Question 1. Has the world always been one? What makes the modern world one whole?
No, the Ancient World was not united. In ancient times, when a few groups of hunters and gatherers lived on Earth, who met each other once every few years, it was impossible to talk about the unity of the human world. And in the Middle Ages, the world was fragmented into many principalities at war with each other, which either disintegrated or united into larger states. Trade connections were quite rare, highways, railways, the Internet, uniting different countries today, did not exist then. People traveled very little, living all their lives in their city or village.
With a huge number of fast-moving vehicles, you can now get anywhere in the world in a matter of hours. Technical inventions made in one country instantly become the property of all mankind. Almost every inhabitant of the Earth uses airplanes, mobile communications, computers and the Internet, although they have authors and a country of invention. Today, all inventions are subject to international trade.
Question 2. Explain why the Council of Europe was created? Why exactly at that time the question of creating such an organization arose sharply?
The Council of Europe is an international organization promoting cooperation between its members, European countries, in the field of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, legality and cultural interaction. The aim of the Council of Europe is to bring about a closer alliance between its members to protect and promote the ideals and principles that are their common heritage and to promote their economic and social progress.
At that time, it is necessary to restore the economy and the standard of living of people of different European countries destroyed by the war.
Question 3. What is the world community, globalization? Give examples of globalization.
The world community is the totality modern societies existing in the world.
Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political, cultural and religious integration and unification. Globalization is a process of changing the structure of the world economy, quite recently understood as a set of national economies linked to each other by a system of international division of labor, economic and political relations, inclusion in the world market and close intertwining of economies.
An example of globalization can be the creation of international companies, retail chains and restaurants, banks.
Question 4. What is the meaning of accelerating the development of society?
Its essence lies in the fact that each subsequent historical stage of the development of society takes less time than the previous one. In each subsequent era, more technical inventions and scientific discoveries, tools and technology are improving faster.
Question 5. How has the population of our planet changed over time? When answering, use the data in the table on p. 114.
Russian scientist Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa found that there is a connection between the acceleration of the development of society and the growth of the population. The closer to our time, the faster the population grows.
In the early Stone Age, only 100 thousand people lived on our planet. After 1.5 million years, the population growth rate was already 10 thousand times higher than at the beginning of the Stone Age and the population was already 10 million.
Over the 20th century, the number of people has almost quadrupled, and over the next 50 years it will grow by another third. According to experts, by 2050 about 9 billion people will live on Earth.
Question 6. Think about why the population of the Earth is growing rapidly today. Why was there no such growth in Ancient world and in the Middle Ages?
Population growth is provided mainly by the countries of Southeast and South Asia, the population in these countries is growing at a rapid pace, because there is a very low level of education and enlightenment, in contrast to European countries, North America and Australia, but at the same time improving the quality of health care, which helps to reduce the death rate among newborns. In the ancient world, medicine was at a much lower level.
Question 7. Explain how the population of the Earth affects the unity of the world.
The more population on the planet, the more people contact each other, exchange information. This means that the higher the population, the more united our world must be considered.
Workshop
1. Complete the sentences.
Modern world can be considered one, because ... technical inventions made in one country instantly become the property of all mankind. Almost every inhabitant of the Earth uses airplanes, mobile communications, computers and the Internet, although they have authors and a country of invention. In the historical past, technical innovations were kept in deep secrecy. For example, in China, the secret of making porcelain has been kept for many centuries. Today, all inventions are subject to international trade.
2. How do you personally feel the unity of the world in your life? Write 5-6 sentences.
I read news from different parts of the world, communicate with relatives from another country using the Internet, and order things in an online store.
3 *. Prepare a report on the activities of any international organization... Use materials from newspapers, magazines, the Internet.
The United Nations is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, development of cooperation between states.
The UN Charter was approved at the San Francisco Conference, held from April to June 1945, and signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 states. On October 15, 1945, Poland also signed the Charter, thus becoming an original member of the Organization. The date of entry into force of the Charter (October 24) is celebrated as United Nations Day.
