Baikal World Heritage UNESCO Presentation. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky

11.10.2019

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Baikal - UNESCO World Heritage Site

Problem conservation natural Heritage I always existed, sometimes becoming quite acute. The relevance of the study of this topic is that it is necessary to know the unique features of this lake, give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe planetary value of its conservation, as well as to form a careful and responsible attitude of the population.

The study of this issue began with a visit to the Baikal Limnological Museum. The scientific direction of the museum is a study of the characteristics of the evolution of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal. The museum gives profound information about the history of origin and the existence of Baikal, represents the biological diversity of the lake, the relationship of abiotic and biotic factors, introduces specially protected areas, talks about the study of the lake, and even makes it possible to virtual immersion at the bottom of Baikal. Natural Heritage Baikal Planetary

The list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Russia includes 26 facilities, including: 16 of them are included in the list of cultural criteria, 10 objects - by natural.

In 2016, it will be 20 years since the inclusion of Lake Baikal on the World Natural Heritage List. This happened on December 5, 1996. To get to the list of the World Natural Heritage, the candidate object must satisfy at least one of the four criteria, Baikal satisfies all four. Of the thousands of natural objects contained in the list, a little more than a dozen satisfy all four criteria.

Baikal is an exceptional natural beauty, it represents a number of unique phenomena.

Baikal is the deepest lake on the planet, its depth is 1637 m., Water transparency is about 40 m., It is ten times more than in other lakes. For example, in the Caspian, the transparency of water is 25 m, in Issyk-kule - 20 m. On Baikal, the silver coin brightened into the water can be traced to a depth of 30-40 m.

One of the oldest planet lakes, his age is 25 - 30 million years old. On Baikal, unlike many of the oldest lakes in the world, there are no signs of aging. On the contrary, scientists suggest that Baikal is an emerging ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores are diverted at speeds up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.

In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", thanks to the ancient age and the insulation, a unique freshwater ecosystem was formed, the study of which has a continuous importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth. The lake lives 1340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). Such a species diversity has developed due to the high oxygen content in water.

After switching on Baikal to the list of worldwide natural heritage environmental state Pay special attention. Currently, two major administrative regions of Russia are located on the territory of the Waterborne Basin of Lake Baikal - the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. Possessing industrial and agricultural potential, these subjects determine modern condition Lake ecosystems, being a source of pollution.

The lake was repeatedly at risk, not so long ago by the Baikal Waterbon Basin and in five other territories that have protected status, planned to lay an oil pipeline, but this project did not pass the state environmental impact assessment.

Today is a new threat to Baikal: the construction of a hydropower station in Selegor and its tributaries planned by Mongolia, which can lead to Baikal degradation. Selenga - the largest riverFlashing in the lake provides up to 80% of water intake in the lake. The construction of dams on the river will significantly change the ecosystem of the river, the consequences are only negative in nature - there will be deterioration in water quality and deterioration of water supply conditions, degradation of wetlands, loss of geological stability and an increase in landslide risk, erosion, earthquakes.

The Limnological Institute allocates a new problem: pollution of the coastal zone of Baikal, which was stated by Irkutsk scientists in 2014, adopted a catastrophic scale in the full sense. About 60% of the lake coast is covered with algae, characteristic of warm standing reservoirs, previously in Baikal almost did not meet, the nearest relative inhabits in the area of \u200b\u200barrival wastewater Baikal pulp and paper mill.

They cover almost 1 km of the shore of the strip, 2-3 meters wide, making an unpleasant odor. The residents of the village of Maximiha noted the disappearance of the coastal ciga, which will spawn near the coast, this is associated with the fact that the decomposition of algae in the coastal strip is incompatible with the reproduction of fish and other Baikal inhabitants, since oxygen is consumed by microorganisms, and its content in water is dramatically reduced. As a result of reducing the oxygen content in water, the death of organisms in need of oxygen - zooplankton, fish, its deferred caviar occurs.

Fertilizer minerals can enter Baikal with liquid household waste (nitrogen and phosphorus), sewage (nitrogen), detergents (washing powder contains phosphorus salts), with industrial waste of cellulose-paper industries. The decomposing biomass, organic waste, give secondary pollution. Eutrophication is the process due to which the lakes gradually become swamps and do not usually live long.

Therefore, it can be concluded that at present the lake is experiencing an increased anthropogenic load.

Moreover, the development of spirohyra is a danger to people. The fields of rotting algae attract the masses of gulls and other birds, with their faeces in them, and the intestinal bacteria are actively multiplied, which during the storms are washed off into the lake itself. This is the so-called secondary sanitary pollution, the fact that the staff of the Limnological Institute has already been diagnosed.

