In preschool pedagogy under vocabulary work is understood as purposeful pedagogical activity adult, which ensures the effective acquisition by children of the vocabulary of their native language. The development of vocabulary in children is a long process of quantitative accumulation of words and mastery of the content of each of them.

The dictionary is divided into active and passive. Passive dictionary - these are words that a person understands, but does not use in active speech. Active Dictionary - these are words that a person not only understands, but also uses in his speech. The richness and culture of a person’s speech are largely determined by the characteristics of his active vocabulary.

Into the child's active dictionary preschool age includes commonly used vocabulary accessible to him, as well as specific words, the use of which is explained by the child’s living conditions. For example, children who live in the city use words such as tram, kiosk, underground passage, etc. Village children typically use words denoting agricultural tools (forks), names of buildings for storing vegetables (cellar), etc.

Quantitative growth of the dictionary, noted D.B. Elkonin, is directly dependent on the living conditions and upbringing of children; individual differences here are more significant than in any other area of ​​mental development.

Qualitative growth of the dictionary is determined by the process of children learning the meaning of a word. The stages of development of the meaning of words in children are revealed by M.M. Koltsovaya.

For a child at the end of the first - beginning of the second year of life, the word means only one specific object (doll, hat, house).

By the end of the second year of life, a word for children means a group of corresponding objects (a doll is different dolls). The meaning of the word here is broader, but at the same time it is less specific.

At 3-3.5 years old, children experience a higher degree of generalization: a word designates several groups of corresponding objects (toys, dishes).

Introduction

The topic of this work is one of the categories of obsolete words - archaisms. This topic is of practical importance from the point of view of the norms of the Russian literary language, since when recreating the flavor of a specific historical era one has to use outdated words. It is the analysis of such usage that is the purpose of this work. The objectives of the work are: identifying the differences between archaisms and another group of obsolete words - historicisms (including when they are used in fiction); classification of archaisms; determining the role of archaisms in the Russian literary language.

The structure of the work includes three parts. The first of them introduces the concept of active and passive vocabulary of a language, about two types of words passive dictionary(obsolete and neologisms), about historicisms and archaisms as two groups of obsolete words (cases of archaisms are noted even outside the passive dictionary). The second section contains a classification of archaisms based on the process of their transition into a passive vocabulary. In addition, there is special mention here about “artificial archaisms.” The third section talks about the use of obsolete words in fiction, emphasizing the special role of archaisms, the use of which is not limited to creating a historical background. The issue of the appropriateness of using obsolete words is also addressed here.

To write the work, “Vocabulary of the Modern Russian Language” (author - M. I. Fomina) and “Practical Stylistics of the Russian Language” (author - D. E. Rosenthal) were used as the main sources. Some examples of the use of archaisms are given from the “Manual for Russian Language Classes” (V.F. Grekov and others). Information on the history of the development of the Russian language is given from two sources: “Modern Russian language: morphology” (edited by V.V. Vinogradov) and “Russian language and culture of speech” (edited by V.D. Chernyak).

The concept of active and passive composition of the dictionary. Outdated words; difference between archaisms and historicisms

Vocabulary composition is the most mobile language level. Changing and improving vocabulary is directly related to human production activity, to the economic, social, and political life of the people. The vocabulary reflects all processes historical development society. With the advent of new objects and phenomena, new concepts arise, and with them, words for naming these concepts. With the death of certain phenomena, they go out of use or change their sound appearance and meaning of the word calling them. Taking all this into account, the vocabulary of the national language can be divided into two large groups: an active dictionary and a passive dictionary.

B active lexicon includes those everyday words whose meaning is clear to people who speak the language. The words of this group are devoid of any shades of obsolescence.

The passive vocabulary includes those that are either outdated or, conversely, due to their novelty, have not yet become widely known and are also not used every day. Thus, passive words are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).

Those words that came out active use, are considered obsolete. For example, words that have ceased to be used due to the disappearance of the concepts that they denoted are clearly outdated: boyar, clerk, veche, streltsy, oprichnik, vowel (member of the city duma), mayor, etc. The words of this group are called historicisms, they are more or less known and understood by native speakers, but not actively used by them. IN modern language they are addressed only when it is necessary to name objects and phenomena that have fallen out of use, for example, in special scientific-historical literature, as well as in the language of works of art in order to recreate a particular historical era.

