the pair of hundred meters to tens of kilometers at a speed of 60 km / h.
The storm is an air mass, the speed of which is in the range of 62-100 km / h. Storms are abundantly covered with sand, dust, snow, earth, causing harm to people and farm.

Description of wind power

Answering the question of what the strength of the wind will appropriate to notice that here the concept of power is interrelated at speed: the higher it is higher, the stronger the wind. This indicator is measured according to the 13-point Bafort scale. The zero value characterizes the calm, 3 points - lightweight, weak wind, 7 - powerful, 9 - the appearance of a storm, over nine - merciless storms, hurricanes. Strong winds often blow over the sea, the ocean, because it does not interfere with them here, unlike the rocky mountains, hills, forests.

Definition of solar wind

What is solar wind? it amazing phenomenon. Ionized plasma particles flow from the solar crown (outer layer) into space with a speed range of 300-1200 km / s, which depends on the activity of the Sun.

There are slow (400 km / s), fast (700 km / s), high-speed (up to 1200 km / s) Solar winds. They around the central heavenly luminaries form an area with space that protects the solar system from entering the interstellar gas. In addition, thanks to them on our planet, such phenomena occur as a radiation belt and polar shine. That's what a sunny wind is.

Education local winds associated with the nature of the underlying surface (the orography, surface type - water or land) and temperature. Local winds of thermal origin include breeze. They are better expressed in cloudless anticyclonal weather and especially often manifest themselves on the western coasts of the tropics, where the heated continents are washed by the waters of cold trends. Other local winds we grouped depending on their properties and origin (temperature or type of landscape, over which they are formed) in three groups: cold, mining and deserted. Separately led the local names of the winds of Baikal.

Local winds	Description of wind
Cold Local Winds:
Blind	the cold piercing wind of the storm power in Canada and in Alaska (analogue of the Purgi in Siberia).
Bor (Greek. Boreas - North Wind)	strong, gusty wind blowing mainly in winter months From the mountain ranges on the coast of the seas. It occurs when the cold wind (high pressure) rolls over the ridge and displaces the warm and less dense air on the other side (low pressure). In winter, it causes a strong cooling. It happens in the north-west of the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Black Sea (in Novorossiysk), on Baikal. Wind speed with a bore can reach 60 m / s, its duration is a few days, sometimes - for the week.
	dry, cold, northern or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland
Borasko, Burraska (Span. "Borasco" - Small Bora)	strong squall with a thunderstorm over the Mediterranean Sea.
	a small intense whirlwind in Antarctica.
	cold north wind in Spain.
	cold wind from Siberia, bringing sharp cooling, frost and snowy tumans, in Kazakhstan and deserts of Central Asia.
	sea breeze softening heat on the northern coast of Africa.
	cool northeast wind blowing over the bottom of the donutany lowland.
Levantinetin	eastern strong, wet wind, accompanied by cloudy weather and rains in the cold half of the year over the Black and Mediterranean seas.
	cold northern wind over China's coast.
Mistral	the invasion of cold strong and dry wind from the polar regions of Europe along the Rhone River Valley on the Coast of Lyon Bay of France from Montpellier to Toulon in the Winter-Spring Period (February, March).
Meltems	northern summer wind in the Aegean Sea.
	cold North Wind in Japan, blowing from the polar regions of Asia.
	wind type bound only in the Baku area (Azerbaijan).
Northser, Norter (eng. Norther - North)	strong cold and dry winter (November - April) Northern wind blowing from Canada in the USA, Mexico, Mexican Bay, up to the northern part of South America. Accompanied by quick cooling, often with shoes, snowfall, ice.
	cold South storm wind in Argentina. Accompanied by rain and thunderstorms. Then the speed of cooling reaches 30 ° C per day, the atmospheric pressure increases sharply, cloudiness is dissipated.
	strong winter wind in Siberia, raising snow from the surface, as a result of which visibility is reduced to 2-5 m.
Mining and Valley Winds: fena (Bornan, Brev, Talvind, Helm, Chinook, Harmsil) - Warm, dry, gusty winds, passing through the ridges and from the mountains along the slope in the valley, continue less than a day. In different mountainous areas, Fennoy winds have their own local names.
	breeze in the Swiss Alps blowing from the valley of the river. Dran to the middle part of the Lake Geneva.
	day Valley Wind, combined with a breeze on Lake Como (Northern Italy).
Harmsil	strong dry and very hot (up to 43 ° C and higher) wind of the northern slopes of the speckdag and the lower parts of Western Tien Shan.
	pleasant Valley Wind in Germany.
Chinook (or Shinuk)	dry and warm south-west wind on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of North America, which can cause very strong temperature fluctuations, especially in winter. There is a case when in January in January in less than a day the air temperature rose by 50 °: from -31 ° to + 19 °. Therefore, the chinook is called the "elder of snow" or the "snowman".
Desert winds: samum, Sirocco, Hamsin, Xabub - Dry, very hot dusty or sandy winds.
	dry hot western or southwest wind in deserts. Africa and Arabia, flies swirl, closes the sun and the sky, raging 15-20 minutes.
	dry, hot, strong wind of southern Rumbers, blowing to the countries of the Mediterranean (France, Italy, Balkans) from the deserts of North Africa and Arabia; lasts a few hours, sometimes days.
	bottling hot and dusty wind blowing over Gibraltar and Southeast of Spain,
	this is a high temperature and low air humidity in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, is formed along the edges of anticyclones and lasts several days, enhancing evaporation, scattering soil and plants. Prevails in the steppe areas of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Caspiani.
	dusty or sandstorm in the northeast of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Hamsin (or "Fifty-daynist")	hot storm wind in Egypt, blowing from Arabia to 50 days in a row.
Harmatthan	the local name of the Northeast Passat, which blows from Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea; Dust brings, high temperatures and low humidity.
	analogue of Hamsin in Central Africa.
Ebouris ("Dusty Devil")	the sudden rise of heated air into a windless day in the form of a vortex, fascinating sand and other items (plants, small animals) on a very large height.
Other Local Winds:
	dusty south or south-west wind blowing from Afghanistan on Amudarya Valley, Syrdarya, Vakhsha. Inhibits vegetation, falls asleep with sand and dust of the field, demolitions a fertile soil layer. Early spring is accompanied by shrins and cooling to frosts, the shoots of cotton are ruined. In winter, it is sometimes accompanied by wet snow and leads to frostbite and death of livestock caught in the plains.
	strong wind with Caspian, bringing a hill flood in the lowering of the Volga.
	southeast Passat in Pacific Ocean (for example, at the islands of Tonga).
Cordono	strong southern winds along the western shore of Mexico.
	sea breeze blowing from the Pacific Ocean on the coast of Chile, especially a strong after noon in Valparaiso because of what even suspend port work. Its antipode - coastal breeze - called the terrap.
Probe (Sondo)	strong northern or western dry and hot wind type Four on the Eastern Outlines of Andes (Argentina). Affects people in depressing.
	prevails in the eastern part Mediterranean Sea, warm, brings rains and storms (in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea is more easy)
	backway wind on rivers and lakes.
Tornado (Span. Tornado)	a very strong atmospheric vortex over land in North America is characterized by a large repeatability, formed as a result of the collision of the cold masses from the Arctic and warm masses from the Caribbean.
Baikal winds:
Ripper, or hangar	north wind, overpowering other winds.
Barguzin	northeast Storm Wind blowing in the central part of the lake from the Barguzin Valley Alternate and along Baikal
	local southwest storm wind carrying cloudy weather.
Harahahaih	autumn-winter northwest wind.
	southeast storm wind blowing from the valley of the river. Holochet.
	cold strong chilling winter wind blowing along the valley of the river. Sarma.