Perhaps it is with the advent of spirohyra in the lake that the mass death of sponges is a natural filter of the Baikal water. The algae occupies the place of spawning of the fish of the yolks, and she, in turn, the favorite food of the Baikal Omul. That is, the consequences can affect the last population. The sponges first die out, and then colonies of syine-green bacteria appear on them, and some kind of these bacteria can produce toxins of different action, including those affecting the CNS, may, for example, cause cirrhosis.

Baikal - unique natural complex, of course and as an object of scientific research, and as unconditional aesthetic value.

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- Natural World Heritage Object

On December 5, 1996, by decision of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee at its XX session, held in the Mexican city of Merida, the lake was included as natural object On the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The decision made by the Committee: "The lake is a classic case of a world heritage site that satisfies all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mainly preserved in natural state and represent additional value.

Lake - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system, which gave rise to the lake, was formed in the Mesozoic period. The lake is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of an exclusively unique endemic fauna and flora. The lake is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia", is an exceptional value for studying evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and the steppes provides an exceptionally beautiful surroundings of the lake. - the largest tank fresh water On Earth (20% of all world stocks), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

The lake is one of the most biodiversity lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Protection (IUCN), and a complete composition of typical boreal species is presented. "

Source: Volkov, S. in / Sergey Volkov. - M.: AST: AST Moscow, 2010. - 568 p.

Read B.

Terms

Tourism (anthropogenic effect)
Assignment from the status of the object of the World Natural Heritage
Adoption of the law on e. Environmental zoning natural territory
Central Ecological Zone BPT
Buffer ecological zone
Environmental area of \u200b\u200batmospheric influence
Creating a network of specially protected natural territories
Complex of other environmental events

Other resources

Natural phenomenon A // Goldfarb S.I.
as a monument to the World Heritage // Carnishev AD
Baikal // Geography and natural resources, 1988. # 2. - P. 31-39.
Grishchenko V.I., Ryabtsev B.B. By the 20th anniversary of the Pribaikal National Park: Results, main problems // Proceedings of the Pribaikal National Park. Vol. 2. - Irkutsk: Irkut Publishing House. State University, 2007. - p.362-387.

Notes

Ryashenko S. V. Plot of the World Natural Heritage "Lake" in international and national dimensions // Wave. - 2007, No. 1 (45). - P. 40-43.

Lake Baikal.

Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 in Four Natural Criteria.:
(vii) The object is a natural phenomenon or an exceptional space natural beauty and aesthetic importance.
(viii) The object is an outstanding sample of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including the monument of the past, the symbol of the geological processes in the development of relief or the symbol of geomorphological or physical and geographical features.
(ix) The object is an outstanding model of occurring environmental or biological processes in the evolution and development of earthly, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and vegetable and animal communities.

(x) The object includes the most important or significant natural habitat to preserve biological diversity in it, including disappearing species of exceptional global value from the point of view of science and protection.

Lake is located in the Russian Federation, on the border Irkutsk region And the Republic of Buryatia, stretched from the north-east to the southwest of 620 km in the form of a crescent. Baikal width ranges from 24 to 80 km.

Baikal is the deepest and most ancient lake on Earth. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 m. Located at a point with coordinates 53 ° 14'59 "s. sh. 108 ° 05'11 "in. D. (Installed in 1983 by the expedition of Gunio Mo, was confirmed in 2002 as a result of the implementation of the Belgian-Spanish-Russian project to create a new Batymetric map of Baikal)
Baikal is in the mainland depression: the bottom point of the basin lies 1187 m. Below the level of the world ocean
The average depth of the lake - 744.4 m. The water surface of the lake occupies the area 31 722 km². Freshwater stocks in Baikal - 23 615.39 km³ (about 19% of world reserves of lake fresh water)
The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. The age of the Baikal Basin is estimated 20-25 million years. Baikal rift area belongs to territories with high seismicityThe earthquakes are regularly occurring, the strength of which is one or two points.
Baikal flows 336 rivers and streams. The largest of them are Selenga, the upper hangar, Barguzin, Turk, Snow, Sarma. Out of the lake flows one river - hangar.

(Overview from a height of 734 km, height above sea level: 952 km.)

