Butterfly size 24 mm. A butterfly with fast flight, almost never opens its wings when at rest. The underside of the hind wings is dark yellow. The forewings are lighter in color, lemon in males and white in females. The undersides of these wings are lemon or white with light spots in a dark edging. When at rest, the butterfly folds its wings.
This jaundice is found in European and Asian regions with temperate and warmer climates, migrating north in spring and summer in search of suitable plants. Inhabits flowering meadows, as well as alfalfa and clover fields. There are usually two generations per year. The caterpillars develop in late summer, overwinter, and continue to grow in the spring. In general, they grow for a long time - eight months. Forage plant alfalfa, vetch and other legumes. The butterfly flies in May-September. The caterpillar hibernates. It rarely flies to the UK in summer.
Meadow jaundice appearance similar to many species of white moths, which can only be reliably distinguished by their caterpillars.
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Origin of the Latin nameSpreadingDevelopmentIt develops in two, sometimes three generations. Females lay 1-2 eggs on the underside of leaves or stems. The caterpillars appear after about a week, first skeletonize the leaves, then gnaw them from the edges. The caterpillars are slow, usually found in the middle tier of the grass stand. Having finished feeding, they pupate here on the stems. The caterpillars are found from June to autumn, overwinter under the litter or in the surface layer of soil and finish their development in the spring. Sometimes pupae overwinter. The flight of butterflies in the north is in July - August, and in the south - throughout summer period year (April - October). In some years, butterflies exhibit migratory mobility. Caterpillars feed on various legumes: mouse peas ( Vicia Cracca) and other types of wikis ( Vicia), knitting ( Coronilla), alfalfa ( Medicago), lardvenets ( Lotus), broom ( Cytisus), clover ( Trifolium) . ClassificationThe following subspecies of meadow jaundice are distinguished:
Write a review about the article "Meadow jaundice"NotesLiterature
Insects and mites are pests of agricultural crops. Volume III. Lepidoptera. Part 2. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1999. - pp. 235-236. - 216 p.An excerpt characterizing the meadow jaundiceHe extended his arms to her, not yet realizing that he would never be able to hug her again in this world, and it was unlikely that at that moment he understood anything at all... He just saw her again, which in itself was already absolutely incredible!.. And everything else didn’t matter to him now... But then Vesta appeared. She stared at her father in surprise and, suddenly understanding everything, screamed heartbreakingly: - Dad! Daddy... Daddy!!! - and threw herself on his neck... Or rather, she tried to throw herself... Because she, just like her mother, could no longer physically touch him in this world ever again. “Little fox... my baby... my joy...” the father repeated, still grasping the emptiness. – Don’t go, just please don’t go!... “Think, think, think!..” I shouted to myself almost out loud. And suddenly, as if in a bright flash, I very clearly saw a “picture” of my body glowing with a blinding green color, and my old “star friends” who, smiling, pointed to this green light... Apparently, somehow my “panicking “The brain managed to call them from somewhere, and now they tried to “tell me” in their own way what I should do. Without thinking for a long time, I closed my eyes and tried to concentrate, trying to mentally evoke a long-forgotten feeling... And literally a split second later everything “flashed” with the same amazingly bright green light that I had just seen in the “picture” shown by my friends. My body shone so strongly that it illuminated almost the entire room, along with the vile creatures swarming in it. I wasn't sure what to do next, but I felt that I had to direct this "light" (or rather, energy) towards all those squirming "horror creatures" in order to make them disappear from our sight as quickly as possible, and also from Without them, Arthur's life is quite complicated. The room flashed green, and I felt a very “thick” green beam burst out of my palms and headed straight to the target... Immediately I heard a wild screech, which turned into a real “otherworldly” howl... I almost had time to rejoice that finally everything would be good, and right now they will disappear forever, but, as it turned out, the “happy ending” was still a little far away... The creatures frantically clung with their claws and paws to the “dad” who was still waving his arms and the baby fighting them off, and so far they clearly weren’t going to give up. I realized that West would no longer be able to withstand the second “attack”, and thereby lose his only chance to talk to his father for the last time. But this is exactly what I couldn’t allow. Then I pulled myself together again and, with all my strength, “threw” green rays, now at all the “monsters” at the same time. Something loudly slammed... and there was complete silence. Finally, all the monster-like monsters disappeared somewhere, and we could allow ourselves to breathe freely... This was my first, still very “childish” war with real lower astral beings. And I can’t say that she was very pleasant or that I wasn’t scared at all. Now that we live in the twenty-first century literally “inundated” with computer games, we have become accustomed to everything and have almost completely ceased to be surprised by any kind of horror... And even small children, having become completely accustomed to the world of vampires, werewolves, murderers and rapists, themselves in the same way, they kill, cut, devour and shoot in delight, just in order to “go to the next level” of some beloved one computer game... And probably, if some real scary monster had appeared in their room at that moment, they would not have even thought of being scared, and without thinking, they would have calmly blamed everything on the special effects, holography, time travel, so familiar to them, etc., despite the fact that none of them have yet managed to experience the same “time travel” or other favorite “effects” in reality.