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Sourse of information: Romashova T.V. Geography in numbers and facts: Textbook / Tomsk: 2008.

The air is continuously moving, it is lowered all the time and rises, and also moves horizontally. We call the wind precisely horizontal air movements. The wind is characterized by such values \u200b\u200bas speed, strength, direction. The average wind speed next to the surface of the Earth is 4-9 meters per second. The maximum wind speed -22 m / s is fixed by the coast of Antarctica, with impulses up to 100 m / s.

The wind occurs due to the difference in pressure, moving out of the high pressure area to the area of \u200b\u200blow on the shortest path itself, deviating, according to the direction of flow movement, in the southern hemisphere to the left, and in the north - to the right (Coriolis strength). At the equator, this deviation is absent, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe poles it, on the contrary, is maximally.

Permanent winds

The main directions of winds on different latitude determines the distribution of atmospheric pressure. In each of the hemispheres, the air moves into two sides: from the areas of the tropical climate, in which heightened pressure is reigning, to moderate latitudes and to the equator. At the same time, it deflects in the northern hemisphere to the right, and to the left in the southern, in the direction of flow movement.

In the region between the equator and the tropics, the trade winds - the eastern winds, which are constantly directed to the equator.

In areas of moderate latitudes, on the contrary, Western winds are dominated, which are called Western transfer.

These winds determine the main constant motion of air masses, which interacts with anticyclones and cyclones, and which the region winds are superimposed.

Regional winds

On the border of the sushi and ocean water due to the displacement of high and low pressure zones, monsime arise, as a result of which intermediate belts appear, changing the winds of the winds along the seasons. There are no huge sushi arrays in the southern hemisphere, so monsoons dominate North. In the summer, they blow down the mainland, and in the winter - towards the ocean. Most often, this wind is found in the Pacific Coast of Eurasia (Northeast China, Korea, Far East), in North America (Florida). It is these winds that are also blowing in Vietnam, so here is such a steady wind mode.

Tropical monsoons are a cross between trade winds and monscons. They arose like trade winds, due to the difference in pressure in different climatic zonesBut, like monsoons, they change their direction depending on the season. With this wind can be found on the shores of the Indian Ocean and the Guinean Bay.

Regional winds also include Sirocco - wind, born in the Mediterranean. It is Western transfer, which, passing through the tops of the mountains, heats up and becomes dry, since he gave all his moisture to the winding slopes. Sirocco brings to the regions Southern Europe A lot of dust with the deserts of North Africa, as well as the Arabian Peninsula.

Local winds

These are winds on the coasts arising from the difference in the speed of heating and cooling the sea and sushi, and acting in the area of \u200b\u200bthe first tens of kilometers of the shore.

Breeze - the wind arising on the border of the coast and the water area and changing its direction twice a day: during the day he blows from the water area to the land, at night - on the contrary. Breeze blowing along the shores of large lakes and rivers. Changing the direction of this wind occurs due to changes in temperature and, accordingly, in pressure. Day on land is much warmer, the pressure is lower than above the water, while at night - on the contrary.

Bora (Mistral, Bizet, Nord-Ost) is the cold wind of hurricane power. It is formed on the narrow sections of the warm seas in the cold season. Bora is directed from the leeward slopes of the mountains towards the sea. These winds blow, for example, in the mountainous regions of Switzerland and France.

Peppero is a cold storm, southern or south-west wind Argentina and Uruguay, sometimes with rain. His formation is associated with the invasion of mass of cold air from the Antarctic.

Thermal wind is a common name for winds associated with a temperature drop, which occurs between the hot desert and relatively cold sea, red, for example. This is the difference between the conditions of Dahab and Hurghada in Egypt, which is close, but the wind blows there not with such force. The fact is the fact that the city of Dahab is rapened at the exit from the canyon formed by the Sinai and Arabian peninsula. The wind accelerates in the canyon itself, the effect of the aerodynamic tube arises, but, leaving for open space, the wind force gradually decreases. With the removal from the shore, the speed of such winds fuses. With advancement to the open ocean, global atmospheric winds have greater influence.