If the concept of an object, phenomenon, action, quality, etc. is preserved, and the names assigned to it are replaced in the process of language development by new ones, more acceptable for one reason or another for a new generation of native speakers, then the old names also become category of passive vocabulary, into the group of so-called archaisms (Greek archaios - ancient). For example: more gently - because; vezhdy - eyelids, guest - trader, merchant (mostly foreign), guest - trade, etc.

Some of the words of this type are practically outside the boundaries of even the passively existing lexical reserves of the modern Russian literary language. For example: thief - thief (by the way, at that time the words thief, theft were used to refer to political crimes); stry - paternal uncle; stryinya - wife of paternal uncle; uy - maternal uncle; stirrup - down; sling - 1.roof; 2. firmament; vezha - 1. tent, tent; 2.tower; fat - fat, lard and many others. Some of the archaisms are preserved in modern language as part of phraseological units: get into trouble, where prosak is a spinning rope machine; you can’t see where zga (stga) is a road, path; hit with the forehead, where the forehead is the forehead; go crazy with fat, where fat is wealth; protect it like the apple of your eye, where the apple is the pupil, etc.

The process of transition of words from the group of active use to the passive group is long. It is caused by both extra-linguistic reasons, for example, social changes, and linguistic ones, of which a very significant role is played by the systemic connections of obsolete words: the more extensive, varied and durable they are, the slower the word passes into the passive layers of the dictionary. Note that the opposite phenomenon is also possible - the return of a word from a passive dictionary to an active one. As a rule, this happens when there are rather extra-linguistic reasons, primarily political. Such words returned to the active dictionary include, for example: governor (this is an established but incorrect designation for the head of administration of a subject Russian Federation, although there are no provinces in Russia), Duma ( The State Duma, regional or regional Duma), world (judge), department (this concept was used to designate departments and institutions in Tsarist Russia).

Obsolete words include not only those words that have long gone out of use, but also those that arose and became outdated relatively recently, for example: educational program (liquidation of illiteracy), surplus appropriation system, tax in kind, committee of the poor, etc. Obsolete words can also be primordial words (for example , shelom, khorobry, oboloko, etc.) and borrowed, for example, Old Slavonicisms (vezhdy - eyelids, alkati - fast, fast, robe - clothing, dlan - palm, etc.) or foreign words(the word philanthropist, common in Russia before the revolution, is now practically forgotten, and the word sponsor is used in the same meaning).

16. The concept of passive and active vocabulary

The Russian language dictionary is constantly changing and improving in the process of its historical development. Changes in vocabulary are directly related to human production activity, to the economic, social, and political development of society. The vocabulary reflects all processes of the historical development of society. With the advent of new objects and phenomena, new concepts arise, and with them, words for naming these concepts. With the death of certain phenomena, the words that name them go out of use or change their meaning. Taking all this into account, the vocabulary of the national language can be divided into two large groups: an active dictionary and a passive dictionary.

The active vocabulary includes those everyday words whose meaning is clear to all speakers of a given language. The words of this group are devoid of any signs of obsolescence.

The passive stock of words includes those that either have a pronounced connotation of obsolescence, or, conversely, due to their novelty, have not yet become widely known and are also not in everyday use.

Passive words are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).

Subject: The concept of active and passive vocabulary ki.

Goal: to introduce students to active and passive vocabulary, to obsolete words and the reasons for their decline from active use.

During the classes

Epigraph:

“...Russian language, like any otherhealthy and strong body,all in motion, in the dynamics of continuous growth. Some of his words die out, others are born.”

K. I. Chukovsky.

1. Checking homework.

The student answers on the topic “Original and borrowed words.” The rest complement it and give their own examples from homework.

2. Working on new material.
A message about the purpose of the lesson.

The dictionary of a language includes active vocabulary, that is, words that are used in this moment all speakers, and passive vocabulary - words that people either stop or just start using.

Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete and new words.

The division of the dictionary into active and passive vocabulary is justified only in strictly defined historical time: each era has its own active and passive vocabulary.

In this lesson we will learn about outdated words. You have already met them when studying works of art.

Observation of linguistic facts.

Write down words that are not currently used. Why did these words fall out of use? What are the meanings of these words?

What do you mean, grandfather, footman? One of the kids asked.

What is a chamberlain? The older pioneer asked.

The master's lackey was a servant,

And the chamberlain is a nobleman,

But that one, guys, and the other one,

Much of a muchness.

The only difference between them is that

That the first one was in livery,

The second is in a gold uniform,

With a sword, with the Annen cross,

With Vladimir around his neck.