On December 10, 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Provides humanitarian assistance in countries that have been exposed to natural disasters or recovering from conflict.
An important instrument for maintaining peace and international security are UN peacekeeping operations. Their activities are defined by a number of resolutions The General Assembly adopted in accordance with the Charter of the Organization.
The UN holds conferences and forums where decisions on many pressing international issues are discussed and worked out.
Philosophy IMOST, Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer Sokolyuk N.V., Associate Professor of the specialty: 060600 " world economy", 06100" state and municipal government"06080" management economics ", 061500" marketing ", 060500" accounting and audit ", 061800" mathematical methods in economics ", 080401" commodity research and examination of goods ", 351200" taxes and taxation ", 061100" organization management "
Contents The problem of being in materialistic philosophy
Natural philosophy of the Renaissance
Mechanistic materialism of modern times
Natural science materialism of the XIX-XX centuries.
Conclusion
Being as a philosophical category
The object of philosophical knowledge is the "integral world", i.e. the world as a whole and a single being in its diversity
Being- this is a philosophical category that means reality; the totality of all things, the unity of forms and ways of existence
In the narrow sense of being Is an objective world that exists independently of consciousness
In a broad sense it is everything that exists: not only matter, but also consciousness, ideas, feelings and fantasies of people
Being as a philosophical category Forms of being
Material being(objective being)
Ideal being(objective and subjective)
A virtual reality- both material and objective-idealistic, and subjective-idealistic being
Peace(universe, universe) - a single integral set of all kinds of forms and levels of being
Being as a philosophical category Philosophical aspects of the analysis of being
Structural aspect(identifying different types of being, their relationships and interactions)
Dynamic aspect(consideration of being in time. To be means to be in the time sequence of changing one's states: earlier-now-later, i.e. to change)
Subject aspect(assumes a solution to the question: what is being, what is its essence, i.e. the identification of the universal basis of being, i.e. substance)
Being as a philosophical category Substance
Substance - it is the primary basis and the last essence of all that exists, an objective reality viewed from the side of its internal unity
Substance does not need anything else for its existence
Substance uncreate, indestructible, it is the cause of itself, of existing forms of being and the cause of all changes in them
What can be a substance? One thing - material, spiritual, divine
Ancient Greek natural philosophy
Basic Provisions
Philosophy arose in the 6th century. BC. in the shape of natural philosophy (philosophy of nature)
A characteristic feature of pre-Socratic schools is cosmocentrism
The first philosophers tried to understand how the world works, based on simple observations of natural phenomena.
The reasoning of natural philosophers about nature is based on idea of a single origin
Recognizing one beginning, the materialists have created a peculiar way of looking at the world - monism
Ancient Greek natural philosophy Elemental materialism
The beginning of the world- this or that element. Hence the name - spontaneous materialism
The elemental foundations of the world (arche):
Water (Thales - the first philosopher)
Apeiron (Anaximander)
Air (Anaximenes)
Fire (Heraclitus)
Ancient Greek natural philosophy General properties and characteristics of fundamental principles
Eternity(infinity of existence in time, time- the duration of the existence of space objects)
Immutability and impenetrability
Ability to move and self-movement(the ability to change shape without changing the content. Therefore, the world is characterized by a circular motion)
The source of motion and the existence of nature was considered unity and struggle of opposites
Anthropomorphism
Ancient Greek natural philosophy What is Logos?
The concept of Logos was introduced by Heraclitus
Logos(mind, mind) - objective law of the universe, cosmic wisdom
The essence of the Logos is revealed in three principles:
The principle of unity and struggle opposites
The principle of constant variability, the fluidity of things, in other words, the principle of universal development
The principle of relativity
Ancient Greek natural philosophy Atomism of Democritus
For the formation of worlds and objects, it is necessary two beginnings: atoms(being) and emptiness(nothingness) Emptiness is a container of atoms
Atoms are the first bricks of the universe(invisible to the eye, but visible by the mind, indivisible, impenetrable, capable of movement, have an internal source of movement (opposing forces of attraction and repulsion), i.e. capable of self-movement)
Ancient Greek natural philosophy What is the value of the teachings of Democritus?