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Origin of the species and description
The yellow butterfly (Colias hyale) is a butterfly belonging to the white butterfly family (Pieridae). The moth has several other names: hyal jaundice (1758), small peat jaundice (1761), common jaundice. The genus includes more than 80 species.
Interesting fact: The Latin name Colias hyale is given to the insect in honor of the nymph Hyale. She was a devotee of the vegetation goddess Diana. Together they went hunting and relaxing on forest lakes. Their images in paintings decorate the halls of museums.
The species was first described by naturalist Carl Linnaeus.
Due to its wide distribution, there are many subspecies of the moth:
- colias hyale hyale - common in the CIS countries;
- colias hyale altaica - ;
- colias hyale irkutskana - lives in;
- colias hyale alta - Central Asia;
- colias hyale palidis - east;
- colias hyale novasinensis - .
Interesting fact: During his long voyage around the world, Charles Darwin became enraptured by the sight of these lovely creatures when a migrating population surrounded his ship and landed on it to rest.
Appearance and features
The moth is easily confused with insects of the genus whitefish. Only their caterpillars, whose colors are very different, will help dispel doubts. The caterpillars of this species are bright green in color. On the back there are yellow stripes and dark spots arranged in two rows.
Video: Yellow butterfly
The color of butterfly wings is yellow, sometimes green. The size of the front and rear wings differs, as does their color.
- the wingspan of the male is 5-6 centimeters;
- females are several millimeters smaller;
- the length of the male's forewing is 23-26 millimeters;
- the length of the female's forewing is 23-29 millimeters.
The upper side of the wings is usually yellow, the lower side is grayish. On the top of the front wing there is a dark sector with indistinct yellow spots. There are two black spots in the middle. On the hind wings there are orange discal spots, with double spots on top. The lower part is bright yellow.
The female is much lighter and her background is almost white, with yellow scales. The pattern is the same for both sexes. The front wings are shaped like a rectangle, the hind wings are round. They are bordered by pink fringe. The head is round, the eyes are shaped like a hemisphere and are a complex organ consisting of six thousand small lenses.
The antennae are club-shaped, black, thickened at the apex, and pink at the base. The limbs are well developed, each of them is used when walking. There are receptors on the paws. The abdomen is thin, tapering towards the edge. The chest is covered with long hairs.
Now you know what it looks like meadow yellow butterfly. Let's see where she lives.
Where does the yellow butterfly live?
The distribution range of the moth is very wide - Europe up to 65 degrees northern latitude. The insect prefers warm temperate climates.
In Russia it can be found in many regions, with the exception of the north:
- Gorno-Altai;
- European Central;
- Pribaikalsky;
- Tuvan;
- Volgo-Don;
- North Ural;
- European Northeast;
- Nizhnevolzhsky and others.
