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I stand at the door of eternity G.R. Derzhavin The human mind and heart Were my genius G.R. Derzhavin G.R. Derzhavin 1743-1816

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I didn’t know how to pretend, to resemble a saint, to inflate myself with an important rank, and to pretend to be a philosopher; I loved sincerity, I thought that only they would like me, The human mind and heart were my genius. If I shone with delight, Fire flew from my strings, - I did not shine with myself - with God, Outside myself I sang to God. If the sounds of my Lyres were dedicated to the kings, - They seemed to me to be equal in virtue to the gods. If victories are loud, I wove crowns for the leaders, I thought of pouring their souls into their descendants and their children. "Confession"

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Born into a poor noble family on July 3 (14), 1743 in the village of Karmachi, Kazan province. In 1759-1762 studied at the Kazan gymnasium. In 1762 he was called to St. Petersburg for military service a year ahead of schedule and, moreover, enrolled, although in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment, however, as a soldier, as part of the regiment he participated in the palace coup that led to the accession of Catherine II.

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In 1773-1774, already as an officer, Derzhavin took an active part in suppressing the Pugachev uprising. In 1778, he passionately fell in love at first sight and married Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon, whom he would then glorify in his poems for many years under the name Plenira. Happy family life ensured the personal happiness of the poet. At the same time, friendly communication with other writers helped him develop his natural talents. As Derzhavin himself wrote, from 1779 he chose “his own special path.” The strict rules of classicist poetry no longer constrained his work. After composing “Ode to Felitsa” (1782), addressed to the Empress, he was awarded by Catherine II. Appointed governor of Olonets (from 1784) and Tambov (1785-88).

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He saw his role in the service of “the Fatherland and the Sovereign” as being “a mediator between the throne and the people” in order to “stop robbery, or, to put it more clearly, incessant bribery, which almost completely exhausts people.” Having been appointed cabinet secretary of Catherine II (1791-93), Derzhavin did not please the empress and was dismissed from serving under her. Subsequently, in 1794, Derzhavin was appointed president of the Commerce Collegium. In 1802-1803 - Minister of Justice. He was retired from 1803.

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Ode to “Rulers and Judges” Ode “To Rulers and Judges” was written based on the psalm of the prophet Asaph. Read the psalm and compare it with G.R. Derzhavin’s ode. Psalm 81 God stood up in the company of the gods; judgment was pronounced among the gods. How long will you judge wrongly and show partiality to the wicked? Give justice to the poor and the orphan; Show justice to the oppressed and the poor. They don’t know, they don’t understand, they walk in the dark; all the foundations of the earth are shaking. I said: “You are gods, and sons of the Most High - all of you. But you will die like men and fall like any prince.” Arise, O God, judge the earth; for you will inherit all nations.”

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“To rulers and judges” - What, in Derzhavin’s opinion, should “rulers and judges” do? - What are these people really doing? - What is the outcome of the life of every person, including rulers? - Who is G.R. Derzhavin addressing in the last lines of the poem? Why? - What feelings did you experience after reading “To Rulers and Judges”? Is this poem modern?

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K.S. Aksakov wrote: “Derzhavin’s best stanzas can easily be likened to an earthquake - they are crushing. They are, indeed, red-hot and rapidly spew out blocks of stone and flames. He threatens unrighteous rulers! Colossal energy is released in these poems, and the strongest feeling in the reader is, perhaps, surprise - because everything remains in place: letters, paper, book, and you can re-read these poems again and again.”

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Genre and style originality lyrics by G. R. Derzhavin “Poetry is not born suddenly, but, like everything living, it develops historically; Derzhavin was the first living verb of young Russian poetry”; “With Derzhavin, a new period of Russian poetry begins, and just as Lomonosov was its first name, so Derzhavin was its second. Derzhavin is a purely artistic nature, a poet by vocation; his works are filled with elements of poetry as art,” Belinsky said about Derzhavin, defining his place in Russian literature. Based on the synthesis of high and low genres, the interpenetration of everyday and ideological world images, lyric poetry gained freedom from extraneous social and moral tasks and became an end in itself. Lomonosov and Derzhavin together created Russian poetry. Lomonosov gave it metrical and rhythmic forms - so to speak, a body, and Derzhavin breathed a living soul into it, and in his sharply individual poetic style the universal aesthetic foundations of the future Russian lyricism were expressed.

