Research on why it rains. "Causes of rain"

25.03.2020

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Mordovia
Municipal educational institution

"Gymnasium №19" go Saransk

Research

"What is the rain?"

Performed:

Provekin Anna

student 1B class

scientific adviser:

Ovchinnikova Lyudmila Vasilyevna

Saransk 2015.

Content

Introduction ...................................................... ... 2

Main part

1. What did our ancestors think about the rain .................. ..... 3

2. What is the rain .......................................... ..3

3. How rain is formed .................................... .3

4. Why is it raining ........................................4

5. More about the rain ........................................5

6. What are the rains .................................... ..6

7. Rain signs .......................................... ... 7

8. Interesting facts about the rain ................... ....... ... .8

9. Riddles about the rain .......................................... ..8

10. My experiences .......................................... .. ... ..9

Conclusion ……………………………………..…….13

List of references .......................................... 14

Introduction

I love summer very much, I love to play outside with friends. But sometimes it rains on the street and you have to sit at home. One day M.it did not find it interesting to learn more detail - what is the rain and where does he come from? And I decided to independently search for answers to these questions.

Object of study: rain

Subject of study: Rain formation process

Purpose of the study:find out how rain is formed

Research tasks:
- find stories about the rain, about natural phenomena;

- read, explore, note curious information;
- to observe the rain formation;

To conduct an experience that will show how raindrops are formed;

Draw conclusions;

Record interesting facts about the rain.

To solve the tasks, I used the following methods:

Study of cognitive literature on the chosen topic.

Observation.

Conducting a research experiment.

Selection of photos, materials on the topic.

Generalization of results and conclusions.

Based on the observation, I put forward hypothesis : Rain is drops of water, in large numbers falling on the ground from clouds.

1. What did our ancestors think about the rain.

Rainwater benefits agriculture and contributes to the growth of herbs, fruits, therefore the well-being of peoples depends on it.

People have long been fracting the legends of the rain, called him tears of the sky, the lively power, giving life. At the same time, the rain could be Kari Heaven, lead to the World Flood.

There were gods and spirits that control rain, spells for causing or stopping precipitation. In many cultures, special, executable during drought. In arid areas, for example, in Africa, rain is considered a blessing.

2. What is the rain.

Rain is drops of water, in large numbers falling on the ground from clouds and clouds.

3. How rain is formed.

From solar heat water from the surface of puddles, streams, lakes, rivers, seas and oceans and streams evaporates and turns into steam. Couples are very, very small droplets of water, so small that they cannot be seen.

Couple is very light, it rises up, in the air, very high. There, where always, even on the hottest summer day, is very cold as in the winter.

Droplets are light, like fluff, they are perfectly held in the air. Gathering together, these droplets form clouds. The clouds soar in the sky and move all the time, because they are pushing all new and new flows of warm air, rising from the ground.

4. Why it rains.

If it becomes warmer, the cloud can completely disappear, dissolve - the droplets evaporate and are made invisible. If it is cold, droplets merge into larger - clouds are formed. In clouds, drops are already too difficult in order to continue their waging in the sky, they fall to the ground - it rains.

5. Read more about the rain

Rain drops are "balls" size from a small grace to medium-sized peas (from 0.5 to 7 mm). If the drops are less - this rain is called. Drops with a diameter of more than 7 mm are broken, while we are flying out of the clouds, smaller drops, so even with the strongest rain, the drops will not be larger.

It rains are different, during a strong shower in one hour, up to 10 cm of water can be poured, that is, approximately "ankle".

6. What are the rains

Mushroom rain is a small, drizzling, going to the mushroom as sunshine

Blind rain - rain coming at the light of the sun;

Thunderstorm rain (rain with a thunderstorm);

Rain with hail;

Snow rain (rain with snow);

Bathing (Outful) Rain

Shower (pouring rain)

Drizzling rain (frost)

Strip rain (running stripes)

Oblique rain, placing;

Sitty rain - small rain, as if "sinking through";

Tightening (chained) rain;

Road rain.