Peninsula Holy Nose -Shemable Big Peninsula, divides Chivyrkuisk and Barguzin Bay. The largest island of Lake - Olkhon. Ushkanya Islands are four islands in the middle of the Baikal: big, round, thin and long. On the area, they constitute about 10 sq. M. The islands of the Chivirkuy bay - shaggy, naked, white stone, cormorants and drives and islands of the Small Sea - Izilhai, Edors, Modoto, Harantsets, Koek, Ode, Boracchin, Hubin, Huenuk, Big and Small Toynaki.
In the north of the lakes are the islands of Bright and Million.
Ushka Islands are known to the biggest fanger of the Baikal Nerze. Baikal Nerpen is an endemic of the lake and the attraction of the Trans-Baikal National Park.

Baikal nerves.

Young nerve.

Baikal has about 2600 species and subspecies of living organisms.
About 1000 species are endemics.
Self famous fish Baikal: Baikal Omul, Harius, Sig, Baikal Oster, Golomanka.
In the lake there is a number of rare forms of water invertebrates (sponges, raki-booplasts).

Baikal Epiphura Sticks Patch important role In the ecosystem of the lake. This representative of the form of plankton crustaceans, 1.5 mm, consumes the organic, passing water through its body. As the natural filter, the Baikal Epiphur cleans the water of the lake.

On the eastern shore of Baikal is the Zabaykalsky national ParkThe west coast is located the Pribaikal National Park.
Flora Coastal Zone Lake Baikal is represented by more than 800 species of plants.
Among about 50 types of mammals, which live in the coastal zone in the swamps, in the steppes and forest-steppes, in the foothill and mountain forests, high mountainous areas: Wild reindeer, Maral, Elk, Kabagra, Caban, brown bear, wolf, fox, sable, ermine, columns, squirrel, chipmunk, brown-tarbagan, otter, ondatra.

In the area of \u200b\u200bBaikal, about 250 species of birds live. Most rare species: Sapsan, Skop, Berkut, Black crane, Orlan-Belochvost.

Baikal - World Natural Heritage Object. In 2016, 20 years from the time of the inclusion of Lake Baikal on the World Natural Heritage List. This happened on December 5, 1996 by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida. The application for the inclusion of Baikal on the World Natural Heritage List was submitted by Russia.

1 of 2.

To get to the List of World Natural Heritage, the candidate object must satisfy at least one of the four criteria:

be an outstanding example representing the main stages of land development, including the evidence of ancient life, significant geological processes in the formation of relief forms, geomorphological and physiographic elements that are important;
or be an outstanding example representing environmental and biological evolutionary processes, the development of ecosystems and terrestrial, river, coastal and marine communities of plants and animals;
or constitute a natural phenomenon or territory of exceptional aesthetic significance;
or contain habitats of the most representative and important for saving biological diversity species, including those areas where species that have outstanding world importance are preserved from the point of view of science and preservation, and under threat of disappearance.

Baikal satisfied all four criteria.

Of the thousands of natural objects contained in the list, slightly more than a dozen satisfy four criteria.

In adopted by UNESCO Committee, the decision was noted:

Lake Baikal is a classic case of a world heritage site that satisfies all four natural criteria.

Directly Baikal himself is the main object of the nomination. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mainly preserved in natural state and represent additional value.

Lake Baikal - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.
The evolution of the aqueous organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of unique endemic flora and fauna.
Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia" and is an exceptional value for the study of evolution.
The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and the steppes provides only the picturesque surroundings of Lake Baikal.
Baikal is the largest freshwater reservoir on Earth (20% of all world stocks), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.
Lake Baikal is one of the most biode-shaped lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Conservation, and presents the full composition of typical boreal species. "

When the Baikal is turned on to the World Natural Heritage List, Special Recommendations were given:

adopt the Federal Law on Lake Baikal;
Refill the Baikal PCB in order to eliminate it as a source of pollution;
reduce the discharge of pollutants in the Selengu River;
increase the resource provision of reserves and national parks adjacent to the lake;
continue supporting scientific research and monitoring on Lake Baikal.

World Natural Heritage

With the adoption of the Convention on the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Planet, in 1972, the United Nations (Division on Education, Science and Culture) began to form a UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes the most significant objects of nature, history and culture, territories with outstanding global values \u200b\u200bof natural resources and which require careful relationship, Save for descendants.

To get to this list, you must meet at least one of the four criteria:

The object represents outstanding examples illustrating the most important stages of the history of the Earth and noteworthy geological processes;

The object presents exceptional examples to illustrate the most important environmental and biological processes of the evolution and development of ecosystems and communities of living organisms;

The object includes outstanding natural phenomena or territory of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

The object includes the most important and significant natural habitats for the preservation of biodiversity, as well as species of outstanding universal value in terms of science or nature conservation.

Baikal in this sense is unique, it satisfies absolutely all criteria. Connection. For thousands of natural objects contained in the list of natural heritage, a little more than a dozen satisfy all four criteria.