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The Theme of Derzhavin's Poetry Derzhavin made a truly great artistic discovery: Russian life and our national character have their own beauty, their own poetry. And for the first time he expressed this poetry in “Russian style”. In everything that surrounded him, how he himself lived and how the Russian people lived then, G.R. Derzhavin found poetry. “Zazdravny eagle” “Key” “Russian girls”

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Innovation in Derzhavin's poetry All of the above about Derzhavin's poetry makes it unique, unique. We can safely say that the poet brought a lot of new things to poetry. He enriched the ode with a combination of sublime style with lyrics and satire. He introduced rural and urban landscapes into poetry. I was able to see the beautiful in the ordinary.

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Old man Derzhavin noticed us and, going into the coffin, blessed us... A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"

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“Derzhavin was very old. He was in a uniform and velvet boots. Our exam tired him out very much... He dozed off until the exam in Russian literature began. Here he perked up, his eyes sparkled; he was completely transformed. Of course, his poems were read, his poems were analyzed, his poems were constantly praised. He listened with extraordinary liveliness. Finally they called me. I read my “Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo”, standing two steps away from Derzhavin. I am unable to describe the state of my soul: when I reached the verse where Derzhavin’s name was mentioned, my adolescent voice rang, and my heart began to beat with rapturous delight... I don’t remember how I finished my reading; I don’t remember where I ran away to. Derzhavin was delighted; he demanded me, wanted to hug me... They looked for me, but didn’t find me...”

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The time to sum up the results of poetic life is marked by a free translation of Horace's ode "Exegi monumentum..." under the title "Monument" (1795), where, along with Horace's translation ("So! - all of me will not die, but a large part of me, // From decay having escaped, after death he will begin to live"), Derzhavin introduces into his text a specific poetic self-esteem: as such, this motive is also Horatian, but its realities are Derzhavin’s poetic biography: That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian word to proclaim about Felitsa’s virtues, In talk about God with simplicity of heart And speak the truth to kings with a smile. Poem "Monument"

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Without what Derzhavin achieved in his work, far exceeding the poetic achievements of his predecessors and contemporaries, Russian poetry would not have risen to the most important discovery of the lyrics of the Russian romantic school. The autopsychologism of Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Baratynsky is the next step in poetry following the autobiography of Derzhavin. The organic fusion of autobiographicism and autopsychologism took place in Pushkin’s lyrics. This is how Derzhavin’s place in the history of Russian poetry is determined: he is the connecting link of the national poetic tradition, a transitional figure on the path from rational lyricism to poetry of “feelings and heartfelt imagination.”

Koropuzikova M.B. teacher of Russian language and literature GBOU secondary school No. 339 St. Petersburg

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) The work of G. R. Derzhavin represents the pinnacle of Russian classicism. The purpose of the poet, in the understanding of G. R. Derzhavin, is the glorification of great deeds and the censure of bad ones.

Goals To emphasize the honesty and directness of the poet’s character, courage in the portrayal of nobles, admiration for the courage of the common people. Emphasize the liveliness and naturalness of the poet’s verse.

The greatest poet of the second half of the 18th century In the person of Derzhavin, Russian poetry took a great step forward. V.G. Belinsky

Good poetry is not so easy to write... Meanwhile, how Dmitriev, Derzhavin, Lomonosov, Immortal singers, and the honor and glory of the Russians, Nourish a sound mind and together teach us. A.S. Pushkin “To a Poet Friend”

G.R. Derzhavin was born in July 1743 in the Kazan province. His parents - Roman Nikolaevich and Fekla Andreevna - were poor nobles. Derzhavin's father served in the army and the family often had to move due to his military transfers. In 1754, Roman Nikolaevich retired and died. Caring for the children and the household fell on Fekla Andreevna’s shoulders. Years: from captain to minister

A good education at that time was practically inaccessible to children of poor people provincial nobles. So Derzhavin, until the age of 16, received fragmentary knowledge from random teachers. From 1759 to 1762 he studied at the Kazan gymnasium. For his success, he was enrolled in the engineering corps, but due to confusion with papers, he ended up as a soldier in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.

Soon, together with the regiment, he became a participant in the coup, which replaced Russian throne Peter III Catherine II. Due to poverty, Derzhavin's career progress was slow and only in 1772 was he promoted to ensign. His first minor successes in poetry date back to the same period.

In 1773, the rebellion led by Pugachev assumed proportions that were dangerous for the state. To suppress the uprising, Catherine II entrusted the leadership of the troops to General A.I. Bibikov. Derzhavin, realizing that he had no other chances to advance in his career, achieved an appointment to Bibikov on the investigative commission.