Firstly Democritus moved from direct observation of the elements of nature to speculative constructions about invisible atoms, i.e. from specific to universal
Secondly, Democritus creates a platform for dualism, recognizing two principles for the formation of the world - atoms and emptiness)
Mechanistic Materialism What influenced the paradigm shift?
Industrial revolution of the 17th century
Fundamental scientific discoveries that changed worldviews
Development of the fundamental sciences (mechanics, astronomy and mathematics)
Paradigm Is a set of theoretical and methodological attitudes, with the help of which reality is studied
Mechanistic Materialism The Principle of Mechanism
Mechanism principle lies in the desire of science and philosophy to reduce all the laws of nature to the laws of mechanics
Philosophy was perceived as a continuation of mechanics
The general principle of the structure of the world- the world is like a well-oiled clockwork in which all parts run smoothly thanks to movement
Mechanistic materialism The main characteristics of life in the philosophy of the XVII-XVIII centuries.
Being as an extremely broad concept, as a set of all natural objects, as the world as a whole
Being was understood as individual(i.e. the being of separate objects) and unrepeatable
The beginning of being- the smallest particles (corpuscles) divisible to infinity
Identification of the origin with substance(matter ≡ matter)
Corpuscles endowed with the most important properties - length and movement
Mechanistic Materialism The Problem of Motion and Space
Traffic identified with mechanical movement, which has the properties of a line, magnitude and trajectory of movement
Space was also identified with a mathematical value. Measuring extension leads to the idea that there is no emptiness in the world.
Deism- a religious and philosophical view, according to which God, having created the world, does not take part in it and does not interfere in the regular course of its events
Mechanistic Materialism Substantial Understanding of Being
Substance- the ultimate foundation that allows you to reduce all the diversity and variability of properties to something permanent and independently existing
Substance possesses invariable properties - volume and length
There is no emptiness in the world
Since the length is unlimited, then the material universe is limitless
Mechanistic materialism Anthropological materialism L. Feuerbach (late 18th - early 19th centuries)
Human including nature as the basis of man - the only universal and supreme subject of philosophy
Nature is material, bodily, sensual... It was not created, but always was and is. The cause of nature lies in itself. She preceded man, mind, spirit
Nature is diverse, exists objectively and has its own patterns. In nature, it is not gods who rule, but only natural forces, natural laws. They are reflected in the thinking of a person
Nature has forms of existence which are time and space
Natural Science Materialism Dialectical Materialism
Founder F. Engels in the work "Dialectics of Nature" he introduced the principle of dialectics into the natural science concepts of nature
Matter understood as a general property of things be, and not as a specific substance or substance
Attributes of matter: time, space, movement are integral to it. Matter changes, its attributes change and vice versa
Movement is absolute, rest is relative... The transition from one form of movement to another is based on the principle of ascent from the lowest to the highest
Natural science materialism Forms of motion of matter (F. Engels)
Social
Biological
Chemical
Physical
Mechanical
Natural Science Materialism Three Principles of Movement
The doctrine of the forms of movement is based on three principles:
The principle of the inseparable connection of motion and matter
The principle of the inseparable connection of motion with other attributes of matter- space and time
Development principle(from lower to higher; higher forms of movement develop historically from lower ones; development acts as progress)
Natural science materialism Scientific revolution of the late XIX - early. Twentieth century
1895 G.- the opening of the X-rays. Refuted the property of impenetrability, which was considered an absolute property of matter
1896 g.- discovery of natural radioactivity by A. Becquerel. The property of indivisibility of matter is also relative
1897 G.- the discovery of an electron, the movement of which defied explanation in mechanistic laws (J. Thomson)
1898 g.- the discovery of the material, wave nature of light (M. and P. Curie, P. Lebedev, M. Planck). The beginning of the elimination of the gap between two types of matter in inorganic nature - matter and field has been laid
1905 g... - creation of the theory of relativity (Einstein)
Natural science materialism Results of the revolution in natural science
The discoveries turned all the established ideas about matter as a substance and structure of the world
Everything that did not belong to the substance was recognized as the result of the activity of consciousness and belonged to the field of ideal objects (light, taste, smell, sound)
The discovery of a new form of matter (light) helped to determine the wave nature of these phenomena and radically change the idea of the Universe.