Can be found almost everywhere in the territory of Eastern Europe. In the east, near Polyarny, migrating individuals are often recorded. For a long time there was an opinion that the species does not live in the Ciscaucasia, but this has now been refuted. Insects do not fly to the Kola Peninsula and dry subzones.
Interesting fact: In southern Europe and the Caucasus there are twin species that even entomologists cannot distinguish - Coliashyale and Coliasalfacariensis. Adults have identical coloration and, when the caterpillar stage ends, it is not possible to determine the species.
What does the yellow butterfly eat?
Adults feed mainly on nectar, which they collect from the flowers of white sweet clover, sweet clover, broom, meadow clover, crescent alfalfa, alfalfa, multi-colored bobwhite, vetch (mouse pea), hypocrepsis, sweet clover, sainfoin, crested horseshoe and other legumes, rosaceae and cruciferous plants.
The caterpillars hatched from the eggs superficially eat the pulp of the leaves, leaving the veins behind. After the third instar, the larvae gnaw away the leaves from the edges, along with the skeleton. Before hibernation, caterpillars feed heavily for a month; in spring this period is 20-23 days.
The Marco Polo jaundice, named by Russian scientist Grigory Grum-Grzhimailo in honor of the Italian traveler, feeds on astragalus plants. Christophe's jaundice feeds on cushion-shaped plants. The Wiskott's jaundice selects slopes planted with acute wingweed. Peat jaundices feed on blueberry leaves.
Caterpillars mainly feed at night. The imago has taste buds on its paws that allow it to taste nectar. The elastic and movable proboscis allows you to penetrate into the depths of the flower to get nectar. Caterpillars of some species prefer to feed on the leaves of thorny plants.
Features of character and lifestyle
Moth summer in the southern regions occurs from April to October. Over the course of a year, 2-3 generations of insects may appear. First generation in regions with temperate climate flies from May to June, the second - July-August. Lepidoptera of both generations often fly simultaneously.
Butterflies are active only during the daytime. At rest, their wings are always folded behind their back, so it is extremely difficult to see the upper side of the wings. Individuals fly very quickly. At the end of spring and beginning of summer, insects travel to the northern regions to settle in places with a sufficient number of food plants.
Females are found much less frequently than males, due to their sedentary lifestyle. They fly very rarely, most of the time they sit in the grass. Their flight is uneven, fluttering, galloping. The peat jaundice spends almost all its time in the swamps. Males, despite their sedentary lifestyle, can be found far beyond their usual range during mass summer.
Maneuverable flight allows insects to cover considerable distances. Usually they do not rise higher than a meter from the ground. Life expectancy depends on the habitat. In favorable conditions it can be up to 10 months. Some types of jaundice live only from a few days to a couple of weeks.
Social structure and reproduction
Although the flight of lepidoptera occurs once per summer, two generations appear per year. On the wings of males there are special scales that release pheromones designed to attract females of the same species. These scales are located in clusters, forming spots.
During the day, partners look for each other to mate; they fly quickly and non-stop. After mating, the females fly in search of food plants for the caterpillars. They lay 1-2 eggs on the inside of leaves or on the stems of the plant. The eggs are spindle-shaped, with 26 or 28 ribs.
Immediately after laying, the egg is yellow in color, but by the time the caterpillar hatches it turns red. The larva appears on 7-8 days. The caterpillar is born green with pink spiracles about 1.6 mm long. The head is large, with white granules.
The summer generation develops in 24 days. Autumn larvae molt three times and go to winter. By this time they grow up to 8 mm. In Europe, caterpillars wrap themselves in leaves for the winter; in colder climates, they burrow into the ground.
By spring, the length of the larvae reaches 30 mm, they are covered with dark hairs. After the fifth instar, pupation occurs. Caterpillars cling to a stem or leaf with a silk thread. The pupa is also green, 20-22 mm long. In anticipation of the appearance of the butterfly, the pupa turns red.
Natural enemies of jaundice butterflies
For the most part, the enemies of caterpillars are insect predators that hunt them. Natural enemies adults are insects, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals.