During the reign of Paul I, Derzhavin held the positions of ruler of the Senate Chancellery and state treasurer. After Alexander I came to power, Gavrila Romanovich was Minister of Justice in 1802-1803. After retiring in 1803, Derzhavin spent a lot of time on the Zvanka estate (Novgorod province).

Among his immortal works are “Felitsa”, “Gratitude to Felitsa”, “To Rulers and Judges”, “Confession”, “Monument”. “On the birth of a porphyritic process in the North”, “Waterfall”, “Invitation to dinner”. “On the death of Prince Meshchersky”, “The Key”. Ode “God”, “Vision of Murza”, “Snigir”, ode-poem “Eugene. Zvanskaya’s life.”

Ode (from Greek means “song”) is a poem of a solemn nature in honor of a person or event. It glorifies the power of Russian weapons; Affirms high civic ideals: service to the Motherland; Satirical orientation: sharp criticism of nobles, whose lives the poet knew well.

The ode "Felitsa", which praised Catherine II, was published in 1783. Derzhavin's poem moved the empress to tears and as a reward the poet was sent a golden snuffbox studded with diamonds with five hundred chervonets. The Latin word is felix, happy.

Assignment Read the poem “Confession”. Why did the autocrats refuse the service of the most honest, most intelligent and conscientious person? He couldn’t pretend, he was sincere; He spoke the bitter truth to the nobles; Admits shortcomings; I am sure there is nothing to condemn him for.

Merits of G.R. Derzhavin Russian lyric poetry began with him. “High calm” has been replaced by simple, clear, vernacular. The content of the poems was the feelings and experiences of the lyrical hero. Rapprochement literary language with the vernacular. A mixture of “high” and “low” (ode - “blurt”, “imagined”, “vanity”)

Assignment The poet dared to dream of freedom under conditions of autocracy. This dream resulted in just four lines. Read the poem "Bird". What does this quatrain make you think about?

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) Monument to Olonets Governor G.R. Derzhavin in the Governor’s Park of Petrozavodsk. Monument to Gabriel Derzhavin in the Lyadsky Garden of Kazan. G. R. Derzhavin at the Monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” in Veliky Novgorod.

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The presentation on the topic “Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: MHC. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 12 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich

Completed by: IFF 2-10th grade student Anastasia Shemeneva Scientific director: Stepanova I.A.

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The problem underlying the work:

G.R. Derzhavin is a poet and statesman, one of the most prominent personalities of the 18th century. The purpose of my work was to study the problem of the writer and the era. The source base of the work is the autobiographical “Notes” of Derzhavin, which reflects life path Derzhavin the poet and the character of the era. Khodasevich’s novel “Derzhavin” and Mikhailov’s novel were used as additional sources.

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Derzhavin is a poet and statesman of the era of enlightenment.

On November 24, 1873, a solemn opening ceremony of the monument to Catherine II took place in St. Petersburg. Under the roar of the cannons of the Peter and Paul Fortress and bell ringing The figure of the empress appeared before those gathered, and at her feet were nine companions who glorified her reign. Among them is Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin. We know G.R. Derzhavin, first of all, as the recognized first Russian lyricist of the 18th century, who dared to mix and confuse all styles, who dared to speak “with the language of the heart” and “speak the truth to kings with a smile.”

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But the poet himself considered himself entitled to respect not so much for his poetic activity as for his good aspirations for public service. None of the writers rose to such ranks or held such high positions as Derzhavin: governor of the Olonets and Tambov provinces, secretary of state under Catherine II, senator, state treasurer, minister of justice. And he achieved everything without a great education, without noble relatives, without connections. The 18th century is the century of Enlightenment, a time of significant successes in Russian statehood and Russian culture. The era of Peter I and Catherine II, who are the embodiment of the idea of ​​absolute monarchical power. Radishchev called this century “crazy” and “wise.” This is the century of the development of classicism in Russian art, inseparable from the ideas of educating man and transforming the world in accordance with the requirements of reason, promoting the idea of ​​serving the individual to society and the state. The art of classicism was intended to cultivate citizenship and good morals in a person.

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“I fell, I rose in my age.” "Notes" of Derzhavin.

One of the poets of our region, Valentik, in a poem dedicated to the 260th anniversary of Derzhavin’s birth, will say about him: “Power is in name and gender! And in the poetic breed he held his sovereign step, the Russian flag of Poetry.” Thoughts about the public good, the need to honestly fulfill one’s duty and serve the Motherland, were repeatedly heard in Derzhavin’s autobiographical “Notes,” written by him in 1811-1813. I note that the author writes about himself mainly in the third person – “he”, and only sometimes, in moments of great excitement, he strays into “I”.