7. Rainy signs

8. Interesting facts about the rain

1. Tropical rains are not drizzling like those to which we are all used to, but we are wrapped, right like from the tub.

2. On Thursdays in Londonthere is much more rain than the rest of the days. Surprisingly, but the fact.

3. In Portugal, if there is heavy rain on the street, you can not go to work.

4. The ancient Russian meaning of the word rain - "Lady", in translating it means "giving life and hope".

5. The most rainy places on Earth is India, China, Japan, Brazil, Central America. The most arid - deserts, as well as significant territories, Western Territories and America.

6. In Russia, the greatest annual rainfall is on the eastern shore and on (more than 2 m per year). The smallest amount of precipitation is on the northern coast (less than 20 cm per year), and the islands

9. Riddles about rain

Without a way and without a road

Walks the longest-legged.

In clouds hiding, in the darkness,

Only legs on earth. ( rain)

It makes noise in the field and in the garden,

And the house will not fall.

And I'm not going anywhere

As long as he goes. ( rain)

10. My experiences

Experience 1.

Imagine that water in the kettle is a lake. To warm the water instead of the Sun will help us with electricity.

When the kettle boils, the water turns into pairs (Fig. 4).

If steam hits a cold surface, it will turn into water. This phenomenon is called condensation.

We cool steam with a glass with cold water and ice (Fig. 5).

Couple turns into a water droplets that flow down (Fig. 6), just as the clouds are raining.

IN
s) When boiling water turns into pairs, when cooled steam turns into water

Experience 2.

Tightly squeezed dry lump wool. Then they lowered it in a water saucer (Fig. 7). Wool lumps will unfold and swell from the water. Carefully lifted cotton wool (tweezers) for the upper part above the saucer. If the water is enough, then the drops will begin to fall in the saucer (Fig. 8).

Imagine that in our hands we have a small cloud, it is saturated with water. Waters typed a lot. Our cloud turned into a cloud, the droplets cannot be kept in it and begin to fall (Fig. 9). It's raining.

IN

s) The cloud, filling with water, turns into clouds, the droplets cannot be kept in cloud and begin to fall on the ground in the form of rain.

Conclusion

During this work, I learned that rain is ordinary water that falls from the sky, from clouds.

I, together with my parents, conducted experiments that helped see how the rain droplets is based on, and why droplets from clouds begin to drip.

I realized that the rain is one of the links of the chain called "Court of Water in Nature". The rain is formed when warm steam from the ground is cooled in the air, and turns into water droplets.

Thus, my hypothesis thatrain is drops of water, in large numbers falling on Earth from cloud, confirmed.

Bibliography.

1. WHO and small cartoon carts. Experiments and experiments for children. St. Petersburg, 2006

2. Plemshakov A.A. World around us. 1 class.

3. Internet sites:

allForchildren.ru.

genon.ru.

iceybiblio.amoti.ru.

meritnation.com.

minitigra.com.

Pedagogical project B. medium group "Why it rains"

Position: Educator

Place of work: MOU kindergarten № 199

The matrix of the project "Why it rains"

About the project:

A type
: Research, subgroup (5 people) Short-term: 2 weeks
Objective of the project:
expand the presentation of children about the causes of rain
Project tasks:
- to teach a child to understand the relationship of phenomena in nature (Sun-Parcoon - Rain) - to expand the knowledge of the properties of water, various conditions (liquid, gaseous, solid) - the formation of research prerequisites, the creation of the necessary conditions for this - the development of the desire to obtain using an adult, and then independently - attracting parents to participate in joint activities.
The relevance of the project
The tendency to research is characteristic of all children without exception. The child seeks knowledge, and Samo's assimilation occurs through a numerous "why", "as", "inequate." For guys B. preschool age It is characterized by learning, the strength and depth of emotions and impressions, because everything that will be learned during this period, it turns out to be particularly strong and serves as the basis for further training and personality development. Subject research activities develop and enshrines the cognitive attitude of the child to the world around. One of the objects of attention of children in the group was such a natural phenomenon like rain. This was the reason for creating this project.

