Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between the individual parts of a sentence's speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.
Perfectly mastering the ability to decline different parts of speech in cases is hallmark literate, educated person. Often, the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct structure of the sentence, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.
An example of an irregular declension of a word
To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.
- The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.
There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.
The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:
- Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.
How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.
I wonder what percentage of adults not involved in writing, editorial, educational or scientific activity, remembers how many cases there are in Russian?
The disappointing results of this year's Total Dictation leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy for most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".
The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words, people do not experience any special problems.
And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.
Brief description of cases
The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.
The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.
The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.
The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.
The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.
The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:
- explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
- local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).
But in modern educational science Nevertheless, it is customary to distinguish six main cases.
There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Declension of words is used both for the singular and for plural.
Cases of Russian nouns
A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".
The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.
Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:
- regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
- inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.
Cases | Questions | Examples of changing endings | Prepositions |
Nominative | boy(), ball() | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | |
Dative | To whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball() | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | Boy(om), ball(om) | For, under, over, before, with |
|
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Indeclinable nouns
There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:
- kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
- some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
- common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
- Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
- complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
- surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).
Changing adjectives
Adjectives are an independent part of speech denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.
Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.
Cases | Questions |
| Prepositions |
Nominative | |||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Good | From, without, at, to, near, for, around |
Dative | To whom? What? | Good | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Good | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | For, under, over, before, with |
||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Non-inflected adjectives
Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.
Plural cases
Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.
The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.
Cases | Questions | Examples of changing the endings of nouns | Examples of changing the endings of adjectives | Prepositions |
Nominative | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | ||
Genitive | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | From, without, at, to, near, for, around |
Dative | To whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good, red | |
Accusative | Whom? What? | Boy(s), ball(s) | good(s), red(s) | On, for, through, about |
Instrumental | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good (s), red (s) | For, under, over, before, with |
|
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | Boy(s), ball(s) | Good(s), red(s) | Oh, on, in, about, at, about |
Features of the genitive and accusative cases
For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers are difficult and somewhat confusing: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.
For ease of understanding, remember that in genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:
- there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
- there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
- there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).
That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.
In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:
- brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
- they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
- in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).
The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.
The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.
At the noun. Unfortunately, not everyone succeeds at once. You need to have enough information to complete this task without difficulty.
Noun as a part of speech
Each of us is familiar with the noun. We, without hesitation, use it daily in our speech. Now imagine that this part of speech is no more. Try to talk about an event without his help. It is unlikely that this will be possible, since im. gives a name to all objects and phenomena that exist in our life. Everything that we see around and talk about cannot do without it. Therefore, its main function is considered to be nominative, that is, to give names to all objects.
Calling each other by name, we also do not do without a noun. Being fluent in our native language, we correctly put this part of speech in the required form. From a scientific point of view, we will try to determine which case and number are used in a word in our article.
declination
Before you learn how to determine the case of a noun, you need to understand what declension is. The word itself means "change". That is, to incline - it means to change them. by numbers and cases.
There are several types of declension in Russian.
The first includes words that end in -a or -ya. They must be either masculine or feminine. For example: car, uncle, picture, nature.
Words in the second declension have different criteria. Such nouns have the endings -o, -e or zero and refer to the middle and male childbirth. For example: resolution, aggregate, fiber.
If we have a feminine word that ends with soft sign(respectively, null ending), then it belongs to the third declension. For example: daughter, thing, speech, night.
Each of the groups has its own system of endings. It is them that must be remembered when receiving the task: "Determine the case and declension of nouns."
Genus
In Russian, there are three types of it. Before we learn how to correctly determine the case of nouns, we need to know this information.
TO masculine include words that combine with the personal pronoun "he": boat, boss, result.
The neuter gender is determined by the word "it". It includes most of the abstract and inanimate concepts: perception, happiness, well-being.
Women, respectively, include such words that are combined with the word "she": love, photography, life.
In order to determine the gender, it is necessary to take into account which personal pronoun the desired noun agrees with.
case
Now is the time to learn how to identify. To do this, you need to know what questions each of them answers.
The initial form of the words of this part of speech is always the nominative case. It performs the function of the main member in the sentence - the subject.
Before determining the case of a noun, ask a question. In them.p. - "who what?". For example: vase, flower.
The dative case requires the word "give" ("to whom?", "what"?). For example: a vase, a flower.
The accusative is often confused with the nominative. He answers the questions "who?" or "what?". An auxiliary form “see” or “blame” is also added to it. For example: a vase, a flower.
Creative requires questions "by whom?" or “what? It is combined with the word "admire". For example: a vase, a flower.
And the last, prepositional: “about whom?” or "about what?". The words “think” or “speak” are added to help him.