Tramontana is a hurricane northern wind of the Mediterranean, generating the collision of the atmospheric currents of the Atlantic with the air of the Lyon Gulf. After their meeting, a frantic squall is formed, which can exceed the speed of 55 m / s and accompanied by a loud whistle and have been involved.

Another group of local winds depends on the local relief.

Hair dryer is a warm dry wind, directed from the leeward slopes of the mountains to the plain. The air gives moisture, rising through the winding slopes, and it is here that precipitations fall. When the air goes down from the mountains, it is already very dry. A variety of hair dryer - the wind harmsil - blowing mainly in the summer from the south or southeast in the area of \u200b\u200bWestern Tien Shan Forn.

Mountain-valley winds, change their direction twice: during the day they are drugped up the valley, at night, on the contrary, they blow down. It happens because intensively the lower part of the valley is warmed during the day.

There are also winds arising in large areas of deserts and steppes.

Samum is a hot dry wind of tropical deserts, having a storm, squall character. Gusts accompany dust and sandy storms. You can meet him in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa.

Sukhov is a warm dry wind in steppe areas formed in the warm season under anticyclone conditions and contributing to the appearance of droughts. These winds are found in the Caspiani and Kazakhstan.

Hamsin is a dry hot and dusty wind, usually southern, blowing on the northeastern part of Africa and on the Eastern Mediterranean. Hasmine blows in the spring of about 50 days, brings with him a lot of dust and sand. He reaches the greatest strength in the afternoon, coming down to the sunset. Often found in Egypt.

Thus, each point on Earth has its different features affecting wind conditions, for example, we give some of them.

Anapa is one of the few places in Russia, where the climate is a subtropical Mediterranean and very pleasant water sailing. In winter, it is humor, but not cold, and in summer a strong heat softens the cool sea breeze. The most favorable period for skating is the season from July to November. Wind power in summer on average reaches 11-15 knots. After mid-October and in November, the wind increases and can reach 24 nodes.

The Canary Archipelago has a tropical trade in climate, moderately dry and hot. From the coast of Africa on the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote comes with Harmattan, which brings the heat and sand of the Caxap desert. The main wind that dominates these islands remains the Passat, which blows throughout the six months and almost constantly in the summer. Wind power is 10-20 knots, in October and November it increases to 25-35.

Philippines - Islands with a tropical monsoon climate. The coast temperature is about 24-28 degrees. The rainy season begins on November and lasts until April, then the northeast monsoon blows, and since May until October is blowing southwestern monsoons. In the northern regions of the country are often tsunami and typhoon. The average strength of the wind is 10-15 nodes.

So, on a specific territory, the impact of various types of winds is manifested at the same time: global, depending on the areas of elevated or reduced pressure, and local, which blow only in this territory, due to its physico-geographical features. This means that for a certain place, the wind system can be predictable to some extent. For a long time, special cards have been created by scientists, with the help of which it became possible to learn and trace the wind regimes of different areas.

Internet users often recognize the features of winds on a particular territory with the help of resources and, where you can definitely check whether there is a wind at a particular point of the world or not.

Wind- traffic airrelative to the underlying surface.

Air - a natural mixture of gases (mainly nitrogen and oxygen - 98-99% in the amount as well carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, etc.) forming the earth's atmosphere.

Windscitcher - the simplest device for determining the speed and direction of the wind, used at airfields

On the ground, the wind is a stream of air, which moves mainly in the horizontal direction; On other planets, it is a flow of atmospheric gases inherent in these planets. Strongest winds Solar system Observed on Neptune and Saturn. The solar wind is a stream of rare gas from a star, and the planetary wind is a stream of gases responsible for degasses the planetary atmosphere into outer space. Winds, as a rule, are classified along scale, speeds, types of forces that cause them, locations of distribution and environmental impact.

Winds are classified, first of all, according to their strength, duration and direction. Thus, the impulses are considered short-term (a few seconds) and strong air movements. Strong winds of medium duration (approximately 1 minute) are called squalls. The names of longer winds depend on force, for example, such names are breeze, storm, storm, hurricane, typhoon. The duration of the wind also varies greatly: some thunderstorms can last a few minutes, breeze, which depends on the difference in the heating of the relief features during the day, lasts several hours, global winds caused by seasonal temperature changes - mussons - have a duration of several months, while global winds caused by a difference in temperature on different latitudes and Coriolis force are constantly called passat. Monsions and trade winds are winds, of which the general and local atmosphere circulation is composed.

The winds have always influenced human civilization, they inspired the mythological stories, influenced historical actions, expanded the range of trade, cultural development and wars, supplied energy for various mechanisms for energy production and recreation. Thanks to the sailing ships, which flooded at the expense of the wind, first appeared the opportunity to overcome long distances in the seas and oceans. Balloonswho also moved with wind, for the first time allowed to go to air travel, and modern aircrafts Used wind to increase lifting power and fuel economy. However, the winds can be also unsafe, so gradient wind fluctuations can cause loss of control over the aircraft, fast winds, as well as they cause large waves, on large water bodies often lead to the destruction of piece buildings, and in some cases the winds are able to increase the scale of the fire.

Winds can affect the formation of the relief, causing eoliac sedimentsthat form different kinds Soils (for example, Les) or erosion. They can carry sands and desert dust over long distances. Winds spread plant seeds and help the movement of flying animals that lead to expansion of species on new territory. A variety of ways associated with wind phenomenon affect living nature.

Panorama of the eol pillars in national Park Bryce Canyon (Utah)

The wind occurs as a result of the uneven distribution of atmospheric pressure and is directed from the high pressure zone to the low pressure zone. Due to the continuous change in pressure in time and space, the speed and direction of the wind are constantly changing. With a height of the wind speed, changes due to the descending of the friction force.