Expected Result:
- Children will acquire knowledge and ideas about the natural phenomenon - rain - the concept of "cycle of water in nature" will increase interest in research activities - knowledge of various states of water will expand - learn simple experiences with parents, and then independently - learn to plan the stages of their actions, analyze and draw conclusions
Equipment:
For experimentation: kettle with boiling water, glass, cotton woven discs, saucer. For practical activities: The fairy tale about the "droplet" of Mary Shkurina, a poem for the physical investigation moment "Rain", the tale of Gianni Rodari "Sun and Cloud". For artistic creativity: gouache, pencil, leaf A4 format, brushes, napkins.

Stages:
The implementation of the project is designed for 2 weeks No. Stages Targets 1. Preparatory- Design identification of the problem - why is it raining? - Develop a project plan, attract parents to participate in joint activities - to determine the goals and objectives of the project - to collect material on this topic (the use of the dictionary, special literature, the Internet) - to prepare the equipment and create conditions for holding experiences at home 08.10.14- 13.10. 14 2. Practical - observations in the rain - viewing of pictures and illustrations of natural phenomena - Conducting the physical cultural moment of "rain" and the learning of the same name of the poem. - Reading the fairy tale Gianni Rodari "Sun and Tuch" - reading the fairy tale "Traveling of the droplets" of Mary Shkurina. - Drawing "Rain will soon go" - carrying out experience in the group (wool, water) - carrying out experience with parents (kettle, glass) - the creation of a poster "Circulation of water in nature" 13.10.14- 20.10.14 3. Generalizing- Investigative to summarize results and evaluate them; View video with experiments recorded in a group and home. 10/20/14.- 22.10.14.

Analysis of the emotional state of children participating in the project.
Children increased interest in research activities, they were very surprised by the result of experimentation. Throughout the project, all participants had a positive emotional attitude; Children with pleasure included in different kinds Joint activities. The most joyful and long-awaited stage for children was viewed video with experiments made in the group, as well as at home.

Conclusions:
As a result of working with children, the goal set earlier was achieved. The children acquired knowledge and ideas about the rain, learned the concept of "cycle of water in nature" expanded knowledge of various states of water (learned that steam, ice, snow is also water), learned to conduct simple experiments, the subject-developing environment of the group (in The "Center of Cognition" appeared poster "Circulation of water in nature").

Bibliography:
1. Magazine " Educator DOU»№6, 2013 2. I. E, Kulikovskaya, N. N. Svigir, Children's experimentation, 2003 3. G. P.Tugusheva, A. Tilestakova Experimental activities of the middle and preschool age, 2007 4. Gianni Rodari. Fairy tales 5. Tale of a small droplet 6. Bondarenko T.M. "Environmental classes with children 6-7 years old." 7. Gorkyova L.G., Kochergin A.V., Obukhova L.A. "Scenarios of classes on environmental education of preschoolers." M.; Wako, 2005

"Secondary School No. 6"

Regional correspondence competition of research works and creative projects of younger students

"First steps in science"

City Korsakov

School No.6

Class _2-B.

Direction:natural scientific

RESEARCH

Subject: " Why is it raining? »

Content

Introduction	3.
Main part First sources about rain.	4 times
Interview Rain as a natural phenomenon Types of rainy Interesting facts about the rain	5 pp. 6pl. 9pl. 10pl.
Practical research experience number 1 Experience number 2.	11 pp. 12 pp.
Conclusion	13 pp.
Bibliography	14 pp.
application	15passes

Introduction

The object of attention of my work was one of natural phenomena - Rain. Soon summer, and therefore, precipitation will mostly fall out in the form of rain. I watched many times in the rain and I had questions that I tried to answer in my research work. I am very interested, why rain goes? How rises to the sky to fall on earth with rain?

Purpose of the study:

Find why it rains?

