Noun, m., used. compare often Morphology: (no) what? gas and gas, what? gas, (see) what? gas, what? gas, about what? about gas and on gas; pl. What? gases, (no) what? gases, why? gases, (I see) what? gases, what? gases, about what? about gases 1. Gas is... ... Dictionary Dmitrieva
COLORLESS- COLORLESS, colorless, colorless; colorless, colorless, colorless. 1. Having no color, coloring. Colorless gas. 2. transfer Dull, unremarkable, unoriginal. Colorless style. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
colorless- oh, oh; ten, tna, tno. 1. Without color, pronounced color. B. gas. Used liquid. B. varnish. Used eyes, hair. B o face. 2. Devoid of originality, expressiveness; nothing special, ordinary. B. story. Bth role. Second life. ◁… … encyclopedic Dictionary
colorless- oh, oh; ten, tna, tno. see also colorless, colorless 1) Having no color, pronounced color. Colorless gas. Used liquid. Clear varnish. B y... Dictionary of many expressions
Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide Gas- a colorless gas formed in tissues as a result of metabolism and transported through the bloodstream to the lungs, from where it is exhaled during breathing (increasing the concentration of this gas in the blood stimulates the breathing process). In small quantities carbon dioxide... ... Medical terms
Carbon monoxide- Carbon monoxide General Systematic name Carbon monoxide Chemical formula... Wikipedia
Laughing gas- Nitric oxide(I) General Systematic name Nitric oxide(I) Chemical formula N2O Rel. molecular mass 44 a. e.m... Wikipedia
Swamp gas or methane- (also methyl hydrogen, formene) saturated hydrocarbon of composition CH4, the first member of the series СnН2n+n, one of the simplest carbon compounds around which all the others are grouped and from which they can be produced through the substitution of atoms... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Carbon dioxide- Carbon dioxide Other names carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, dry ice (solid) Formula CO2 Molar ... Wikipedia
STO Gazprom 5.12-2008: Natural flammable gas. Determination of sulfur-containing components by chromatographic method- Terminology STO Gazprom 5.12 2008: Natural flammable gas. Determination of sulfur-containing components by chromatographic method: carbonyl sulfide COS: A toxic, colorless gas sometimes present in HGP. Definitions of the term from various documents: ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Carbon dioxide- carbon dioxide (a. carbon dioxide; n. Kohlensaure, gasformige Kohlensaure, Kohlendioxyd; f. gaz carbonique; i. gas carbonico), carbonic anhydride (CO2). U. g. is a colorless gas with a slightly acidic taste and odor; density relative... ... Geological encyclopedia
Gases are perhaps the most dangerous toxic substances. Most of them are odorless and colorless, and therefore it is not immediately possible to recognize the effect of the substance. To avoid negative consequences, you need to know which gases are the most poisonous, the symptoms that occur when exposed to them, as well as first aid.
Among toxic substances, gases are the most insidious. Unlike liquids and solids, they spread throughout the volume of the room, and this distribution has no boundaries. Very often, poisonous gas has neither color nor odor; its presence can be the result of someone’s carelessness or malicious intent, and poisoning may not be recognized immediately. Knowledge of the characteristics of such poisons, compliance with safety regulations and civil defense standards, as well as the ability to provide first aid is the key to your safety.
The concepts of “poisonous gas” and “gas as a state of aggregation of matter” in physics and chemistry are somewhat different.
Thus, the first include various aerosols and volatile liquids, the evaporation temperature of which is within the limits of “comfortable” conditions for humans.
Such toxic substances can be classified in two ways - by purpose and principle of action.
Practical use
Oddly enough, most of these substances are not intended to poison anyone. They have completely legitimate applications and are actively used on the farm. So, according to the criterion of use, they can be divided into:
- (BOV);
- substances used in industry and everyday life;
- by-products of chemical reactions.