Now we know how to determine For this simple task, you only need to correctly select a question for the required word.
Features of nominative and accusative
With all the seemingly simplicity of determining the case, sometimes questions still arise. All this happens because some forms may overlap. Such absolute similarity between words is called homonyms.
For example, very often their forms coincide. and wine. cases. In order to distinguish between them, we need to carefully study the context.
Let's compare two sentences:
- A beautiful tree grew in the clearing.
- Approaching the clearing, we saw a beautiful tree.
The word forms are exactly the same.
The question arises of how to determine the accusative case of a noun. To do this, we must follow the syntactic role of this word. In the first sentence, the word "tree" is the subject, consistent with the predicate "grew". It independently performs the action, so we can easily determine that its case is nominative.
Now let's look at the second example. The grammatical basis is "we saw". Some action is performed on the tree, and therefore in this case we have an accusative case.
Dative and prepositional
Also, in some cases, the prepositional case and the dative coincide.
- We walked along the road.
- I thought about the upcoming road all evening.
Again, a complete match of word forms. In this case, we will use the method of artificial substitution of the plural. Get:
- We walked along the roads.
- I thought about roads.
Now we see that the plural it is easier to distinguish cases in the number: in the first case - dative (what?), in the second - prepositional (about what?).
There is another little trick. The dative case has two prepositions "to" and "to". Thanks to them, it is easy to distinguish it from other forms.
Parsing
Often in the lesson, students are given the task to determine the gender, number, case of nouns. This is usually required to hold a word.
Let's give an example of parsing a noun.
Our boys competed.
- In competitions - noun
- The initial form (what?) is a competition.
- Permanent signs:
Does not denote the name of any objects, therefore it is a common noun;
inanimate;
Avg. genus (it);
Has the ending -e and refers to environments. genus, then the type of declension is the second.
- Irregular signs:
Plural number;
It answers the question “in what?”, Combines with the auxiliary word “think”, therefore, the case is prepositional.
- In the proposal, it will play the role of a minor member - additions.
Conclusion
We have studied in detail how to determine the case of a noun. In addition, we were able to execute the words in order to confirm all the information received. Thus, we will not have any more difficulties in this matter. It is enough just to ask the right question, and the case is easily determined. When homonymous forms appear, it is enough to look at the syntactic role of the word or replace the only
For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or feminine, masculine or neuter gender, as well as declensions with changing endings. And especially important role in the construction of true statements, it is cases that play the syntactic role and the connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in the study of the Russian language it is very important to learn how to identify case form these parts of speech and know what questions the cases answer.
The main cases of the Russian language
The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, a huge amount of time is devoted to this topic in the school curriculum. First of all, children are introduced to what questions the cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists about this.
Nominative
The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - Who? So what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can be the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:
The girl left the room; The sun was setting below the horizon.
Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:
Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilievich - director.
Also always in the nominative case is the main member and the appeal. For example:
Noise, noise, reeds; Here is the old house.
Genitive
The use of the genitive case can be both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form, it is written R.p.
This form of words has a variety of meanings and syntactic uses. The verbal genitive case can indicate the subject:
- in the case when the verb has a negation: not to demolish the head, not to tell the truth;
- if the action does not refer to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.
The adjective genitive can indicate a number of relationships:
- belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll dress;
- relation of a whole to a part: hotel room, tree branch;
- evaluation or definition of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of the word.
That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.
Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:
More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.
Dative
To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. For example, dative(to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.
Mostly the words in this case are used to designate the main subject to which the action is directed.
For example:
Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, an order to subordinates.
In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:
Sasha was scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.
Accusative
Questions of the accusative case are similar to questions of other cases, namely, the genitive and nominative. So, for an animated object, this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - What? And quite often, schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, therefore, for a correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action completely passes.
For example:
Fishing, cleaning shoes, sewing a skirt, baking a cake.
Also, words standing in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:
All summer, every minute, every year.
Instrumental case
Just like other case forms, instrumental questions have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animated object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:
He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.
For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:
He fed (what?) Bread, gave him water (what?) to drink.
As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.
Such a case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or mode of action, and also have the meanings of time, place, space, and who performs the action. For example:
(what?) with a stick.
The old man propped himself (with what?) on his palm.
The road led (with what?) through the forest.
The fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" were written (by whom?) by Korney Chukovsky.
Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:
- instrument of action: beat with a hand, brush;
- actor: security of the house by watchmen, release of goods by the seller;
- the content of the action itself: study German;
- definitive value: sausage with a ring, bass singing.
With adjectives, words in instrumental are used with the restriction value of the specified feature. For example:
He was strong-minded and known for his discoveries.
Prepositional
The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.