Research tasks:

1. To know with the original sources about the rain (Bible).

2. Analyze the scientific literature on the rain, as a natural phenomenon.

3. Get acquainted with rains and interesting facts About the rain.

4. Check the information obtained by carrying out the experience of rain formation.

5. Make output.

Object of study: rain.

Subject of study: Circulation of water in nature.

Research base: Pupil 2-B class of Davydov Mikhail, his mother.

Hypothesis research.

Suppose that the rain is coming because the clouds consist of water

Research methods.

2. Analyze scientific literature.

3.Instate experiments.

4. Create the result.

1. The original source about the rain.

The Bible describes the story about the flood. God punished people for sins - laying a flood on the ground. Rain lily from the sky continuously forty days. The water flooded the earth and all the living died. Then the rain stopped, the water gone and life resumed.

2. Poll.

I asked the question: "Why does the rain go?" Different people and received such answers:

Dad - Rain goes from above, because water accumulates upstairs;

Mum - Rain comes from clouds; It happens different - mushroom, shower, moro, ice;

Grandmother - Rain is a type of precipitation; usually happens in the warm season; In the fall, there is a particularly strong, pouring.

Without receiving the necessary information, I turned to the scientific literature.

3. Study of scientific literature

but) In sensible dictionaries, the following definitions of the word rain are given:

Atmospheric precipitation in the form of water droplets, jets. (Dictionary of Ozhegov);
Water in drops or jets from the clouds. (Dala dictionary);
One of the types of precipitation is formed due to thickening in a drop of water vapor, saturated with air, falls from the so-called rain clouds or clouds of dark gray, without certain outlines (vocabulary of Brochaus and Efron).

On the ground there are many oceans, seas, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and puddles. The sun heats the water. It evaporates, that is, it becomes a transparent and invisible ferry. This light pairs along with warm air rises from the ground more and higher. There, at the height, always cold. Warm steam upstairs touches cold air and crumbling, like dust, water droplets are formed from it. When the drops get a lot, they turn into a large cloud. The wind picks up the clouds and spreads them through the light. The clouds float over the earth, while heavy drops, do not break on the ground with rain.

Rain passed. The sun looked out, dried water. She turned into a pair again to form a tucca high in the sky and shed to earth with rain.

Such a phenomenon in nature is called - a cycle of water in nature.

If the water cycle stopped, there would not be atmospheric precipitation, rivers and lakes would dry, underground sources dried. In other words, the land would have disappeared fresh water, and with her and life.
Under the influence of solar energy, liquid water and ice evaporate, turning into water vapor. The clouds are formed in the atmosphere from the water vapor. Winds transfer clouds over the oceans and from the oceans to the land.Due to the action of gravity from the clouds, precipitation falls out, which feed rivers, lakes, glaciers, moisturize the soil. Under its influence, water flows with higher places in lower, returning rivers and streams back to the ocean. A part of the moisture dropped on the surface of the earth is seeping, rolling underground water.

So the eternal cycle of water in nature is performed. It binds each other part of the hydrosphere into a single whole. Thanks to him, stocks of different species are constantly updated. natural Water. At the same time, the full exchange of water in rivers occurs in just 19 days, in swamps - for 5 years, and in the lakes - in 17 years. Longer than 10,000 years old - water is delayed in glaciers.

Conclusion: the water cycle not only combines the hydrosphere, but also provides its relationship with a lithosphere, atmosphere, vegetation and animal world.

4. It rains are different:

Pouring

Oblique (plane)

Sitties (small rain, like sieves)

5. Interesting facts about the rain.

In Portugal, rain is a valid reason not to go to work.

In the city, residents are checked by the clock on the rain, because Livni go every day at the same time.

The inhabitants of Uganda do not scare thunder, since in the country the rain with a thunderstorm goes 250 times a year.

A person can stay under the rain completely dry if located in the desert. In fact, rains in the desert are, but it is impossible to find out about the rain, because Drops simply do not reach the ground, evaporating under the influence of hot air.