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In my work, I want to dwell on some pages of this book, which most clearly, in my opinion, reveal Derzhavin’s character: self-esteem, decisiveness, directness in dealing with strongmen of the world this, love of truth and at the same time hot temper and ardor, reluctance and inability to obey. The cult of honest service to society, the state, and the state permeates all the works of G.R. Derzhavin, Derzhavin-power-power. It seems that the poet’s surname is a pseudonym, so clearly does it fit into the ideology of classicism.

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When you read the first chapters of the Notes, you involuntarily discover many similarities in the fate of young Derzhavin with the fate of Pushkin’s well-known hero, Pyotr Grinev. They are almost the same age, close in origin, family traditions. Do you remember the episode from " The captain's daughter“When Petrusha Grinev loses at cards and, despite Savelich’s dissatisfaction, repays the debt as a person living by the law of honor. During his service, Derzhavin was generally very addicted to cards, and sometimes he lost, but he never “tried to win back money through some kind of coup or to get money through deceptions, lies and empty assurances about payment; but he always kept his word sacred, and observed fidelity, justice and affection in every case.” Derzhavin - witnessed the Russian event history XVIII centuries – peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. He, like Pushkin’s hero, found himself at the epicenter of events and could probably repeat Grinev’s words about the Pugachev rebellion “senseless and merciless.”

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Derzhavin and Catherine II.

In 1791, Derzhavin was appointed secretary of Catherine II. Palace life flowed according to its own special laws. The climate of the court was often determined by the favorites of the empress, who were ready to do anything to please their personal interests. As for Derzhavin, he often became “disliked” by many nobles because of his official zeal. Derzhavin saw the life of the court with his own eyes, and his idea of ​​Catherine II changed. The first meeting with Catherine stunned him, but later he changes his opinion about her. This did not mean, of course, that Derzhavin ceased to see her as an “enlightened monarch”; simply, in Derzhavin’s view, she loses the features of exclusivity, ceases to be an unearthly being.

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Assessment of Derzhavin’s personality and activities in Khodasevich’s novel “Derzhavin”.

Khodasevich’s novel “Derzhavin” was written in 1931. Its author is a poet " silver age" Khodasevich sees the main advantage of Derzhavin as a poet in the fact that he was able to “express his personality as it was, to paint his portrait alive and truthful, not distorted by a conventional pose and not constrained by classical drapery.” Khodasevich managed to find new approach to depict the poet’s life without resorting to expanding the factual material. “A biographer is not a novelist. It is given to him to explain and illuminate, but not to invent,” he emphasizes in the preface to the novel.

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The principle of narration chosen by the writer in criticism is called the “principle of psychological decoding.” Outlining known facts biography of Derzhavin, Khodasevich tries to psychologically motivate the actions of the characters. In addition, Derzhavin’s characteristics and assessments of his activities in the public sphere are scattered throughout the novel: “driven by philanthropy,” “fan of the Law,” “he was straight in mind and simple in soul,” “stubborn and straightforward.” Khodasevich’s novel essentially ends with an interpretation of the ode “On Corruption,” written two days before his death. The poem is not finished, it is an acrostic: from the first letters of the poetic lines the expression “RUIN HONOR” is formed. What does this mean? And what could the continuation be? It seems that in this poem Derzhavin abandons the idea that history and poetry (“Sounds of the lyre and trumpet”) are capable of conquering time. But we remember that the idea of ​​poetic immortality is harnessed in Derzhavin’s poem “Monument”. For Khodasevich, who survived the upheaval of the revolution and felt like a poet of a bygone era, Derzhavin’s poetic testament became a reason to reflect on his own fate.

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Conclusion.

One day G.R. Derzhavin wrote an epitaph for himself: “Here lies Derzhavin, who supported justice, but, suppressed by untruth, sang in defense of the laws.” Derzhavin remained true to his principle throughout his life: justice is above all. Working with “Notes” by G.R. Derzhavin and Khodasevich’s novel gave me the opportunity to more deeply feel Derzhavin as a person. The era plays a significant role in the activity and life of any person, and in Derzhavin’s biography his time, the 18th century, was reflected with all its positive and negative sides.