For visual evaluation of wind speed serves bafort scale. The meteorological direction of the wind is indicated by the azimut of the point where the wind blows; Whereas the aeronautical direction of the wind - where it blows, thus the values \u200b\u200bdiffer 180 °. Perennial observations on the direction and strength of the wind are depicted in the form of a graph - roses winds.

In some cases, the direction of the wind is not important, but the position of the object relative to it. So, when hunting an animal with a sharp scent to it, it is suitable from a leeward side - to avoid spread of smell from the hunter towards the animal.

Vertical air movement called ascending or downward flow.

Common laws

The wind is caused by a pressure difference between two different air regions. If there is nonsense baric gradient (a vector characterizing the degree of change in atmospheric pressure in space) , the wind moves with acceleration from the high pressure zone into a low pressure zone. On the planet, which rotates, adds to this gradient power Coriolis (one of the inertia forces acting on an ordered fluid or gas stream in a rotating non-inertial reference system ) . Thus, the main factors that formcirculation of the atmosphere on a global scale is the difference in air heating andsunny wind betweenequatorial and polar districts that cause difference intemperature and correspondingly,air flow density, and in turn and difference inpressure (as well as Coriolis forces). As a result of these factors, the air movement in medium latitudes in the near-surface region is close to the wind leads to educationgeostrofic wind (this is a theoretical wind, which is the result of a full balance between Coriolis force and a baric gradient.) and his movement directed almost in parallelisobram (e. then the process occurred at constant pressure) .

An important factor that speaks of air movements is its friction on the surface that delays this movement and causes the air to move towards low pressure zones. In addition, local barriers and local gradients of the surface temperature are able to create local winds. The difference between the real and geostrophy wind is called argeaite wind. He is responsible for creating chaotic vortex processes, such as cyclones and anticyclones . While the direction of near-surface in tropical and polar regions is mainly determined by the effects of global atmospheric circulation, which in moderate latitudes are usually weak and cyclones along with anticyclones replace each other and change their direction every few days.

Global wind formation effects

In most areas of the Earth, winds predominate in a certain direction. East winds are usually dominated near the poles, in moderate latitudes - Western, whereas in the tropics again the eastern winds are dominated. On the borders between these belts - the Polar Front and the subtropical ridge - are the zones of the lull, where the prevailing winds are practically absent. In these areas, the air movement is preferably vertical, due to which high humidity zones (near the polar front) or deserts (near the subtropical ridge) occur.

Passat.

Circulation of the atmosphere

Circulation of the atmosphere - a system of closed currents of air masses, manifested by hemispheres or all globe. Such flows lead to the transfer of substance and energy in the atmosphere in both latitudinal and in the meridional directions, which is the most important climate-forming process, affecting the weather anywhere in the planet.

Scheme of global atmospheric circulation

The main reason for the circulation of the atmosphere is solar energy and the uneven distribution of its distribution on the surface of the planet, as a result of which various parts of the soil, air and water have different temperatures and, accordingly, various atmospheric pressure (Baric gradient). In addition to the sun on the movement of the air, the rotation of the earth is affected around its axis and the heterogeneity of its surface, which causes air friction about the soil and his passion.

Air flows on their scale vary from dozens and hundreds of meters (such movements create local winds) to hundreds and thousands of kilometers, leading to the formation of cyclones, anticyclones, monsoons and trade winds in the troposphere. In the stratosphere, mainly zonal transportes occur (which causes the existence of a latitudinal zonality). The global elements of atmospheric circulation are the so-called circulation cells - cell Hadli., ferrela Cell, polar cell..

Cell Hadley - this is the element of circulation earthly atmosphereobserved in tropical latitudes. It is characterized by ascending movement in the equator, directed to the pole of the flow at an altitude of 10-15 km, downward movement in the subtropics and the flow towards the equator at the surface. This circulation is directly related to such phenomena as trade winds, subtropical deserts and high-altitude jet flows.

Hadley cell, one of three atmospheric circulation cells, which move heat towards the poles and determine the weather on Earth

Basic driving force Atmospheric circulation is the energy of the Sun, which, on average heats the atmosphere more from the equator and less at the poles. Atmospheric circulation tolerates energy towards poles, thus reducing the temperature gradient between the equator and the poles. The mechanism, with which it is realized, differs in tropical and internal latitudes.

Between 30 ° S.Sh. and 30 ° Yu.Sh. This energy transport is implemented due to a relatively simple cyclic circulation. The air rises from the equator, is transferred towards the poles in the tropopause, lowers in the subtropics and returns to the equator at the surface. In high latitudes, energy transport is carried out by cyclones and anticyclones, which move relatively warm air towards the poles, and the cold to the equator in the same horizontal plane. The tropical circulation cell is called the Hadley Cell.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Tropopause, when the air moves towards the poles, it is experiencing a Coriolis force, which turns the wind to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere, creating a tropical high-altitude inkjet flow, which is directed from the West to the East. You can imagine it yourself as a ring of air, trying to save your angular moment in the absolute coordinate system (not rotating from the earth). When the air ring moves towards the pole, it turns out to be closer to the axis of rotation and should rotate faster, which creates inkjet flows rotating faster than the Earth itself, which is called jet flows and directed from west to the east in relation to the surface. Similarly, the surface of the air returning to the equator rotates to the West, or slows down from the point of view of the infrared observer, since it is distinguished from the axis of rotation. These near-surface winds are called passat.

Ferrel Cell (Ferrel) - element of circulation of the earth's atmosphere in a temperate belt, is about 30 and 65 degrees. northern Shydomand 30 and 65 degrees of southern latitude and is limited by a subtropical ridge from the equatorial side and the polar front with the polar. Ferrel cell is considered a secondary circulation element and completely depends on the HADLI cell and polar cell. The theory of the existence of this cell was developed by the American meteorologist William Ferrel in 1856.