The first group includes the following gases and aerosols: hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride, mustard gas, sarin and a number of phosphorus compounds. The second includes chlorine, ammonia, and various disinfestation agents, and the third includes hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides (all of them are poisonous).
Operating principle
The toxicity of any substance manifests itself in different ways, and gases are no exception. The symptoms caused by toxic gas entering the body vary significantly. The following groups are distinguished according to the principle of action:
- nerve paralytic, that is, causing general or local paralysis;
- blisters that destroy the skin;
- suffocating;
- tear;
- psychotomimetic;
- irritating mucous membranes;
- general toxicity.
Some have complex effects on the body.
Characteristics of toxic substances
To distinguish toxic substances from each other, you should know their physical and Chemical properties. The probability of finding a substance in a particular place and its concentration are also of considerable importance. The possibility of death from the action of poisonous gas depends on the latter. The table list shows some of their properties.
| poisonous substance | chemical formula | physical properties | operating principle | lethal concentration |
| chlorine | Cl2 | yellow-green gas with a sweetish odor, heavier than air | asphyxiant, when inhaled into the lungs it forms hydrochloric acid | 6 mg/m3 |
| C4H10FO2P | Colorless and odorless liquid, volatile at 20 degrees | nerve gas | 70 mg/m3 per 1 minute of breathing | |
| mustard gas | C4H8Cl2S | Colorless liquid with a garlic or mustard odor | vesicant, destroys cell membranes; very aggressive | in any quantities |
| carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide (II), carbon monoxide | CO | toxic gas, colorless and odorless | general toxic, interferes with the supply of oxygen to organs | 29 mg/m3 |
| phosgene | COCl2 | colorless poisonous gas with the smell of rotten hay | suffocating | 4 mg/m3 |
| nitric oxide (IV) | NO | brown gas, industrial waste | asphyxiant, forms nitric acid in the lungs | 40 mg/m3 |
| hydrocyanic acid | HCN | colorless, evaporates at 26 degrees | general toxic, blocks the flow of oxygen into tissues | 11 mg/m3 |
| adamsite | C12H19AsClN | yellow powder, used as an aerosol | irritant to mucous membranes | 1 g per person |
| BZ | C21H23NO3 | colorless crystals, sprayable | psychomimetic BOV, causes acute psychosis with hallucinations | not detected, the effect is valid for 80 hours when taking 1 mg per person |
| bromobenzyl cyanide | C8H6BrN | colorless liquid | tear | 4 in 2 minutes |
| lewisite | C2H2AsCl3 | brown liquid with a strong geranium odor | vesicant and general toxic | 5-10 mg per kg of weight |
| hydrogen sulfide | H2S | gas with rotten egg odor | general toxic and nerve paralytic | 0,1% |
| cyanogen chloride | ClCN | colorless gas with a pungent odor | general toxic, similar to the action of hydrocyanic acid, penetrates the gas mask filter | 0.4 mg/l, death within 1 minute |
Where danger awaits
The category of chemical warfare agents includes substances such as sarin, mustard gas, phosgene, adamsite, cyanogen chloride, lewisite, hydrocyanic acid, chloroacetophenone, CS, CR, soman, VX, CX, diphenylcyanarsine, chloropicrin. They are included in the lists of prohibited use during combat operations, but, apparently, they are available in some military units. This is evidenced by the fact that in courses on civil defense and school life safety they still teach the skills of putting on a gas mask, and in military units - chemical protection suits (CHS). Antidotes to a number of chemical agents are included in military first aid kits.
Some of the chemical warfare agents have completely peaceful uses. For example:
- phosgene is used to produce dyes and polycarbonate;
- hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives - in the mining industry, in the production of plastics, as a herbicide;
Chlorine gas is used as a disinfectant, so barrels with a green stripe where it is stored are located at enterprises involved in centralized water supply.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small quantities by living organisms and is also formed during their decomposition. It has found its place in the chemical industry and medicine - hydrogen sulfide baths are one of the components of rehabilitation for certain diseases.