Among them:
- wasp wasps;
- Hymenoptera;
- sfecida;
- dragonflies;
- ground beetles;
- ants;
- tahini flies;
- predator bugs;
- ladybugs;
- praying mantises;
- ktyri;
- large-headed;
Birds hunt larvae to feed their chicks. Some birds attack insects when they are resting, feeding or drinking water. Birds rub butterflies against trees to make the wings fly off, after which they eat only the abdomen. Southern birds grab lepidoptera in flight.
Population and species status
The number of peat jaundice is insignificant. In some areas, for example, in the Rivne Nature Reserve, at the height of summer 6-10 butterflies are recorded per hectare of habitat. At the caterpillar stage, insects cause significant damage to agricultural crops.
Some farmers use insecticides to control the larvae. This causes irreparable damage to the population. Peat extraction and drainage negatively affects the natural habitats of Lepidoptera; peat bogs are overgrown with trees and shrubs, which also leads to a decrease in numbers. Harvesting blueberries negatively affects the development of caterpillars.
IN Western Europe and some Central European countries over the 20th century, numbers fell to critical levels. In biotopes, under suitable conditions, the number of individuals can be stable. It is gradually decreasing.
Limiting factors include the isolation of individual populations, small areas of natural habitats, development of oligotrophic bogs, burning and development of raised bogs. In areas where individuals were found in isolated numbers, these factors led to a significant decline in the population or complete extinction.
Protection of jaundice butterflies
Despite the fact that the genus belongs to the category of pests, it is still listed and protected by environmental law. Hecla jaundice and golden jaundice are included in the Red Book of European Day Butterflies and are assigned the SPEC3 category. Peat jaundice is listed in category I and category II.
Many species have been listed in the Red Book former USSR. Species experiencing negative impact from the human side, they need additional measures of protection and monitoring of their condition, searching for populations in their habitats.
In Ukraine, peat jaundice is protected in several Polesie reserves. In areas with a high population, it is recommended to construct entomological reserves with the preservation of peat bogs in their natural state, which primarily concerns raised bogs.
In the event of drying out of swamps and adjacent forests, it is necessary to take measures to restore the hydrological regime. These include blocking reclamation canals intended for the outflow of water from swamps. Clear cutting of forests that does not damage the ground cover is permissible.
The species is protected on the territory of the Nechkinsky National Park and the Andreevsky Sosnovy Bor natural botanical reserve. No additional measures are required on the territory of protected areas. A set of standard measures focused on maintaining biodiversity is sufficient.
Yellow butterfly brings great benefits by promoting pollination and self-pollination of many plants. Any Natural resources ever run out and moths are no exception. Scientists have made many efforts to explore and protect the habitat of winged flowers, to preserve and increase their numbers.
By jaundice we mean a butterfly belonging to the white butterfly. She prefers to lead a predominantly diurnal lifestyle, so in the dark she hides in shelters. This species of lepidoptera became popular and notable when a population of individuals decided to stop on Charles Darwin's ship to rest during migration. Many representatives of the species are classified as pests because they cause damage to crops. They are protected by law and are listed in the Red Book.
Description
- Jaundices prefer to live in temperate climatic regions, be it Asia or European countries. In the vast expanses of our homeland, lepidoptera are found almost everywhere, with the only exception being the North. As for the habitat, these representatives of the family live in meadows with alfalfa and clover.
- The butterfly is awake during the daytime. The breed group under discussion has differences in gender. The wingspan does not exceed 5 cm, the length of the front wing is about 2.5 cm. The upper part of the females is orange, saturated, purple inclusions may be present. The edges are yellowish, there are black borders. In young animals there is pollination of a yellowish pigment along the edge of the wing.
- The anal zone, as well as the costal zone, is colored yellowish. The hind wings have a black marginal border. The background itself is orange, in the back the shade is brighter than on the rest of the body. The wings in the front part consist of two shades. The outer section is pigmented yellow-green, the middle section yellow-orange, and the outer section yellow-white.