In 1940, silver coins of Ivan the Terrible were sprinkled with the first raindrops of rain.

In 1954, rain from frogs passed over the English city of Birmingham. In 1973, such rain fell in France, and in 1974 in Turkmenistan.

In August 1963, near the village of Deignau rained from small frogs, and after 2 years - from small fish and frogs.

In 1818 and 1847, a rare rain with spiders fell in the south of France.

In 1954, in the United States in the city of Davenport fell blue rain and painted the city in a blue color.

6. Pricing

To observe the formation of rain, I spent such an experience at home:

to do this, I needed:

pan; glass cover; plate; water.

Experience course number 1:

I pour water into a saucepan, I apologize to put it on the stove and wait together when the water boils.

First, we observe - the water boiled, and the formed pairs rises up and dissipates.

Output: When exposed high temperatures Water goes into a gaseous state, this phenomenon is called evaporation.

The course of experience number 2:

When the water boiled, covering the saucepan with a lid.

When the saucepan of a glass cover was covered - water drops were formed on the lid. As they accumulate, they increased and fell back into the water. From boiling water highlights water vapor. On the cold lid, it cools and turns into a liquid again. This phenomenon is called condensation.

Output:Water steam, in contact with the cold air, condenses and turns into water again.

Conclusion.

Based on the analysis of the learned literature and experience, I saw that the water passes two states: liquid, water vapor, rising up, in contact with cold air, condensed into small and light droplets of moisture, of which the cloud is obtained. That is, the cloud consists of water. The number of droplets increases, they turn into large and heavy drops that are spilled by the rain. The hypothesis was confirmed.

Bibliography:

"Create water in nature"

http://scienceland.info/

Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary Brojdrich-Arnold Brokgauz, Ilya Efron, OOO "Eksmo Publishing House 2010 Moscow

Encyclopedia junior schoolchild 1 - 4 CL. Nekororovaya E.V. and others LLC "Publishing House" Eksmo "2014 Moscow

My first sacred story in stories for children P.N. Vizhinsky publication of the partnership M.O. Wolf S.-Petersburg - Moscow 1899g. (Vol. Tseliskov Gennady Dmitrievich, 1991)

Children's Bible. Biblical stories in Puchtb.Arapovich, V.Mattemyaki Russian biblical society, Moscow 1993.

Application:

1. Video on electronic media.

2. Presentation on the project on electronic media.

Place of work, position: -

MBOU "SOSH No. 4 of Krasnoarmeysk Saratov region"

Region: - Saratov region

Abstract characteristic:
Education levels: - Primary general education

Class (s): - 1 class

Subject (s): - the world around

Target audience: - Teacher (teacher)

Resource Type: - Other Type

Brief description of the resource: -

Research work of students class 1

OU "SOSH No. 4 of the city of Krasnoarmeysk Saratov region"

educational and Research Conference of Pupils

"Start in science"

"Is it always raining - good?"

Work performed students class 1

MBOU "SOSH №4 Krasnoarmeysk

Saratov region "

Oshasyannikova Olesya

Terentyev Danila

scientific adviser

Sedova Oksana Yuryevna

primary school teacher

MBOU "SOSH №4 Krasnoarmeysk

Saratov region "

g. Krasnoarmeysk

Introduction ........................................................................ .3 - 4
What is raining and how is it formed? ………………………………… .. five
What rains are there? ...................................................... .. .6 - 7
The influence of rain on man and nature ................................. ... 8 - 9.
When the rain is bad ......................................................... 10
Acid rain: how to deal with them ................................. 11 - 12
Rules of behavior during the rain ................................................ .13
Conclusion ...................................................................................... .. 14
List of resources .................................................................... fifteen
Appendix ........................................................................ .16

Introduction

Music rain is gentle, melodic,

Slave is sliding, sometimes rhythmic,

Drum shot fucking zealo,

Then kisses us, the frost is foggy.

Music rain gently rumor cares.

Thoughts, like birds, collects in flocks.