It is also produced at enterprises, and it is used for the production of mineral fertilizers and mixtures for gas generators. But in everyday life it is not needed and is by-product human activity. It is found in vehicle exhaust and is formed due to improper use of heating devices.
Release forms
The chapter with this title is dedicated to those who like to walk through abandoned factories, military units and go where you shouldn't. Before you pick apart a package with some letters and numbers, you should at least find out their decoding.
It must be said that it is not always the same. Different industries have adopted different labeling systems, and there is nothing to say about the standards of other countries. But poisons have one universal designation, and it looks like this:
There may not be a triangle, but a skull is a must when it comes to storage containers. There may also be warnings with the words “deadly” and “deadly.” Combat units may not contain it; after all, they are not created for decoration.
| BOV | Russian markings | American marking | release form | note |
| sarin | R-35 | G.B. | metal barrels and containers for use the size of a thermos, glass beads | sometimes you can find the name T-144 and T-46 (trilon) |
| soman | R-55 | G.D. | similar barrels and shells | |
| vi-gas | VR | VX-GAS | barrels, shells | used as a pesticide |
| hydrocyanic acid | usually write the chemical formula | A.C. | various plastic containers and other neutral materials | used as a means of deratization |
| cyanogen chloride | used in industry, write the name and formula | CK | large tanks, under pressure | pesticide and paint product |
| cyanogen bromide | similar to cyanogen chloride | in dry form (powder), as it is explosive | ||
| phosgene | R-10 | C.G. | barrels and cylinders | |
| diphosgene | D.P. | tanks and cylinders – only intermediate containers | used in the production of phosgene | |
| mustard gas | R-5, VR-16 | H, HD, VV | barrels and shells of different sizes | |
| nitrogen mustard | HN | barrels, shells | ||
| lewisite | R-43 | L | barrels, tanks | used for production |
| diphenylchloroarsine | DA | in the First World War it was used in bombs, barrels and gas engines | another name: Clark I | |
| adamsite | R-15 | DM | barrels | possibly lying at the bottom of the Baltic Sea |
| lilac | lilac | C.S. | spray cans | available for free sale |
| dibenzoxazepine | algogen | CR | spray cans | sold in stores as personal protective equipment |
| chloroacetophenone | bird cherry | CN | cylinders, spray cans, smoke bombs | |
| bromobenzyl cyanide | kamit | C.A. | not applied since World War I | |
| chloropicrin | nitrochloroform | plastic container | agricultural pesticide, poison | |
| BZ | R-78 | BZ | powder; application – via aerosol generator | exists in the form of aviation cassettes |
If you're unlucky
In most cases, gas poisoning is an exceptional event. In the old days, people lived with stove heating, and this happened more often; Later, when chemical agents found their way into warfare, such poisonings became a problem, and by now most countries have ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. But an agreement is one thing, and practice is quite another. People continue to die due to various circumstances.
If you come into contact with a poisonous gas, you should be alert to one of the following signs:
If you find any signs in yourself, consult a doctor immediately; Some gases can paralyze you in a relatively short time.
Timely administration of an antidote and first aid will allow you to save your life and at least some remnants of health.
Definition
Natural gas is a mineral in a gaseous state. It is used widely as a fuel. But natural gas itself is not used as a fuel; its components are separated from it for separate use.
Composition of natural gas
Up to 98% of natural gas is methane; it also includes methane homologues - ethane, propane and butane. Sometimes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and helium may be present. This is the composition of natural gas.
Physical properties
Natural gas is colorless and odorless (if it does not contain hydrogen sulfide), it is lighter than air. Flammable and explosive.
Below are more detailed properties of natural gas components.
Properties of individual components of natural gas (consider the detailed composition of natural gas)
Methane(CH4) is a colorless, odorless gas, lighter than air. It is flammable, but can still be stored fairly easily.