Questions prepositional, like other case forms, are divided towards living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, hence the name of the case itself. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes, questions of the prepositional case are always built using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.
Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case
To correctly determine the case form of words and correct use them in speech it is very important to know how cases are connected with questions and prepositions when used various forms words in sentences.
Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:
What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?
The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.
After all, it is they who, joining nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.
| case | Pretext | Meaning | Example |
| Genitive | around, because of, before, at | determine the space in which the object is located or in which the action takes place | walk around the park left the house, stand by the tree |
| Dative | to, by | used to indicate approaching an object, object or place of event | approach a friend go off-road |
| Accusative | in, for, on | indicate which object the action is directed to | hug your waist, look out the window put on the table |
| Instrumental | under, behind, over, with | can have many meanings, including indicating the direction of a particular action and denoting a space | fly over the earth walk under the bridge be friends with grandma |
Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by cases
One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: "Declination by cases". As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them stands.
In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, which makes it easier to decline the word.
| case | case question | Question for the numeral | numeral |
| Nominative | Who? What? | How many? Which? | |
| Genitive | whom? what? | how many? what? | eighth eighth |
| Dative | to whom? what? | how many? what? | eighth |
| Accusative | whom? What? | How many? what? | eighth eighth |
| Instrumental | by whom? how? | how many? what? | |
| Prepositional | about whom? about what? | about how many? about what? | about the eighth about the eighth about the eighth |
The purpose of the school curriculum is to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a particular sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. These skills are essential for building competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and enough Russian language lessons, so that children can not only learn, but well consolidate this material.
There are only six cases in Russian:
- Nominative;
- Genitive;
- Dative;
- Accusative;
- Instrumental;
- Prepositional.
Why is it necessary to know how to determine the case? The definition of the case helps to put down the correct ending of the word, therefore, to avoid grammatical errors. How to determine the case of a noun, pronoun, adjective or numeral quickly and accurately?
There are special case questions, with their help they determine the belonging of parts of speech to a particular case.
Case questions
Nominative: who?, what? (fish, barrel);
Genitive: whom?, what? (fish, barrels);
Dative: to whom?, to what? (fish, barrel);
Accusative: whom?, what? (fish, barrel);
Creative: by whom?, by what? (fish, barrel);
Prepositional: about whom?, about what? (about the fish, about the barrel).
To correctly determine the case, you should remember the above questions, two for each case. But there is a little trick: instead of twelve, you can remember only six simple words, which will help not only to determine the case, but also to remember the case questions.
Case definition for different words
How to correctly determine the case using auxiliary words?
There is a fish (who, what) - nominative;
No fish (whom, what) - genitive;
I will give the fish (to whom, what) - dative;
I see a fish (whom, what) - accusative;
Satisfied with fish (who, what) - creative;
I think about fish (about whom, about what) - prepositional.
For example, consider the sentence: "The fish did not fit into the barrel." There are two nouns in this sentence: fish, barrel. We substitute auxiliary words: eat (who, what) fish - nominative case; I see (who, what) a barrel - the accusative case.
Substituting the right question for the word, you can also determine the case of pronouns. Examples: She was not given a ticket. To her (to whom, what) - dative case. I think about him all the time. About him (about whom, about what) - prepositional case.
If difficulties arise, then you can replace the pronoun with a suitable noun: I think about my son all the time. About the son (about whom) - prepositional case.
When it is already clear how to determine the case of pronouns and nouns, you can consider numerals and adjectives.
How to determine the case of an adjective and a numeral? Adjectives and numerals have the same case as the nouns they refer to.
For example:
A big fish swims. Big fish(who, what) - nominative case.
I'm going to my first meeting. The first meeting (whom, what) - accusative case.
If the noun in the sentence is omitted, then the case can be determined by substituting the appropriate word:
The most beautiful one is coming. Beautiful (girl) - who, what - nominative case.
After the tenth everything will be closed. Tenth (number) - whom, what - genitive case.
If you master the above material well, then the question of how to determine the case of a numeral, adjective, pronoun or noun will no longer arise for you.
All world languages can be conditionally divided into inflectional and non-inflectional. This means that the words that are part of the languages of the first group have endings, while the lexical units belonging to the second group of languages do not have them. The Russian language belongs to the first type of languages. This is explained by the fact that the words in the native language in the sentence and phrase are connected in meaning and grammatically, that is, with the help of endings.
The endings of nominal parts of speech indicate in which case the desired part of speech is used. In general, the category of a name in Russian has such grammatical feature, like a case. It is he who allows you to connect lexemes into phrases, and phrases into sentences, that is, larger units of expression of thought.