(S. Ya. Marshak)

Reference: chamberlain - “a title received by nobles for service under royal court", a person who bears this title; nobleman - “a noble and wealthy nobleman who performs some service at the royal court; the Annen cross and Vladimir on the neck are royal orders.

Is the word “lackey” used in our speech in a literal or figurative sense? Prove it.

Reference: lackey-1. Same as servant (inI meaning).

2. transfer About a servile henchman, a sycophant (contemptuous).

INDEPENDENT WORK: Write down words that are not used in our speech.

An inspired magician comes towards him from the dark forest...

The Magi are not afraid of powerful rulers, And they do not need a princely gift. Their prophetic language is truthful and free and friendly with the will of heaven. The coming years lurk in the darkness.

But I see your lot on your bright brow...

3. Prince Igor and Olga are sitting on a hill,
The squad is feasting on the shore.

Is it possible to find synonyms from the modern Russian language for the written words?

What are the reasons why words become obsolete?

The teacher summarizes and concludes:

Words disappear for various reasons: 1) they are forgotten as soon as objects and phenomena from life disappear (examples from a poem by S. Ya. / Marshak) - historicisms; 2) words are forgotten if a new word appears for the name of the same object, attribute, action - archaisms (examples from a poem by A. S. Pushkin); 3) individual meanings of polysemantic words become obsolete.

Historicisms in modern Russian do not have synonyms, but archaisms do. .

In excerpts from D. Kedrin’s poem “Horse”, find historicisms and archaisms. Determine what role obsolete vocabulary plays in the text.

Not looking for self-interest in the boyars,

Tell me how you served yesterday,

Zane are needed in the state

City masters.

Ivan died, sent to the chopping block

Everyone with whom I forgot to settle accounts of old,

When will the barms of Monomakh

The humble Tsar Feodor accepted,

Was the bailiffs Horse by the gate

Brought to the Kremlin: having filled up the ditches,

The Tsar decided to build the White City -

Ring of walls around Moscow

There were silent bells in the Kremlin,

The king did not remove his hands from the cross,

Ovamo and Semo stood

Gray-bearded clerks.

3. Work according to the textbook.
Exercise No. 160 (written)

For what purpose are obsolete words used in works of art?

4. Training exercises in order to secure the material.

1) Observation of the role of obsolete words in sentences. Write down suggestions find in they are synonyms. Explain the difference in their meanings.

The coming years lurk in the darkness. (P.)

With a sigh, the knight looks around him with sad eyes. (P.).

Peter emerges from the tent, surrounded by a crowd of favorites. His eyes are shining. (P.)

3. The priest became thoughtful and began to scratch his forehead. (II.)

Oleg grinned; however, his forehead and gaze were darkened by thoughts. (P.)

4. Leyla takes her tambourine, hitting it with her fingers, Lezgin
he dances and sings. (L.).

Squinting his eyes at the curly mustache, the hussar twirled his curls on his finger with a majestic smile. (P.)

2) Working with synonyms.

Write down the synonyms WIZARD, WIZARD, SORCERER, SORCERER. Which ones are outdated? Are they used in their literal meaning in modern Russian? Come up with a sentence using any of these words and write it down in your notebook.

3) In the following passages, find synonyms for the word FIGHT, continue the synonymous series with your synonyms. Write down synonyms for each noun
those are a verb of the same root. Which nouns and verbs are outdated and rarely used now?

1. Tell me, uncle, it’s not for nothing
Moscow, burned by fire,
Given to the Frenchman?

After all, there were battles?..

2. And here on the field of a terrible battle
The shadow of the night fell. (M Yu. Lermontov)

Is the word Dvornya the same root? janitor, butler, mongrel, noblemen, courtyard servants? Indicate words that have fallen out of active use and the reasons for this.

Find outdated words in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Song of the Prophetic Oleg” and determine their meanings. Where possible, select synonyms. Which ones are borrowed? Prove your opinion.

5. Lesson summary.

What new did you learn in class today?

What are the reasons for the obsolescence of words in the Russian language?

What groups are obsolete words divided into?

For what purpose are obsolete words used in fiction?

6. Homework.

Find in the poem by A. S. Pushkin “Song of the Prophetic Oleg” words that characterize the military structure Ancient Rus'(names of weapons, military clothing, military personnel, etc.). Write them down in your dictionaries and determine their meaning.

Find outdated words. Find out in explanatory dictionary meanings of unfamiliar words. What style are these words typical for? Where possible, select synonyms for them from the modern Russian language.