Ethane(C2H6) is a colorless, odorless and colorless gas, slightly heavier than air. Also flammable, but not used as fuel.
Propane(C3H8) is a colorless, odorless gas, poisonous. It has a useful property: propane liquefies under low pressure, which makes it easy to separate it from impurities and transport it.
Butane(C4H10) – its properties are similar to propane, but has a higher density. Twice as heavy as air.
Carbon dioxide(CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas with an acidic taste. Unlike other components of natural gas (except helium), carbon dioxide does not burn. Carbon dioxide is one of the least toxic gases.
Helium(He) is colorless, very light (the second lightest gas, after hydrogen), colorless and odorless. Extremely inert, with normal conditions does not react with any of the substances. Does not burn. It is not toxic, but at elevated pressure it can cause narcosis, like other inert gases.
Hydrogen sulfide(H2S) is a colorless heavy gas with a rotten egg odor. Very poisonous, even at very low concentrations it causes paralysis of the olfactory nerve.
Properties of some other gases that are not part of natural gas, but have applications close to the use of natural gas
Ethylene(C2H4) – Colorless gas with a pleasant odor. Its properties are similar to ethane, but differs from it in lower density and flammability.
Acetylene(C2H2) is an extremely flammable and explosive colorless gas. Can explode under strong compression. It is not used in everyday life due to the very high risk of fire or explosion. The main application is in welding work.
Application
Methane used as fuel in gas stoves.
Propane and butane– as fuel in some cars. Lighters are also filled with liquefied propane.
Ethane It is rarely used as a fuel; its main use is to produce ethylene.
Ethylene is one of the most produced organic matter in the world. It is a raw material for the production of polyethylene.
Acetylene used to create very high temperature in metallurgy (verification and cutting of metals). Acetylene It is very flammable, therefore it is not used as fuel in cars, and even without this, its storage conditions must be strictly observed.
Hydrogen sulfide, despite its toxicity, is used in small quantities in the so-called. hydrogen sulfide baths. They use some of the antiseptic properties of hydrogen sulfide.
Main useful property helium is its very low density (7 times lighter than air). Balloons and airships are filled with helium. Hydrogen is even lighter than helium, but at the same time flammable. They are very popular among children air balloons, inflated with helium.
Toxicity
Carbon dioxide. Even large amounts of carbon dioxide have no effect on human health. However, it prevents the absorption of oxygen when the content in the atmosphere is from 3% to 10% by volume. At such a concentration, suffocation and even death begin.
Helium. Helium is completely non-toxic under normal conditions due to its inertness. But with high blood pressure it occurs initial stage anesthesia similar to the effects of laughing gas*.
Hydrogen sulfide. The toxic properties of this gas are great. With prolonged exposure to the sense of smell, dizziness and vomiting occur. The olfactory nerve is also paralyzed, so there is an illusion of the absence of hydrogen sulfide, but in fact the body simply no longer senses it. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning occurs at a concentration of 0.2–0.3 mg/m3; concentrations above 1 mg/m3 are fatal.
Combustion process
All hydrocarbons, when fully oxidized (excess oxygen), release carbon dioxide and water. For example:
CH4 + 3O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
In case of incomplete (lack of oxygen) - carbon monoxide and water:
2CH4 + 6O2 = 2CO + 4H2O
With even less oxygen, finely dispersed carbon (soot) is released:
CH4 + O2 = C + 2H2O.
Methane burns with a blue flame, ethane is almost colorless, like alcohol, propane and butane are yellow, ethylene is luminous, carbon monoxide is light blue. Acetylene is yellowish and smokes heavily. If you have a home gas stove and instead of the usual blue flame you see a yellow one - you know, this is methane being diluted with propane.
Notes
Helium, unlike any other gas, does not exist in a solid state.
Laughing gas is the trivial name for nitrous oxide N2O.
Comments and additions to the article are in the comments.