- The hind wings of individuals of the breed group under discussion are pigmented greenish with a yellow tint. They have pollination of a black or so shade. The fringe section in the front corner is whitish, while in the back corner it is pinkish or pigmented in a similar shade. The wings of the front section in the upper part are painted orange with a reddish tint. There is a wide black border that can creep onto the costal edge. On this background there are about 6 yellow spots.
- The section of the basal part is pollinated with a yellowish or black pigment. The hind wings have several black stripes in the upper section. In the middle part there is an admixture of orange tone, the anal part is yellowish. The butterfly has yellow pigmented spots scattered throughout its body. They may be orange or greenish in some parts. Females are not as bright, unlike males.
- These representatives of the family, it is not clear by what criteria, are confused with other whites. However, they have distinctive characteristics that should be adhered to. So, for example, individuals in their external characteristics are somewhat similar to saffron ones. But they are distinguished by the orange tone of the upper section of the body, as well as by the edging and developed pattern of spots.
Lifestyle
- As for their usual way of life, the insects in question are most active as soon as the sun rises. Throughout the day, the butterfly flies almost non-stop. And she does it very quickly.
- When an individual is at rest, its wings fold along the body. She straightens them only when flying. Insects often live in temperate and warm zones. climatic conditions. In most cases, this is typical of the Asian and European parts.
- At the end of spring and beginning of summer, such individuals migrate to regions with northern climate. In addition, for the butterflies in question, it is important that in such places sufficient quantity food of plant origin.
- The diet of such insects mainly consists of alfalfa and legumes. When the larvae are born, they begin to eat plenty of leaves. Moreover, their meal lasts almost the entire summer.
- It is worth noting that the offspring of insects spend the winter in cocoons or caterpillars. They hide under a dense layer of fallen leaves. With the onset of spring, the young animals wake up and begin to actively devour foliage. Because of this, agricultural harvests often suffer.
Today's material is dedicated to the next representatives of the whites, which are called nothing more than jaundices. These lepidopterans prefer to live in clover meadows and areas where alfalfa grows. However, they can cause damage to crops while still at the caterpillar stage. To prevent this from happening, pests should be removed and plants treated in a timely manner.
Systematic position
Lepidoptera (butterflies)- Lepidoptera
Whitefish family- Pieridae.
Tizo jaundice (mountain jaundice)- Colias thisoa Menetries, 1832
Status. 2 “Vulnerable” - 2, UV. Included in Appendix 2 to. Included in the Red Book of the USSR with category “II. Rare species» .
Global Threat Category on the IUCN Red List
Not included in the IUCN Red List.
Category according to IUCN Red List criteria
The regional population belongs to the category “Vulnerable” - Vulnerable, VU B1ac(iv)+2ac(iii,iv); C2(i); D1. V. I. Shchurov.
Belonging to the objects of international agreements and conventions ratified by the Russian Federation
Do not belong.
Brief morphological description
The diurnal butterfly is larger than average in size, with pronounced sexual dimorphism. The length of the front wing is 21-27 mm, the wingspan is 42-51 mm. The wings ♂ are deep bright orange on top, sometimes with a purple tint (a). The costal margin, especially at its base, is bright yellow. The black border of the outer edge is narrow (about 4 mm), cut by yellow veins near the apex. In fresh specimens, the black border is intensively pollinated by yellow scales.
The discal point is small black, the fringe is pink. On the hind wings the black marginal border is narrow, the costal and anal areas are yellow. Orange background - with dense blackish pollination, most intense in the anal sector. The discal spot is red-orange, the androconial spot is absent. The forewings are bicolored below: the outer field is greenish-yellow with a submarginal row of triangular black spots.
The central region is orange-yellow, and the posterior margin is whitish-yellow. The discal point is centered by white scales. The hind wing is greenish-yellow, with blackish pollination (b). Its fringe at the anterior corner is whitish, near the posterior corner it is pink. The forewing is reddish-orange above, with a wide blackish border (>6 mm) extending onto the costal margin (c). There are 5-7 yellow spots against its background.