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Bibliography:

Derzhavin G.R. "Notes", Moscow, 2000. Khodasevich V.F. "Derzhavin", Moscow, 1988. Blagoy D.D. “History of Russian literature of the 18th century”, Moscow, 1946. Gusev V. “Power and tragedy of the “old man”” / Scientific materials international conference dedicated to the 260th anniversary of the poet’s birth. Pashkurov L.K., Kazan, 2003

• In the manuscript section of the Saltykov-Shchedrin library, the figure of Gavrila Romanovich appears slightly to the side, holding a sheet of paper in his hands. It is here, fifty steps from the monument - on the shelves of the library - that almost the entire archive of the Russian poet is stored. In high-quality leather bindings there are 39 volumes of his manuscripts. Papers, papers, papers... Plain, lined, with watermarks in the form of coats of arms and monograms.

• G.R. Derzhavin was born in July 1743 in the Kazan province. His parents - Roman Nikolaevich and Fekla Andreevna - were poor nobles. Derzhavin's father served in the army and the family often had to move due to his military transfers. In 1754, Roman Nikolaevich retired and died. Caring for the children and the household fell on Fekla Andreevna’s shoulders.

• A good education at that time was practically inaccessible to the children of poor provincial nobles. So Derzhavin, until the age of 16, received fragmentary knowledge from random teachers. From 1759 to 1762 he studied at the Kazan gymnasium. For his success, he was enrolled in the engineering corps, but due to confusion with papers, he ended up as a soldier in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment. Soon, together with the regiment, he became a participant in the coup that replaced Peter III on the Russian throne with Catherine II. Due to poverty, Derzhavin's career progress was slow and only in 1772 was he promoted to ensign. His first minor successes in poetry date back to the same period.

• In 1773, the rebellion led by Pugachev assumed proportions that were dangerous for the state. To suppress the uprising, Catherine II entrusted the leadership of the troops to General A.I. Bibikov. Derzhavin, realizing that he had no other chances to advance in his career, achieved an appointment with Bibikov to the investigative commission. During the suppression of the rebellion, Derzhavin showed himself to be a brave and energetic officer, but his inability to please his superiors led to him being passed over for awards.

• The Derzhavin villages were devastated during the uprising, and even Gavrila Romanovich had the imprudence to act as guarantor for his friend, Lieutenant Maslov, whose debts began to be demanded from Derzhavin. Winning forty thousand rubles at cards saved the day. Derzhavin’s attempts to achieve a well-deserved reward ended with his dismissal from the civil service with the rank of collegiate adviser and the receipt of 300 peasants in Belarus. This was negligible compared to other officers who served worse than Derzhavin. During these years, Gavrila Romanovich, as a poet, moved from translations to creativity, and his poetic style began to be defined.

• Having found patronage from Prince Vyazemsky, Derzhavin in 1777 entered service in the Senate. The following year he married Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon (1760-1794). By this time, financial affairs had improved and, in addition to the Senate salary, Derzhavin had more than a thousand peasant souls. In 1780, Gavrila Romanovich received the rank of state councilor. The ode "Felitsa", which praised Catherine II, was published in 1783. Derzhavin's poem moved the empress to tears and as a reward the poet was sent a gold snuffbox studded with diamonds with five hundred ducats.

• The conflict with Vyazemsky, who hid state revenues, led to Derzhavin’s resignation from the Senate service, but since 1784, by the will of Catherine II, he was appointed governor of the Olonets region. The struggle for legitimacy with the governor-general Tutolmin ended in the defeat of Derzhavin, who did not spend a year in this post. A new appointment followed - as Tambov governor. Derzhavin managed to do a lot to educate the Tambov region, but attempts to defend justice and unwillingness to “get along” with the highest nobles led to his removal from office in 1788. During the years spent as governor, G.R. Derzhavin’s poetic fame increased.

• First wife of G.R. Derzhavin
• Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon (1760-1794)

• In an effort to limit the power of the Senate, Catherine II in 1791 appointed Derzhavin as her cabinet secretary with the task of identifying violations of the law in Senate documents. But even in this post, his character remained the same: not pleasing the empress, Derzhavin was dismissed from office in 1793 and appointed senator. Given the small role played by the Senate, this was a sign of disfavor. Being awarded the Order of Vladimir II degree and being awarded the rank of Privy Councilor was little consolation. And in the Senate, Gavrila Romanovich made many enemies for himself with his love of truth.