Natural science materialism The essence of the crisis in natural science XIX-early. Twentieth century
The newest revolution in natural science consisted in the destruction of the old mechanistic concepts of matter, its types, properties, structure, forms of motion
The situation that has developed in science has led, on the one hand, to a crisis in science itself and especially in physics, on the other, to the emergence of a new kind of idealism - “ physical "idealism»
The great success of natural science engenders the oblivion of matter by theoreticians and mathematicians. " Matter disappears», Only equations remain. So, at a new stage, the old idea is revived: "reason prescribes laws to nature"
Natural science materialism Conclusions from the essence and causes of the crisis
The philosophical concept of matter cannot be confused with the doctrine of the physical structure of matter and its basic properties.
Any ideas about the structure and properties of matter take into account only that singular and special that is in objects and phenomena of the material world
The philosophical concept of matter, in principle, cannot become obsolete, since matter will not cease to be an objective reality, and physical ideas about it will constantly change, supplement, become obsolete
It is not matter that disappears, but yesterday's limit of our knowledge of its structure and properties
Natural science materialism Philosophical concept of matter
« Matter is a philosophical category for designating objective reality, which is given to a person in his sensations, which is copied, photographed, displayed by our sensations, existing independently of them "(V.I. Lenin)
Conclusion
The category of being unites on the basis of existence a variety of phenomena, objects and processes
In modern philosophy of nature and science, the point of view prevails, according to which matter in all its properties is the basis of the world
The main attributes of matter are motion, space and time, interpreted in the spirit of natural science
Self-test questions
Expand the meaning of the concept of "being" as a philosophical category
How is being defined in ancient Greek natural philosophy and what are its properties?
Expand the meaning of the concept "logos". What idea is generalized by Heraclitus in this concept?
What is the essence and significance of the atomistic theory of Democritus?
What is the anthropological materialism of L. Feuerbach?
Compare the mechanistic and dialectical-materialistic approaches to the problem of substance, motion, space and time
What is the significance of Engels's teaching on the forms of movement?
Expand the essence of the crisis in natural science.
What is the difference between the philosophical concept of matter and the concept of it as physical reality?
Philosophy: Course of lectures / L.D. Erokhina, A.K. Erokhin, A.P. Shenderetska, I.A. Kim, N.V. Sokolyuk, N.A. Tsarev; Resp. Ed. ON. Tsarev. Vladivostok: Publishing house of VSUES, 2004.
Philosophy: Lecture notes / N.I. Shashkov et al. 2nd ed. Vladivostok: Publishing house of VSUES, 1998.
Motroshilova N.V. The birth and development of philosophical ideas. M., 1991.
Anthology of World Philosophy / Comp. S.V. Perevezentsev. M., 2001.
Engels F. Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of German classical philosophy // K. Marx, F. Engels Izbr. manuf. In 3 vols. M., 1982.Vol. 3.
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The modern world as a whole
Society has several meanings. One of them means humanity as a whole, that is, all people on the planet. Of course, we do not know, and we cannot know all earthlings, especially since the number of inhabitants of the Earth at the beginning of the 21st century has already exceeded 7 billion people. But we are very tightly connected and dependent on each other. And people feel this dependence every year more and more sharply.
Today, we can talk about the existence of a world community. This is a set of modern societies, which are characterized by close economic, political and cultural ties.
There are many examples of such connections. One of them, for example, is ecological. Environmental problems have become global. Air pollution at one end the globe creates problems at the other end. Enterprises of one country emit harmful, hazardous substances into the atmosphere, and on the territory of another state, possibly located quite far away, they fall in the form of precipitation that threaten the health, and sometimes the life of all living things. Industrial activity developed countries leads to climate change throughout the planet. Therefore, all inhabitants of the earth feel mutual dependence and understand that these problems can be solved only by joint efforts.