The basal region is pollinated with blackish and yellow scales. The hind wing is broad and intensely blackened on top, its central region mixed with orange, anal sector yellow. Against this background, a full series of large yellow submarginal spots and a red-orange discal spot are developed. The underside pattern is similar to ♂, but less bright, the blackish spots are reduced (d). The butterflies are reliably distinguished from the outwardly resembling individuals of the saffron yellowtail (Colias crocea) by the reddish-orange background of the upper part, the narrower marginal border and the intensive development of the black pattern on the ♀.
Spreading
Global range of west-central Palearctic type, disjunctive. Known from the mountain systems of Asia Minor, Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Central Asia, Altai. On the territory of the Russian Federation it is represented by two subspecies in isolated metapopulations from the highlands of Altai and the Greater Caucasus.
In the North Caucasus it is known for North Ossetia- Alania, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, KK. It is very likely to be found on the lands of the KSPBZ (Jughi massif) in the Republic of Armenia, through the territory of which the western border of the global range of this species passes.
In the region there are finds from the ridge. Snowfall, Yatyrgvarta, Magisho, Umpyrsky, Tsyndyshkho passes within the Mostovsky district and Sochi. The regional population through the subalpine and alpine belts is connected with the extra-regional one in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Local populations of alpine massifs, isolated by forest belts, exist separately.
Features of biology and ecology
Hortophilous phyllophage, univoltine mesophile, according to other observations, xeromesophile. Biology in the region is poorly studied. According to observations of populations on the territory of the KSPBZ within the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, butterflies are confined to extensive clumps of some alpine astragalus. According to literary data, it is trophically related to tragacanth astragalus and vetch (Vicia), and overwinters as pupae.
In the region it inhabits high-mountain biotopes from the upper border of subalpine meadows to subnival associations, in the altitude range of 1900-2800 m above sea level. seas. Prefers well-warmed slopes with southern exposures, avoiding tall grass and roderots. Flight of the regional population is observed from the first ten days of July to mid-August; its timing depends on the altitude, exposure of the biotope and microstatic conditions.
They are very mobile, their flight is swift and maneuverable. In search of ♀, they move significantly beyond the boundaries of the characteristic biotopes and feeding stations of the caterpillars. ♂ is characterized by long-term patrolling of small mountain slopes or stream beds. ♀ are less active and are seen much less often.
Number and its trends
Local and rare in the region. Since the first discovery, no local populations have been observed with numbers exceeding 20 individuals at the height of flight. According to observations in the republics of the North Caucasus, the general trend is to increase the number of populations and their density from west to east. In the mountain stepoids of the Central Caucasus (Urukh River valley, southern slope of Kionkhokh) it is quite common. The population dynamics in the region has not been determined.
Limiting factors
Not studied in the region. According to observations in the Western and Central Caucasus, the main threat is posed by pasture digression of alpine meadows as a result of overgrazing, primarily by sheep. Considering the marginal position of the regional part of the range, the individuality of known populations and their small numbers are a consequence of natural causes. The sustainable existence of isolated populations can be threatened by random factors - fire, extreme weather conditions, catching adults.
Necessary and additional security measures
All local populations of KK are located on the territory of the KGPBZ, which makes it logical to include the species in the list of protected objects of this protected area. Additional measures should consist of biological studies, searching for new habitats, and monitoring known populations.
Information sources. 1. Gorbunov, 2001; 2. Kocheva et al., 1986; 3. Red Book of the USSR, 1984; 4. Nekrutenko, 1990; 5. About approval..., 1998; 6. Ryabov, 1958; 7. Tuzov, 1993; 8. Shchurov, 1998; 9. Shchurov, 2000a; 10. Shchurov, 2001a; 11. Shchurov, 2004b; 12. Yakovlev, Nakonechny, 2001; 13. Hesselbarth et al., 1995; 14. Unpublished data from V.I. Shchurov. Compiled by V. I. Shchurov, D. E. Kuznetsov.