• In 1794, Derzhavin’s wife, Ekaterina Yakovlevna, died. In 1795, Gavrila Romanovich married a second time, to Daria Alekseevna Dyakova (1767-1842). Dyakova’s sisters, Alexandra and Maria, were married to two other poets of that time, Vasily Vasilyevich Kapnist and Nikolai Aleksandrovich Lvov, with whom Derzhavin was connected not only by family relations, but also by friendship.

• Daria Alekseevna Dyakova (1767-1842), wife of G.R. Derzhavin

• During the reign of Paul I, Derzhavin held the positions of ruler of the Senate Chancellery and state treasurer. After Alexander I came to power, Gavrila Romanovich in 1802-1803. was the Minister of Justice. After retiring in 1803, Derzhavin spent a lot of time on the Zvanka estate (Novgorod province), purchased in 1797 with Daria Alekseevna’s dowry. While on vacation, the poet began working on a collection of his works, the first four volumes of which were published in 1808. Derzhavin participated in the work of Beseda, a society of lovers of Russian literature. In 1815, the poet took an exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and was moved while listening to Pushkin.
• Derzhavin died in July 1816 on the Zvanka estate in Novgorod and was buried in St. Petersburg.

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Presentation on the topic: G.R. Derzhavin

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G. R. Derzhavin, poet and statesman (1743-1816) Oh Russia! O generous race! O stony chest! O giant, obedient to the king! When and where could I reach you worthy of glory? What is the poet openly proud of? What are you excited about? How do you understand the meaning of the question in Derzhavin’s poem?

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Born in Kazan, he spent his childhood there. Since 1762 he has served in St. Petersburg, in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, first as a soldier, and since 1772 as an officer. In 1776−1777 he participated in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. Literary and public fame came to Derzhavin in 1782, after writing the ode “Felitsa”, which praises Empress Catherine II. Derzhavin was appointed governor of the Olonets province, and from 1785 - Tambov province. In both cases, Derzhavin’s attempts to restore order and fight corruption lead to conflicts with the local elite, and in 1789 he returned to the capital, where he occupied various high administrative positions.

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But fame came to him only in 1783, after the appearance of his famous “Ode to Felice” addressed to Catherine II (from the Latin word meaning “happiness”). He combined two different types of poetry in his “Ode to Felitsa” and created an unprecedented work - an ode-satire. At the same time, in “Ode to Felitsa,” instead of the abstract, conventional and odic “singer,” a living personality of the author emerges, endowed with autobiographical features. All this became a genuine literary revolution. Under Derzhavin’s pen, high odic poetry came closer to life and became simpler. Catherine, flattered by Derzhavin’s ode, returned him to service. He reached the highest government positions - senator, state treasurer, minister of justice. IN official activities The poet, along with ups, has many rapid downs. For example, he was removed from the post of governor and put on trial. The Empress, having appointed the poet as her personal secretary, soon fired him. Paul I put Derzhavin into disgrace, and Alexander I in 1803 finally removed him from government affairs.

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All this time, Derzhavin did not leave the literary field, creating the odes “God” (1784), “Thunder of Victory, Ring Out!” (1791, unofficial Russian anthem), “Nobleman” (1794), “Waterfall” (1798) and many others. In 1803, Derzhavin retired and settled in St. Petersburg and his estate “Zvanka” in the Novgorod province. IN last years his life focuses on literary activity. He was buried in the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod.

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What is ode? ODA (from Greek ode - song), a genre of lyric poetry and music; solemn, pathetic, glorifying works. As a choral song, the ode originated in antiquity (Pindar); in the 16th-18th centuries. the genre of high lyricism (for example, Voltaire, G. R. Derzhavin). From the 17th century also a vocal-instrumental piece of music written on the occasion of certain events, glorifying an idea or personality.

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Derzhavin develops the traditions of Russian classicism, being a successor to the traditions of Lomonosov and Sumarokov. For him, the purpose of a poet is to glorify great deeds and censure bad ones. In the ode “Felitsa” he glorifies the enlightened monarchy, which is personified by the reign of Catherine II. The smart, fair empress is contrasted with the greedy and selfish court nobles: You are the only one who does not offend, You do not offend anyone, You see through foolishness, Only you do not tolerate evil...

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His age was predominantly material, greedy for the pleasures and joys of fast-paced life, rude, wasteful and riotous, combining innocence, courage and worldly savvy. Derzhavin's last poem fully expressed his poetic self and the spirit of the times: The river of times in its rush carries away all the affairs of people and drowns peoples, kingdoms and kings in the abyss of oblivion. And if anything remains Through the sounds of the lyre and trumpet, It will be devoured by the mouth of eternity And the common fate will not leave.