In fact, the ferrella cell acts as rolling bearing between the Hadli cell and the polar cell, so it is sometimes called the mixing zone. On the sugar border, the ferrella cell can be overlapped with a polar cell, and on the Equatorial - with the Hadli cell. Prevailing near-surface winds, which correspond to this cell, are called western winds moderate belt. However, local effects easily change the cell: so, the Asian anticyclone significantly shifts it to the south, actually making the discontinuous.

While the Hadley cell and the polar cell are closed, the ferrella cell is not necessarily so, as a result of which the Western winds of moderate latitudes are not as regular, as the Passats or oriental winds of polar areas, and depend on local conditions. Although high-altitude winds are really western, near-surface winds often change their direction sharply. The lack of rapid movement to the poles or to the equator does not allow these winds to accelerate, as a result, when the cyclone or anticyclone passes, the wind can quickly change the direction, and in the east or in other days.

The location of the cell strongly depends on the location of the corresponding high-rise inkjet stream, which determines the location of the strip of near-surface cyclones. Although the overall movement of air at the surface is limited about 30 and 65 degrees of northern and southern latitudes, the high-rise inverse air movement is expressed significantly less clearly.

Polar cell., or polar vortex - element of the circulation of the earth's atmosphere in the indoor regions of the Earth, has the form of a near-surface vortex, which is spinning to the west, leaving the poles; And the height vortex, twisting to the east.

This is a pretty simple circulation system, the driving force of which is the difference in the heating of the earth's surface at the poles and on moderate latitudes. Although in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Polar Front, about 60 degrees of southern and northern latitudes are colder and land and land than in the tropics, but it is still warm enough to form a convection stream. Air circulation is limited by the troposphere, that is, a layer from the surface to a height of about 8 km. Warm air Rises on low latitudes and moves to poles in the upper layers of the troposphere. Reaching the poles, the air is cooled and lowered, forming a high pressure zone - polar anticyclone.

The surface air moves between the high pressure zone of the polar anticyclone and the low pressure zone of the polar front, deviating to the west under the action of the Coriolis force, as a result of which the surfaces are formed by the eastern winds - the eastern winds of the polar areas surrounding the pole in the form of a vortex.

Air flow from poles forms very long waves - Rossby Waves that play important role In determining the path of the high-rise inkjet stream in the upper part of the ferrella cell, the circulation cell, which is located on low latitudes.

Prevailing winds

Preferential or prevailing winds - Winds that blow mostly in one direction above the specific point of the earth's surface. You are part of the global air circulation pattern in the Earth's atmosphere, including trade winds, monsoons, west winds of a moderate belt and oriental winds of polar regions. In areas where global winds are weak, preferential winds are determined by the areas of the breeze and other local factors. In addition, global winds can deviate from typical directions of dependence on the presence of obstacles.

The effect of the prevailing wind on a coniferous tree in Western Turkey

To determine the direction of the predominant wind used rose of Wind. Knowledge of wind direction allows you to develop an agricultural protection plan from soil erosion.

The sand dunes in coastal and desert places can be focused along or perpendicular to the direction of constant wind. Insects drift in the wind, and birds can fly regardless of the prevailing wind. The prevailing winds in highlands can lead to a significant difference in precipitation on the onward (wet) and led (dry) slopes.

Rose of Wind- Graphic image of the frequency of winds of each direction in a given area, built in the form of a histogram in the polar coordinates. Each thoughts in a circle shows the wind frequency in a specific direction, and each concentric circle corresponds to a certain frequency. The wind rose may contain additional information, for example, each dialer can be painted in various colors corresponding to a certain range of wind velocity. The winds of the winds more often have 8 or 16 drops, corresponding to the main directions, that is, the North (N), the North-West (NW), the West (W), etc., or N, NNW, NW, NWW, W, W and T. D., Sometimes the number of drops is 32. If the frequency of the wind of a certain direction or the range of directions significantly exceeds the wind frequency in other directions, they say the presence of preferential winds in this area.

Rose of winds of the international airport of Fresno Yosemite, California, 1961-1990

The wind rose is a diagram characterizing in meteorology and climatology, the wind mode in this place for many years of observations and looks like a polygon who has the length of the rays, diverging from the center of the diagram in different directions (Rumbach of the horizon), are proportional to the repetition of the winds of these directions ("where" wind blows). The wind rose takes into account the construction of runways of airfields, roads, planning populated beds (appropriate orientation of buildings and streets), evaluation mutual location Zhilmassiva and industrial (from the point of view of the direction of transferring impurities from the industrial complex) and many other economic tasks (agronomy, forestry and park economy, ecology, etc.).

The wind rose, built according to the real data of observations, allows the length of the rays of the built polygon to reveal the direction dominant, or predominant Wind, from which air flow comes most often in this area. Therefore, the real wind rose, built on the basis of a number of observations, can have significant differences in lengths of different rays. The fact that in Heraldry is traditionally called the "Rose of Winds" - with a uniform and regular distribution of rays in azimuths of the parties of the light at this point is just a geographical designation of the main geographical azimuths of the side of the horizon in the form of rays.

Examples of various representations

The wind rose besides the direction of the wind can demonstrate the wind frequency (discretized on a certain sign - per day, a month, a year), as well as wind power, the duration of the wind (minutes per day, minutes per hour). Moreover, there may be roses of winds both to designate average values \u200b\u200band to designate maximum values. It is also possible to create a complex wind rose, on which the diagrams of two or more parameters will be present. The following examples show various options Read Charts:

Eight-beam rose winds

Here it is understood as the same location of the side of the world, as on the compass. At each of the rays, the point is noted, the distance from which to the center is (in a certain specified scale) the number of days over the past month, when the wind prevailed this direction. Points on the rays are interconnected and the resulting polygon is shaded.

16-radiation rose winds

The sides of the light are indicated in the form of alphabetic designations. Each of the 16 rays, which characterizes this or that direction is depicted as a segment where the average speed is marked for each wind direction over the past day.