On December 5, 1996, by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida, Baikal, together with the coastal area with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 8.8 million hectares., It was included in the UNESCO Natural Heritage List.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe World Natural Heritage site (OHPN) "Lake Baikal" is equal to 88 thousand km2, of which 31.5 thousand km2 - the surface of the lake, and 19 thousand km2 occupy 3 reserves (Baikal-Lensky, Baikal, Barguzinsky) and 3 national Park (Pribaikalsky, Zabaykalsky and, partly, Tunksky).

5 urbanized industrials are excluded from the site developed territories: Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Kultuk, Babushkin and Severobaykalsk.

In the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, UNESCO is noted: "Lake Baikal is a classic case of a world heritage site that satisfies all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mainly preserved in natural state and represent additional value.

Lake Baikal - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of an exclusively unique endemic fauna and flora. Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia", is an exceptional value for the study of evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes ensures an exceptionally beautiful environment of Lake Baikal. Baikal is the largest freshwater reservoir on Earth (20% of all world stocks), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

Lake Baikal is one of the most biode-shaped lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Protection (IUCN), and a complete composition of typical boreal species is presented. "

In addition to the implementation of one of the four criteria for the Convention, the desire of the country in which this site is, to protect and preserve it is necessary.

By the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation, the following requirements were presented:

1. Ensure the final adoption State Duma Law on Baikal;

2. Refill the BCBC so that it stops being a source of pollution;

3. Reduce the discharge of pollutants in Selengu;

4. Allocate additional means to ensure the activities of nature reserves and national parks;

5. Ensure and strengthen the support of scientific research and monitoring on Lake Baikal.

The list of environmental protection measures implemented and already implemented by the Russian Federation to meet the requirements by the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation presented in connection with the assignment of the status of the World Natural Heritage:

2. The legislation has made changes regulating relations in the field of lake Lake Baikal:

The boundaries of the water-protection and fisherous zones of Lake Baikal are established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

Public accounting of objects providing negative impact on the environment Baikal natural territory;

On the Baikal Natural Area, the construction of new economic facilities is prohibited, the reconstruction of existing economic facilities without a positive conclusion of the state environmental impact assessment of project documentation such as objects, and in the Central environmental zone this natural area is the placement of waste production and consumption of the I - III hazard class;

The possibility of transferring land funds engaged in protective forests, in the land of specially protected territories and objects in the creation of specially protected natural territories;

Water Code of the Russian Federation, Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws "On Environmental Expertise" and "On Fisheries and Conservation of Water Biological Resources" are aligned with the changes made to the Federal Law "On the Protection of Lake Baikal".

In more detail with regulatory legal acts, in accordance with which environmental activities are being implemented, it can be found in the "Laws" section.

3. In 2008, the BCBC at the request of Rosprirodnadzor suspended the production of white cellulose and moved to the release of less cost-effective non-refilled cellulose using a closed water management technology, which completely eliminates the release of even purified wastewater into the lake. The plant ceased its work on December 25, 2013. On December 28, 2013, the Prime Minister of Russia signed an order to establish the "Reserves of Russia" on the territory of the closed plant.

4. The Seleginsky PCB from August 1, 1990 ceased to reset in Selengu industrial wastewater.

5. In 2008-2010, the International Research Expeditionary Expedition "Mira" on Baikal "was held during which 160 dives were committed on deep-water devices" Mir-1 "and" Mir-2 ". Based on the results of International Conference At UNESCO Headquarters "Baikal - World Treasure" was noted an increase in the intensity and quality of scientific research in order to preserve the Baikal ecosystem, the importance of the results of research International Expedition "Worlds" on Baikal ", which includes scientists from 12 countries of the world; significant contribution of this expedition to the development of Russian and global fundamental science, its regions such as geology, geography, limbor, geochemistry, geophysics, biology, etc.; large data arrays obtained during the expedition to significantly expand the representations of the genesis of Baikal and modern processestaking place in it.

6. State financing of ensuring the protection of Lake Baikal and the Baikal natural territory is carried out with the help of the Federal Target Program "Protection of Lake Baikal and the Socio-Economic Development of the Baikal Natural Territory for 2012 - 2020", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2012 No. 847. (See the "Realization of FDP Events").

When preparing the material sources were used:

Baikalovology: studies. Deposit / N. S. Berkin, A. A. Makarov, O. T. Rusinek. - Irkutsk: Publishing House IRK. State University, 2009

Volkov, S. on Baikal / Sergey Volkov. - M.: AST: AST Moscow, 2010. - 568 p.