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The poem “To Rulers and Judges” is equally sharp, where the poet calls on heavenly thunder to burst over the heads of “earthly gods” - not only princes and nobles, but also the kings themselves. Derzhavin became one of the founders of civil poetry - the predecessor of Radishchev, Pushkin, and the Decembrist poets. At the same time, Derzhavin’s poems vividly reflected the heroism of his time and the brilliant victories of Russian weapons. What he valued most in a person was the greatness of civil and patriotic feat. In the victorious odes “To the Capture of Izmail”, “To the Victories in Italy”, “To the Crossing of the Alpine Mountains” Derzhavin glorifies not only the wonderful Russian commanders Rumyantsev and especially Suvorov, but also Russian soldiers - “in the light of the first fighters”. In spirit you are invincible, In heart you are simple, in feeling you are kind, You are quiet in happiness, cheerful in misfortune... - he addresses the “valiant” Russian people in one of his later poems dedicated to Patriotic War 1812 Derzhavin, one of the first of the odopist poets, vividly and figuratively recreates privacy and the life of his era, gives colorful pictures of nature (“Invitation to Dinner”, etc.).

Slide no. 10

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The main object of Derzhavin’s poetics is man, as a unique individuality in all the richness of personal tastes and preferences. Many of his odes are of a philosophical nature, they discuss the place and purpose of man on earth, the problems of life and death: I am the connection of worlds existing everywhere, I am the extreme degree of matter; I am the center of the living, the initial feature of the deity; I decay with my body in dust, I command thunder with my mind, I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am a god! But, being so wonderful, when did I come from? - unknown: But I couldn’t be myself. Ode "God", (1784)

Slide no. 11

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Derzhavin creates a number of examples of lyrical poems in which the philosophical tension of his odes is combined with an emotional attitude to the events described. In the poem “The Snigir” (1805), Derzhavin mourns the death of Suvorov: Why are you starting a war song like a flute, dear bullfinch? Who will we go to war with against Hyena? Who is our leader now? Who is the hero? Where is the strong, brave, fast Suvorov? Severn thunder lies in the grave.

Slide no. 12

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Before his death, Derzhavin begins to write an ode to the RUIN OF HONOR, from which only the beginning has reached us: The river of times in its rush carries away all the affairs of people and drowns peoples, kingdoms and kings in the abyss of oblivion. And if anything remains Through the sounds of the lyre and trumpet, It will be devoured by the mouth of eternity And the common fate will not leave!

Slide no. 13

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Derzhavin boldly spoke out against abuses and lawlessness in his poems. “It is the poet’s duty to broadcast the truth to the world,” he declared. Having become convinced during personal communication with Catherine that the image of the queen created in “Ode to Felitsa” was idealized, he refused to write poems of praise to her. In the wonderful satirical ode “The Nobleman,” the poet ridicules the “gilded dirt” that is proud only of the coats of arms of its ancestors: A donkey will remain a donkey, Although you shower him with stars; Where he should act with his mind, He only flaps his ears.

Slide no. 14

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Slide no. 15

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In May 1784, Catherine II signed a decree appointing actual state councilor Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin to the post of ruler of the newly formed Olonets governorship. A short stay as the first Olonets governor (mid-September 1784 - October 1785) gave G.R. Derzhavin the opportunity to put into practice his views on power: “not to bend before the throne, to stand and speak the truth.” Portrait of the poet G.R. Derzhavina. Artist S. Tonchi

Slide no. 16

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Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin in 1785 became the first governor of the newly created Olonets province and lived in Petrozavodsk for a little over a year. But during this time he managed to do a lot: he founded a hospital, established a new city of Kem on the shores of the White Sea, and made a long summer trip around northern Karelia. He traveled a lot around our region, visited Pudozh, Povenets, Kemi. He recorded his observations in his diary “Day Note”.

Slide no. 17

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The ode was first published in 1798. In 1791, the outstanding statesman, commander and favorite of Catherine II, Prince G. A. Potemkin, died. Soon after this the poem was begun. The first edition of the ode (it has not reached us) consisted of 15 stanzas, but Derzhavin, who worked on it for a very long time, brought it to 74 stanzas. The completion of the final edition of “Waterfall” dates back to the end of 1794.