360-radiation rose winds

The image is automatically generated by a meteorological program based on instrument readings. The diagram shows a graphically maximum wind speed for the reporting period.

Wind roses with numeric values \u200b\u200band additional marks

At each of the rays, the length length is duplicated as a numerical value, which describes the number of days during a certain period, when the wind prevailed this direction. Signs at the ends of the segments indicate maximum speed wind. The number in the center of the diagram characterizes the number of windless days. Judging by the diagram, it can be judged that the period was 90 days, of which 8 days were windless, 70 days were marked in the directions of numbers, the remaining 12 days and two directions, apparently, were considered unfriendly and numbers were not marked.

Tropical winds

The trade winds are called the near-surface part of the Hadley cell - the prevailing near-surface winds that are predominant in the tropical areas of the Earth in the western direction, approaching the equator, that is, northeastern winds in the northern hemisphere and southeastern - in South. The constant movement of trade winds leads to stirring of the Earth's air masses, which can manifest itself on a very large scale: for example, the trade winds that follow the Atlantic Ocean are able to carry dust from African deserts to West Indies and some areas of North America.

Circulation processes of the Earth, which lead to wind formation

Monsions are predominant seasonal winds, which every year has been blowing in tropical areas for several months. The term originated on the territory of British India and the surrounding countries as the name of seasonal winds that blow from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea to the north-east, bringing a significant amount of precipitation to the region. Their movement towards the poles is caused by the formation of low-pressure areas as a result of heating tropical areas in summer months, that is, Asia, Africa and North America from May to July, and Australia in December.

Passat and mussons are the main factors that lead to the formation of tropical cyclones over the oceans of the Earth.

Passat. (From Isp. Viento de Pasada - the wind favored by moving, movement) - the wind blowing between the tropics all year round, in the northern hemisphere from the northeast, in the South - from the southeast direction, separating the windless band from each other. On the oceans, the Passats are blowing with the greatest correctness; On the mainland and on the areas adjacent to the last seas, they are partly modified under the influence of local conditions. IN Indian OceanAs a result of the coastal mainland configuration, the trade winds completely change their character and turn into monsoons.

Wind map over the Atlantic

Thanks to its constancy and strength in the era of the sailing fleet of the Passat, along with the Western winds, were the main factor for building the routes of movement of vessels in the report between Europe and the new light.

Due to the action of sunlight in the equatorial strip, the lower layers of the atmosphere, strongerly heating, rise up and strive towards the poles, meanwhile, as below come new cooler air flows from the north and from the south; As a result of the daily rotation of the Earth, according to Coriolis, these flows are taken in the northern hemisphere direction towards the south-west (Northeast Passat), and in the South Hemisphere - the direction to the North-West (Southeast Passat). The closer, any point of the globe lies to the pole, the smaller circle it describes the day, and therefore, the smaller speed acquires; Thus, the current air masses are currently spending, having less speed than the grounds of the earth's surface on the equatorial strip, rotating from the west to the East, should lag behind them and, therefore, give a flow from east to west. In small latitudes, close to the equator, the difference in speeds for one degree is very insignificant, since the meridian arcs become almost mutually parallel, and therefore in the band between 10 ° C.Sh. and 10 ° Yu.Sh. flowing air layers, in contact with the earth's surface, acquire the speed of the points of the latter; As a result, near the Equator, the North-East Passat takes again almost the northern direction, and the Southeast Passat is almost southerly and, mutually meeting, give the urination strip. In the Passy Station between 30 ° S.Sh. and 30 ° Yu.Sh. In each hemisphere, two trade wind winds are blowing: in the northern hemisphere below the northeast, at the top of the southwest, in the southern bottom - southeast, at the top of the north-west. Upper current called antipassat, antopassat, or upper Passat.. 30 ° North and Yu.Sh. The top moving from the equator, the air layers are lowered to the surface of the Earth and the correctness of the equatorial and polar flows stops. From the Polar Border of the Passat (30 °), part of the air mass returns to the equator as the Nizhny Passat, and the other part flows into higher latitudes and is in the northern hemisphere as southwest or Western wind, and in South - like North-West or Western Wind .

When relatively cold air masses from moderate latitudes arrive in the subtropics, the air is heated and the development of powerful convective flows (lifting air masses) with a speed of 4 meters as a second. Formed cumulative clouds. At an altitude of 1200-2000 m, a delayed layer is formed: isothermal (temperature does not change with height) or inversion (temperature increases with a height). It delays the development of clouds, so precipitation is very small. Only occasionally there are petty climbing rains.

Bottoms between the tropics; On the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, there were still seafarers of antiquity. Columbus satellites were strongly alarmed by these winds, who carried their non-stop to the West. The correct explanation of the origin of the Passat first gave English astronomer John Gadley (1735). The street of the streets moves to the north or south, depending on the state of the sun at the equator; In the same way, the boundaries of the region of the Passatoves are changed both in the north and in the south at different times of the year. In the Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Passat blows in winter and spring between 5 ° and 27 ° C.Sh., and in the summer and autumn between 10 ° and 30 ° C.Sh. Southeast Passat in winter and spring reaches 2 ° S.Sh., and in the summer and in the fall 3 ° C.Sh., turning through the equator and turning gradually into the southern and south-west wind. The skylessness area between the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean lies the north of the equator and in December and January has 150 nautical miles wide, and in September 550 miles. In the Pacific, the equatorial boundaries of the Passover area are less than changeable than in the Atlantic; The Northeast Passat in the Pacific reaches only 25 ° C.Sh., and in the Atlantic 28 ° S.Sh. In general, the South-East Passat is stronger than northeast: he does not meet any obstacles on extensive water spaces, and this explains what he comes into the northern hemisphere.

Monsoon (from Arab. موسم ("Māvsim") - season, through Fr. Mousson) - Sustainable winds, periodically changing their direction; Summer blowing from the ocean, in winter - from sushi; Peculiar to the tropical areas and some seaside countries of a moderate belt (Far East). The monsonic climate is characterized by high humidity in the summer.