The case is usually called one of the morphological features of nominal parts of speech. It is intended to ensure that it is grammatically correct to determine in what relationship the constituent phrases or
The category of the case of a noun is defined as a feature included in the group of morphologically inconstant ones. When a part of speech changes, its case also changes. In general, there are six cases in Russian. They are also included in, studied as part of the school curriculum.
- The nominative is a case in which the noun is in the singular form. For comparison: lilac(What?), child(Who?). The noun in this I. p. is never used in speech with a preposition. For this reason, I. p. is direct.
- Genitive. Indirect. It is always used with prepositions. You can substitute the auxiliary word "no" for verification. For example: (no one?) Misha.
- Dative. Auxiliary word - "lady". Indirect, its use is possible without a preposition and with it. Example: (give to whom?) Nikita.
- Accusative. Helps to correctly define his word "see". Indirect. Nouns in V. p. are objects in a sentence. According to the above signs, it cannot be confused with the nominative. For example: through (what?) time,(see what?) banner.
- Instrumental. For him, the auxiliary word will be "satisfied." Indirect. It is used with . Example: (happy with whom?) daughter, (happy with what?) result.
- Prepositional. Indirect. Its name directly indicates that it is always used with a preposition. Auxiliary word "think". For example: (thinking about whom?) about my beloved; (think about what?) about defending a dissertation.
Russian case table with questions:
Case system
It turns out that the case system of our native language is represented by fifteen cases. Six of them are studied in the course. And about the rest we will talk Further.
- Vocative. It was part of the case system of the Old Slavonic language. Now its form can be considered the word God. Today, similar forms in the language are formed when inflection is cut off. It turns out not quite “full-fledged” in the grammatical sense of the word: mom, dad, dad and similar forms.
- Local. It is easy to guess by prepositions in, on, at and on the question where?: (where?) at the shelf, (Where?) on the wardrobe, (Where?) in the nose.
- Dividing. It is a derivative of the parent. Defined in context. Eg: drink tea, there will be no spark, piping hot.
- Countable. An indicator is a word denoting a number or quantity in context: two hours, two steps.
- Deferral. It is used with the preposition from. It matters the beginning of the movement. Eg: from home and so on.
- Depriving. It is easy to recognize it from the context. Always used with the particle not. For example: cannot have a child.
- Waiting. It looks like an accusation. It can only be defined in context. Eg: wait for the weather from the sea.
- Transformative or inclusive. It is also recognizable in context. For example: I will take as a wife, suitable for a daughter and so on.
How to determine
Definition grammatical category, for example, cases of nouns and their endings, students should be able to perform both orally and in writing.
First, consider the algorithm by which you can verbally determine the case:
- In a sentence, it is necessary to highlight such a phrase so that the noun in it is a dependent word.
- Ask a question about a noun.
- at the noun.
For example: I hear my dad call. Call(whom?) dads(R. p.)
Now we will describe the scheme for determining the case of a noun in writing:
- In a sentence, signs // indicate the boundaries of a phrase.
- The main word in the phrase is denoted by X.
- Draw an arrow from the main to the dependent word.
- Write a question above the arrow.
- Determine case.
- Write a case over the noun.
Case endings
Indirect cases in Russian and their endings require careful study by schoolchildren as part of the general education program.
Despite the fact that most often it is not difficult for native speakers to write the ending correctly in nouns, however, there are also special cases, which require the ability to determine cases and correctly write endings in words.
Endings in cases of the Russian language:
| 1 cl. | Name | Endings in the singular | Plural endings |
| Nominative | -and I | -s, -and | |
| Genitive | -s, -and | -, -to her | |
| Dative | -e, -and | -am, -yam | |
| Accusative | -u, -u | -s, -and, -her | |
| Instrumental | -oh, she | -ami, -ami | |
| Prepositional | -e, -and | -ah, -ah | |
| 2 declension | Nominative | -o, -e (cf.) | -a, -i, -s, -and |
| Genitive | -and I | -, -ov, -ev, -ey | |
| Dative | -u,-u | -am, -yam | |
| Accusative | -o, -e (cf.) | -a, -i, -s, -and | |
| Instrumental | -om, -em | -ami, -ami | |
| Prepositional | -e, -and | -ah, -ah | |
| 3 declension | Nominative | - | -And |
| Genitive | -And | -to her | |
| Dative | -And | -am, -yam | |
| Accusative | - | -And | |
| Instrumental | -Yu | -ami, -ami | |
| Prepositional | -And | -ah, -ah |
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Summing up
With case change in mind, we are actually talking about declension. By the way, there are three types of them in the Russian language system. The case is formally expressed through the endings (inflections) of words. Thus, in the course of reflection, we came to the conclusion that the case category in the Russian language performs the function of changing words. It is needed in order for words to be combined into phrases and form a sentence. Moreover, this sentence must be logically complete and grammatically correct.