But apart from problems, we are united by successes in different areas of life. The discoveries of scientists, inventions of engineers, thanks to modern means of communication, very quickly become the property of all mankind. Science and technology today go beyond the borders of national states, become international. The discoveries of scientists - theorists of one country are being implemented by engineers from other countries. Cars or Appliances assembled from component parts that were made in different countries... This is how transnational, that is, multinational companies appear, with branches located in different states.
In addition to multinational companies in the modern world, there are many international organizations whose purpose is to help people of different countries make life safer, more peaceful, free, etc. For example, shortly after the end of World War II, the United Nations Organization (abbreviated UN) was created, uniting many states. The UN considers its main task to be maintaining peace throughout the planet, ending military conflicts and settling them through negotiations. Within the United Nations, there are many associations that deal with specific issues. For example, UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which has 195 Member States and 8 Associate Members.
There are also international non-governmental organizations for example, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It unites over five hundred million people in 181 countries of the world.
The mass media also play a unifying role in the world. Thanks to television, radio and the Internet, millions of people are witnessing events that take place in different parts of the world. With the help of television and the Internet, we can find ourselves in the center of events, feel like participants in them.
All these examples indicate that today in the world there is a strengthening of international political, cultural, economic, informational, technical and other ties between states at different levels. This process is called globalization. Scientists call the reasons for globalization:
The growth of the world's population,
Development of international trade,
Development of means of communication,
Scientific and technical progress.
The consequences of globalization are assessed in different ways. Some believe that this is a natural process and the rapprochement of countries has only positive consequences. Such as the:
a) freedom of movement of people and goods;
b) ease of establishing contacts between people;
c) expanding opportunities to help those in need.
Opponents of globalization believe that as a result of this, countries are losing their identity, weak states are dependent on the strong, diseases are spreading and so on.
Globalization opens up great opportunities for educated people, those who are interested in expanding their knowledge. Achievements of culture, works of art, scientific discoveries are becoming available to many. The level of education is increasing, the general outlook is broadening. This promotes understanding of each other, makes people more tolerant of others. And if so, then the number of conflicts in society should become less and life on planet Earth should be calmer.
Thus, people living at the beginning of the 21st century feel their unity more and more every day, that is, they represent the world community. But it should be remembered that this unity does not negate the diversity of the world.
The doctrine of Tao - Taoism, was created by an older contemporary of Confucius Lao Tzu (VI century BC), who is credited with the authorship of the treatise "Tao Te Ching". All Chinese sages were adherents of the doctrine of the Tao. This is the basis of the Chinese worldview, the idea of the world and the place of man in it, the embodiment of ancient Chinese wisdom.
The formation of the world in Taoism is described as its birth from the initial chaos. “At a time when heaven and earth had not yet taken shape, everything was hovering and fermenting, flowing and flowing. I will call it the Great Light. Tao originated in emptiness and nebula. Emptiness and nebula gave birth to space and time. Space and time gave birth to ether (qi). Ether split: pure and light shot up and formed the sky, heavy and muddy thickened and formed the earth. Combining into one, the jing particles of heaven and earth formed yin and yang. Their concentrated particles formed the four seasons. The scattered jing particles of the four seasons formed the darkness of things. " Next comes the formation of fire and sun, water and moon, then stars and constellations. This is one of the options for the origin of life.
The emergence of the world is thus described as the transition of non-being into being, the formless into a multitude of forms. But this process never ends, but turns into a constant cycle, movement from non-being to being and vice versa, where "the beginning and the end have no boundaries", "the beginning and the end are like a ring." Nothingness is not just the absence of everything. It appears as the Great One, the source of all form and determination.