Slide no. 18

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In the summer of 1785, G.R. Derzhavin himself went to survey the Olonets region. He traveled by boat and on horseback for about two thousand kilometers. During this difficult and dangerous journey, a diary was kept - a daily note, the original of which is kept in St. Petersburg. This note contains valuable information for understanding the life of our region in the 18th century: the first description of the Kivach waterfall, provincial and district cities, the originality of Karelian culture and language is noted, the first description of the “five-string gusli” is given - the Karelian kantele, talks about the northern Old Believers, etc. .d. The time of G.R. Derzhavin’s stay in Petrozavodsk and Karelia is firmly etched in the poet’s memory. The famous ode “Waterfall”, which is the beginning of the Karelian theme in Russian poetry, the poem “Storm”, and the libretto of the opera “Miners” are closely associated with our region. The question quite legitimately arises about what the poet wrote directly in Karelia. In Petrozavodsk, he wrote only one poem, “To one who trusts in his own strength,” dedicated to his tense relationship with the Arkhangelsk and Olonets governor-general T.I. Tutolmin. Here, in 1785, he began working on the poem “Immortality of the Soul,” which he completed only in 1796. On December 15, 1785, Catherine II issued a decree appointing G.R. Derzhavin as ruler of the Tambov governorship.

Slide no. 19

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Slide no. 20

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The first stop on the way, the Kivach waterfall on the Suna River, is especially etched in Derzhavin’s memory. It was formed in time immemorial, when the Suna gradually eroded its clay-sand bed until four rocks made of strong stone were exposed. The water, rolling over them, began to deepen the softer bed, and over time, four high steps were created from which the foaming river collapses. Kivach then presented a much more impressive sight. Nowadays it has become shallow, because more than half of the water is used through a special canal for a hydroelectric power station built nearby.

Slide description:

“Waterfall” Almazna mountain pours down from the heights with four rocks, Abyss and silver pearls Boils below, shoots up in mounds; From the splashes the blue hill stands, In the distance the roar in the forest thunders... It makes noise, and in the middle of the dense forest It gets lost in the wilderness then; A ray through the stream sparkles quickly; Under the unsteady arch of trees Covered as if in a dream, the waves flow quietly, Drawn by a milky river. Gray-haired foam along the banks Lies in mounds in the dark wilds; The knocking of hammers on the winds is heard, The squeal of saws and the groan of lifting bellows: O waterfall! in your mouth, everything is drowning in the abyss, in darkness!

Slide no. 23

Slide description:

The heroes of Derzhavin's odes and messages are real people from his inner circle, outstanding statesmen and writers - Potemkin, Shuvalov, Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Khrapovitsky, Lvov, Meshchersky, there are already portrait features, a living resemblance of faces and characters. Even “Waterfall” (1791-1794), which talks about the death of Potemkin (already sung during his lifetime in the ode to “Reshemysl”), turns from an ordinary ode to chance into a detailed philosophical reflection on the vicissitudes of fate, the role of a remarkable personality in history, the perishability of all earthly titles, ranks and wealth: Do we not see graves every day, Gray hairs of a decrepit universe? Do we not hear the voice of death in the chiming of the clock, or the creaking of underground doors? Doesn't the king and friend of kings fall from his throne into this mouth? The painting of this poem, the grandiose picture of the famous waterfall, is far from the abstract landscape of the classicist ode. Next to the gifted statesman Potemkin we see the famous commander P. Rumyantsev. There is a place for personal feelings and thoughts here.

Slide no. 26

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Materials used http://russia.rin.ru/pictures/5120.jpg - slides 5,13 http://ref.zeyn.ru/images/05_06.jpg - slide 2 http://pushkin.niv.ru/ images/people/derzavin_g_r.jpg -slide16 http://writerstob.narod.ru/images/derjavin.jpg -slide13 http://www.tourblogger.ru/blog/ostrova.html- slide 12 http://karelia- turizm.ru/development/kivach - Kivach http://heninen.net/kivatsu/ - Kivach http://ptzonline.ru/blog/map_karelia/847.html - slide 22 http://tvil.ru/entity/attractions /view/5526 -slide 25 http://www.museum-online.ru/Romanticism/Ivan_Konstantinovich_Aivazovsky/Canvas/1377 -storm http://levkonoe.dreamwidth.org/2010/07/13/ -storm http:// socialism-vk.livejournal.com/1351645.html -Suvorov http://www.suvorov.velchel.ru/ -Suvorov http://varvar.ru/arhiv/texts/morozov5.html -Potemkin http://az. lib.ru/d/derzhawin_g_r/ -sl1 http://www.megabook.ru/DescriptionImage.asp?MID=460474&AID=628724- –slide15