In each place of the monsoon area during each of the two main seasons, there is a wind mode with a sharply pronounced predominance of one direction over others. At the same time, in the other season, the prevailing direction of the wind will be opposite or close to the opposite. Thus, in each monsoon area there are summer and winter monsimes with mutually opposite or, at least with sharply various predominant directions.

Of course, in addition to the winds of the prevailing direction, the winds of other areas are observed in each season: the monsoon is experiencing interruptions. In transition seasons, in spring and autumn, when monsoon changes, the stability of the wind mode is broken.

The stability of monsoon is associated with a steady distribution of atmospheric pressure during each season, and their seasonal shift - with indigenous changes in the distribution of pressure from the season for the season. The prevailing Baric gradients sharply change the direction from the season by the season, along with this the direction of the wind changes.

In the case of monsoons, as in the case of trade winds, the stability of the distribution does not mean at all that during the season over this area is held by the same anticyclone or the same depression. For example, in winter over Eastern Asia, a number of anticyclones are consistently replaced. But each of these anticyclones persists relatively long, and the number of days with anticyclones significantly exceeds the number of days with cyclones. As a result, the anticyclone is obtained on many years of average climatic map.. The northern wind directions associated with the eastern periphery of anticyclones prevail over all other wind directions; That's what it is winter East Asian Musson. So, monsions are observed in areas where cyclones and anticyclones have sufficient stability and a sharp seasonal predominance of some over others. In the same regions of the Earth, where cyclones and anticyclones quickly replace each other and are much dominated by others over others, - the wind mode is changed and does not look like a monsoon. This is the case in most of Europe.

In the summer, the monsoons blow from the ocean on the mainland, in winter - from the mainland on the oceans; Peculiar to the tropical areas and some seaside countries of a moderate belt (for example, the Far East). The greatest resistance and speed of the wind monsoon possess in some areas of the tropics (especially in equatorial Africa, countries of South and Southeast Asia and in the southern hemisphere right up to the northern parts of Madagascar and Australia). In a weaker form and on limited territories Mousses are found in subtropical latitudes (in particular, in the south of the Mediterranean Sea and in North Africa, in the field of the Gulf of Mexico, in the East of Asia, in South America, in southern Africa and Australia).

Over xp Windhya (India)

Calcutta (India)

Arizona (USA)

Darwin (Australia)

Western winds of a moderate belt - The prevailing winds that are between the moderate belt are about 35 and 65 degrees of the northern and southern latitude, from the subtropical ridge to the polar front, part of the global atmospheric circulation processes and the near-surface part of the ferrela cell. These winds blow mostly from the west to the East, more precisely from the south-west in the northern hemisphere and from the north-west in the southern hemisphere and can form internal cyclones on their borders, where the wind speed gradient is high. Tropical cyclones that penetrate the zone of these winds through the subtropical ridge, losing force, is reinforced due to the gradient of the speed of the west winds of the moderate belt.

Map of trade winds and western winds of a moderate belt

The western winds of the moderate belt are stronger in winter when the pressure over the poles below, and weakly - in the summer. These winds are most stronger in the southern hemisphere, where less sushi, which has a property to reject or delay the wind. The strip of strong Western winds of a moderate belt is located between 40 and 50 degrees of southern latitude and is known as "roaring forties". These winds play an important role in the formation of oceanic flows carrying warm equatorial water to the Western banks of the continents, especially in the southern hemisphere.

Golf Stream map compiled by Benjamin Franklin

Oriental winds of polar areas, near-surface part of the polar cells, these are predominantly dry winds that are highly pressure from high pressure zones to low pressure areas along the polar front.

These winds are usually weaker and less regular than the western winds of moderate latitudes. Due to the small amount of solar heat, the air in the polar areas is cooled and lowered down, forming high pressure areas and pushing the supar air in the direction of lower latitudes. This air as a result of the Coriolis force deviates to the West, forming northeastern winds in the northern hemisphere and southeast - in South.

Local wind formation effectsarise depending on the presence of local geographic objects. One of these effects is the temperature difference between not very remote areas, which can be caused by different coefficients of absorption of sunlight or by different surface heat capacity. The last effect is most strongest between the land and the water surface and causes a breeze. Another important local factor is the presence of mountains that act as a barrier on the wind path.

Major Local Winds on Earth

Local winds - Winds, characterized by any features from the main nature of the total circulation of the atmosphere, but, like constant winds, are naturally repeated and have a noticeable impact on the weather in a limited part of the landscape or water area.

Local winds include breeze, changing his direction twice a day, mountain-valley winds, bora, Feng, Sukhov, Samum and many others.

The emergence of local winds is mainly due to the difference in temperature conditions over large water bruises (breeze) or mountains, their stretching relative to common circulation flows and the location of the mountain valleys (hair dryer, boron, mountain-valleys), as well as a change in total atmospheric circulation by local conditions (Samum , Sirocco, Hamsin). Some of them are essentially airborne currents of the general circulation of the atmosphere, but in a certain area they have special properties, and therefore they are believed to local winds and give them their own names.

For example, only on Baikal due to the difference in water and sushi and sushi and the complex location of the steep ridges with deep valleys are distinguished by at least 5 local winds: Barguzin - warm northeast, Mountain - Northwest wind, causing powerful storms, Sarma - Sudden Western Wind, Hurricane strength up to 80 m / s, valley - South-West Kultuk and Southeast Gelonik.

Afghan

Afghan - Dry, baked local wind, with dust, which blows in Central Asia. It has southwest character and blows in the upper reaches of Amudarya. Blows from a few days to several weeks. Early spring with rains. Very aggressive. In Afghanistan called kara-BuranWhat means black storm or bodie Shurash - soviet wind.

Biza.