What role does Tao play in the world? Tao acts as a generative principle, "gives birth to the darkness of things", "makes things things." "Tao ... one thing is established and the darkness of things will be born." Tao expresses the activity of being, its dynamics. “Tao covers the sky, supports the earth, unfolds the four cardinal points ... communicates with the formless, runs a source, gushes. Empty, gradually filling. Bubbles and rages. It will stand between heaven and earth and fill the entire space. Distributes and does not dry out. There is no morning or evening for him. Stretched - covers six sides, rolled up - does not fill even the palms. Compressed - able to expand, dark - able to be light, weak - capable of being strong, soft - capable of being hard. The mountains are high thanks to him, the depths are deep thanks to him, the animals run thanks to him, the birds fly thanks to him, the sun and the moon shine thanks to him, the star dance moves thanks to him ”.
Thus, Tao is a source of change, movement, a potency that contains everything in itself, gives rise to the darkness of things.
In Chinese culture, the world is a single whole, a constant transition of non-being into being and back, the emergence of forms and disappearance, in which "the darkness of transformations, hundreds of changes freely flow, without dwelling on anything." This "free", "spontaneous" course, change in the world is not subject to a mind separated from the world. It obeys Tao. But Tao is not reason, like thought, reflection, word-logos, but the Path, fate, inner potency, inherent in all things and inseparable from them.
The opposition of the active rational principle and passive matter, the immortal soul and the mortal body, expressed in the teachings of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, is alien to the ancient Chinese culture, which is characteristic of European culture.
What is the world? This word has several meanings: peace is when there is no war, peace is everything that exists, peace is people, their life, relations between them, i.e. society.
Has the world always been one?
Can we say that society is one and, thus, the world is one?
The answer to this question has long interested philosophical minds. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Plato considered the world as a whole. All phenomena of the world, including social ones, are in mutual connection, in continuous movement and development. From a religious point of view, everything in the world is also interconnected - God created the Universe and man, all phenomena that occur on Earth arise according to God's plan.
In ancient times, when a few groups of hunters and gatherers lived on Earth, who met each other once every few years, it was impossible to talk about the unity of the human world. And in the Middle Ages, the world was fragmented into many principalities at war with each other, which either disintegrated or united into larger states.
Trade connections were quite rare, highways, railways, the Internet, uniting different countries today, did not exist then. People traveled very little, living all their lives in their city or village.
Interesting Facts
In the Middle Ages in Western Europe the average speed of movement in horse-drawn carts was a maximum of 50 kilometers per day. Nowadays, by car, such a distance can be covered in 30-40 minutes, if, of course, there are no traffic jams.
Think how different vehicles v different eras contributed to the unity of the world.
The modern world as a whole
Nowadays, we constantly feel how the inhabitants of different parts of the Earth have become dependent on each other. The explosion of the nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, the recent problems at the Fukushima nuclear power plant (Japan) have created a threat to many countries and hundreds of millions of people. Climate warming, caused, among other things, by the industrial activities of people, threatens all life on the planet. And we can solve these problems only by combining the efforts of all countries and continents.
However, it is not only troubles that unite us. Technical inventions made in one country instantly become the property of all mankind. Almost every inhabitant of the Earth uses airplanes, mobile communications, computers and the Internet, although they have authors and a country of invention. In the historical past, technical innovations were kept in deep secrecy. For example, in China, the secret of making porcelain has been kept for many centuries. Today, all inventions are subject to international trade.
Thus, generations of people on planet Earth at the end of XX - beginning of XXI century are increasingly aware of the commonality of mankind. The totality of the currently existing societies in the world is called the world community. It is characterized by close economic, political and cultural ties between countries and peoples.
In the modern world there are world international organizations (UN - United Nations), continental associations (Council of Europe), the role of multinational corporations, such as Toyota, McDonald's, Pepsi-Cola, whose enterprises operate all over the world is growing. ...
Additional reading
The Council of Europe is the oldest international organization in Europe. Its main goal is to promote the establishment of the principles of freedom, democracy, protection of human rights, and the rule of law on the continent.
The Council of Europe was created to unite Europe after World War II. This happened on May 5, 1949. On this day in London, ten states (Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Great Britain, France, Sweden) signed the Charter of this organization. The headquarters of the Council of Europe is located in Strasbourg, a city on the border of France and Germany, as a symbol of reconciliation between the two countries. Today the Council of Europe includes 49 states, including Russia.