Make up sentences with the words highlighted.

Doctor, monastery, coachman, fisherman, youth, kiss, face, squad, prince, carriage, abuse, cheeks, mouth, PIIT, BATTLE, livery, hussar, page.

Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of its active and passive stock
16.
The concept of passive and active vocabulary

The Russian language dictionary is constantly changing and improving in the process of its historical development. Changes in vocabulary are directly related to human production activity, to the economic, social, and political development of society. The vocabulary reflects all processes of the historical development of society. With the advent of new objects and phenomena, new concepts arise, and with them, words for naming these concepts. With the death of certain phenomena, the words that name them go out of use or change their meaning. Taking all this into account, the vocabulary of the national language can be divided into two large groups: an active dictionary and a passive dictionary.
The active vocabulary includes those everyday words whose meaning is clear to all speakers of a given language. The words of this group are devoid of any signs of obsolescence.
The passive stock of words includes those that either have a pronounced connotation of obsolescence, or, conversely, due to their novelty, have not yet become widely known and are also not in everyday use.
Passive words are divided, in turn, into obsolete and new (neologisms).

17.
Outdated words

One group of obsolete words consists of those that have already completely fallen out of use due to the disappearance of those concepts that meant: boyar, veche, streltsy, guardsman, vowel (member of the city duma), mayor, etc. The words of this group are called historicisms.
Another group of obsolete words consists of archaisms, i.e. words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by synonyms, which are other names for the same concept. This group includes, for example, the words barber - hairdresser; this - this; more - because; gostba - trade; eyelids - eyelids; piit - poet; komon - horse; Lanita - cheeks;
instigate - incite; bed - bed, etc. Both of these outdated words are used in the language of fiction as a means of recreating a certain historical era (for example, in the novels “Razin Stepan” by A. Chapygin, “Peter I” by A.N. Tolstoy, “Emelyan Pugachev” by V.Ya. Shishkov, “Ivan the Terrible” by V. Kostylev, “Russia faithful sons

18.
"L. Nikulin, "I came to give you freedom" by V. Shukshin, "Memory" by V. Chivilikhin and many others). They can be a means of giving speech a comic or ironic tone. Archaisms are part of traditional poetic sublime vocabulary (for example, the words: breg, cheeks, youth, this, eyes, this, etc.). The use of historicisms and archaisms in special scientific-historical literature is already devoid of a special stylistic specification, since it allows lexically to accurately characterize the era being described.

New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of new concepts, phenomena, qualities are called neologisms (from rp. neos - new + logos - word). A neologism that has arisen together with a new object, thing, or concept is not immediately included in the active composition of the dictionary. After a new word becomes commonly used and accessible to the public, it ceases to be a neologism. Such a path has been followed, for example, by the words Soviet, collectivization, collective farm, link, tractor driver, Komsomol member, Leninist, pioneer, Michurinets, metro builder, Tselinnik, Lunnik, cosmonaut and many others (see § 33). Over time, many of these words also become obsolete and become passive in the language.
Consequently, due to the continuous historical development of the lexical composition of the language, many words, even in the 19th century. perceived as neologisms with an abstract meaning (for example, fiction, liberty, reality, citizenship, humanism - humanity, idea, communism - communist, social, equality, socialism - socialist, etc.), in modern language they are part of the active vocabulary stock.
And some words, having arisen relatively recently (tax in kind, surplus appropriation, nepman, komchvanstvo, party maximum, party minimum, people's commissar, etc.), have managed to become obsolete.
In addition to neologisms, which are the property of the national language, new words formed by one or another author are highlighted. Some of them entered literary language, for example: drawing, mine, pendulum, pump, attraction, constellation, etc. (from Lomonosov); industry, love, absent-mindedness, touching (in Karamzin); fade away (in Dostoevsky), etc. Others remain part of the so-called occasional authorial formations. They perform figurative and expressive functions only in an individual context and, as a rule, are created on the basis of existing word-formation models, for example: mandolin, unsmile, sickle, hammer, chamberlenye and many others by Mayakovsky; stormed, made a mess with B. Pasternak; mokhnatinki, Ant Country and Muravskaya Country by A. Tvardovsky; to magic, cellophaneized, etc. from A. Voznesensky; side-bodied, unfamiliarity, overworld, inflexible and others by E. Yevtushenko. A.I. has a lot of non-usual words. Solzhenitsyn, especially among the adverbs: he turned around ready, rushed forward, grinned broadly.