BISE (BISE) - Cold and dry northern or northeast wind in the mountainous regions of France and Switzerland. Biza is similar to Boro.

Bora

Bora (Ial. bora., from Greek. βορέας - north wind; "Borey" - a cold northern wind) - a strong cold gusty local wind, occurring in the case when the flow of cold air meets the elevation in its path; Overcoming the obstacle, boron with a huge force falls on the coast. Vertical Bow Dimensions - a few hundred meters. Touching, as a rule, small areas where low mountains are directly bordering the sea.

The scheme of the appearance of the bore

Russia is particularly strong borsa of the Novorossiysk Bay and the Gelendzhik Bay (where they have the northeastern direction and blow more than 40 days a year), the new land, the shores of Baikal (Sarma near the Olkhon Gate Strait), the Chukotka city of Pevek (t. Yuzhak " ).

The consequences of Bors, Novorossiysk, November 11, 1993

Vehicle - Cause as a result of Bora, Novorossiysk, 1993

Novorossiysk, 1997

In Europe, the most famous bors of the Adriatic Sea (in the Cities of Trieste, Rijeka, Zadar, Sen, etc.). In Croatia wind called bura. It was similar to Boro and Wind "Nord" in the area Baku, Mistral on the Mediterranean coast of France from Montpellier to Toulon, Northser in the Gulf of Mexico. Bow duration - from day to week. Daily temperature difference during borsa can reach 40 ° C.

Bora

Bohr arises in Novorossiysk and the Adriatic coast in cases where the cold front approaches the coastal ridge from the northeast. The cold front immediately translates through the low ridge. Under the influence of gravity, cold air will overthrow down mountain ridgeAt the same time, acquiring a greater speed.

Before the appearance of the bords at the vertices of the mountains, you can observe thick clouds that residents of Novorossiysk call "beard". Initially, the wind is extremely unstable, changes the direction and strength, but gradually acquires a certain direction and a huge speed - up to 60 m / s at the Marcoth Pass near Novorossiysk. In 1928, a gust of wind was registered in 80 m / s. On average, the wind speed at Bore reaches in the region of Novorossiysk in winter more than 20 m / s. Falling on the surface of the water, this descending stream causes a storm wind, causing strong excitement to the sea. At the same time, the temperature of the air, which before the start of the bords was above warm sea High enough.

Sometimes boron causes significant destruction in the coastal strip (so, in Novorossiysk in 2002, Bohr caused the death of several dozen people); At sea, the wind contributes to severe wiping; Increased waves flood the shore and also bring destruction; With severe frosts (in Novorossiysk order -20 ...- 24 ° C), they are frozen, and ice crust is formed (on the Adriatic, the only place where ice crust is formed is a city of Sen). Sometimes Bora is felt and far from the coast (on the Black Sea by 10-15 kilometers deep into the sea, on the Adriatic, in some synoptic positions, it covers a significant part of the sea).

Bow varieties are tRAMMTAN, Sarma.

TRAMMTAN (Ial. tramontana - "Because Mountains" ) - Cold North and Northeast Wind in Italy, Spain, France and Croatia. It is a variety of wind boron. Arises due to the difference between high pressure in mainland Europe and low in the Mediterranean. Tramontana can develop speed up to 130 km / h.

Trumontana clouds, South France

The form of the name is slightly different in each country. IN english It was switched from Italian (Tramontana), which, in turn, is a changed Latin word Trānsmontānus (Trāns- + Montānus). In Catalonia and Croatia, the wind is called "Tramuntana" (Tramuntana). In Spain, on Mallorca Island (Mallorca), there is the mountainous region of Serra de Tramuntana. Serra De Tramuntana (Sirra de Tramuntana) - Catalan Option, Sierra De Tramontana (Sierra de Tramontana) - Spanish version of the names of these mountains. In Croatia, the tramontana is called the northern tip of the island of the Cres.

Breeze

Breeze (Fr. brise.) - The wind blowing on the coast of the seas and large lakes. The direction of the breeze is changing twice a day: the daily (or marine) breeze blows from the sea to the coast heated by the daytime rays. Night (or coastal) breeze has the opposite direction.

A: Sea Breeze (Day), B: Coastal Breeze (Night)

The rate of breeze is small, and is 1-5 m / s, rarely more. Breeze is noticeable only in conditions of weak overall transfer of air, as a rule in the tropics, and in medium latitudes - in sustainable windless weather. The vertical height (power) of the air layer is the day to 1-2 km, at night - somewhat less. On the greater height There is a reverse current - antibris. Brianarized circulation affects the fields of the coast and the sea with a width of 10-50 km. The sea breeze lowers the air temperature during the daytime and makes the air more humid. Breeze is more often in summer, when the temperature difference between land and reservoir reaches the greatest values.

Harmsil

Harmsil (Taj. Garmsel ) - Dry and hot wind type four blowing mainly in the summer from the south and southeast in the foothills of the Copetdag and the Western Tien Shan.

Foney (it. Föhn., from lat. favonius. - Roman equivalent of Marshmallow) - a strong, impetuous, warm and dry local wind blowing from the mountains in the valley.

Cold air with highlightened rapidly lowered down the relatively narrow intermore valleys, which leads to its adiabatic heating. When lowering for every 100 m, the air heats up at about 1 ° C. Going down from a height of 2500 m, it heats up 25 degrees and becomes warm, even hot. Typically, the fenas continues less than a day, but sometimes the duration comes up to 5 days, and the temperature changes and relative humidity Air can be rapid and sharp.

Fenins are especially frequent in the spring, when the intensity of the total circulation of air masses increases sharply. Unlike Four, when the mass of dense cold air is invasion, boron is formed.

The name of this wind has become nominative for household electrical appliances to dry hair - hair dryer. The word entered our speech into a slightly distorted form due to the inaccurate transliteration of the German trademark Fön, under which the data of the electrical appliances were produced since 1908.

(To be continued)