Explain why the Council of Europe was created? Why exactly at that time the question of creating such an organization arose sharply?
They unite our planet and the media (media). Thanks to them, millions of people simultaneously become witnesses of events that took place in different places. Television plays a special role in this.
Only a few decades separate us from the time when regular television broadcasting began in various countries in the 1930s. Since then, television has been actively influencing people's lives, the formation of a way of life, human relationships. It makes it possible to feel at the center of events and, oddly enough, achieves its goal: the invisible presence of millions of spectators gives any event a special scope and significance. Thus, television has become a powerful factor in the globalization of society.
Globalization opens up new opportunities for educated people, as cultural and artistic works become available to everyone. Knowledge of the culture, religion of other peoples leads to the fact that the soil for religious and national conflicts disappears. A person begins to understand that there are other people who think differently than he does. People of different nations, beliefs and religions become tolerant, i.e. tolerant of each other.
Accelerating world social development
Having traced the history of mankind, scientists have identified an important pattern - the acceleration of the development of society.
Its essence lies in the fact that each subsequent historical stage of the development of society takes less time than the previous one. So, a pre-industrial society is longer than an industrial one. The primitive communal system existed for the longest time - several hundred thousand years.
The life of primitive society changed extremely slowly. Archaeologists studying the history of the Monument Society material culture, scientifically proven it. It turned out that the Stone Age, consisting of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, is longer than the age of the metal, consisting of the Bronze and Iron ages. The closer to the present, the faster and more dynamic society develops.
In each subsequent era, more technical inventions and scientific discoveries occur, tools of labor and technology are improved faster. V primitive society one type of tool, for example a stone ax, has undergone minor changes throughout the life of tens and hundreds of generations of people. On the contrary, in the modern world, during the lifetime of one generation, several types of tools, equipment and technology are replaced.
Interesting Facts
The time between the appearance of the invention and its practical use was: for paper - 1000 years; steam engine - 80 years; telephone - 50 years; aircraft - 20 years; transistor technology - 3 years; lasers - six months; faxes - only 3 months. A person does not have time not only to get used to the new, but simply to keep track of the change of the new to the new.
Information flows are increasing. The time interval between noticeable changes in society is sharply reduced. Thus, people born in our country at the beginning of the 20th century have experienced practically three types of society (agrarian, industrial and postindustrial).
So, social progress in the Stone Age crawled with the speed of a snail. Why? Because the rate of change of generations of instruments of labor lagged behind the rate of change of generations of people. As we approached our days, its speed increased steadily.
The population of the Earth and the unity of the world
Russian scientist Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa found that there is a connection between the acceleration of the development of society and the growth of the population. The closer to our time, the faster the population grows.
In the early Stone Age, only 100 thousand people lived on our planet. After 1.5 million years, the population growth rate was already 10 thousand times higher than at the beginning of the Stone Age and the population was already 10 million.
Over the 20th century, the number of people has almost quadrupled, and over the next 50 years it will grow by another third. According to experts, by 2050 about 9 billion people will live on Earth.
The more population on the planet, the more people contact each other, exchange information. This means that the higher the population, the more united our world must be considered.
Let's sum up
The world community is the totality of all currently existing countries. The unity of the world does not negate its diversity. Humanity is developing at a constant acceleration.
Basic terms and concepts
World community, globalization.
Test your knowledge
- What is the world community, globalization? Give examples of globalization.
- What is the meaning of accelerating the development of society?
- How has the population of our planet changed over time? When answering, use the data in the table.
- Consider why the world's population is growing at a fast pace. Why was there no such growth in the Ancient World and in the Middle Ages?
- Explain how the world's population affects the unity of the world.
Workshop
- Complete the sentences.
Medieval society cannot be considered one, because ...
The modern world can be considered one because ... - How do you personally feel the unity of the world in your life? Write 5-6 sentences.
- Prepare a report on the activities of any international organization. Use materials from newspapers, magazines, the Internet.