Manits us to sleep, gives a dream,

So that in our hearts we did not have confusion ...

(I.Lysikova)

The object of attention of our study was one of the natural phenomena - rain.

In the autumn, in the spring and summer, we listen to the weather forecast daily to find out, it will rain today and whether you should take an umbrella with you to hide from the rain and not to get wet. Many of us love to walk in the rain, fall asleep under the noise of rain, and others, on the contrary, at the first drops of rain try to hide at home, do not tolerate slush and the dampness that rains bring

We watched a lot in the rain before and we had questions that we will try to answer in our research work. What is the rain? How is it formed? What happens? And always rain - good?

The topic of our work: "Does it always rain - good?"

Relevance: We believe that rain can bring not only benefit, but also harm to the surrounding nature.

The purpose of our research: Find out as much as possible about this natural phenomenon.

To achieve this goal, we set ourselves tasks:

Examine the way to form the rain.
Find out what rains are there?
Find out how people relate to rain?
What rain should not be on earth?

In our work, we used the following methods:

Reading special literature (reference books, encyclopedias, artistic books).
Use of Internet resources with adults.
Conducting surveys.
Conducting experiments.
Drawing up reminders-rules, booklets.

To fulfill these tasks, we have done the following work:

collected material about what rain is and how it is formed;
collected information about rain types;
conducted a survey among native, students and teachers of the school;
held experiments to: find out how rain is formed and how rain can harm nature;
gathered poems, riddles, sayings, drawings about the rain;
amended the rules of behavior during the rain.

What is raining and how is it formed?

In the dictionary of Ozhegova S.I.:

Rain - 1. Atmospheric precipitation in the form of water droplets, jets.

In the dictionary Dalian VI:

Rain - water in drops or jets from the clouds.

In short, rain is, first of all, water.

On the ground there are many oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds and just puddles. The sun heats the water in them. Water evaporates, turning into invisible pairs. This couple together with warm air Rises all above, where it is always cold. There, height, steam turns into tiny droplets of water. When the drops are recruited too much, they become a cloud. And now the clouds float over the ground, unable to keep moisture. Then rain sheds.

In the class, we had experienced "Transformation of water to par" and "rain formation". (Appendix No. 1) At first we poured water in a saucer and left it for several days. After two days, we noticed that the saucer was dry. Where is the water? Write!

Then during the lesson we have "created" rain yourself, watching how water is going to be in a tucca (ordinary sponge) and shed rain back in the saucer. Now we can independently cause rain at home!

What rains are there?

It rains classified by two main features:

intensity;
duration.

By intensity:

Few people know, but the fog can also be conditionally attributed to the rain. During the fog, the smallest particles of water will not only evaporate from the surface of the Earth, but also settle down the clouds. The diameter of the drops at the same time is up to one tenth millimeter. The remaining rain types can be highlighted as follows:

Moro - up to 0.3 mm;
Small - up to 1.3 mm;
Medium - up to 1.5 mm;
Strong - up to 2 mm;
Very strong - up to 3.5 mm.

The duration differences the following types of rain:

Short-term - no more than three hours;
Periodic - repeated by periods with interruptions throughout the day;
Storm - severe rain intensity with drops to one centimeter;
Loading - can take place without stopping over the day or more.

In addition, the following types of rains are known in the people:

"Blind" - so called summer rain without clouds. It goes with the sun: it is heard, but not visible. Only in the footsteps on earth and the water will guess. The puddles and rivers are spoken by blind rain with large bubbles. They are called "rain bubbles".
"Mushroom" is a small warm summer rain. Beats right in the ground! Mushroom picker. In the air, like a haze smacks. Song of mushroom rain is the shortest. Listen to mushrooms and grow. For the song!
"Dispute" - fast, fast rain. Always pours strongly, shepherd, approaching the incoming noise. Especially good dispute rain on the river. Like a glass ringing ranks drops from the knock. At the height of this ring you guess, picking up the rain strength or pokes.
"Cover" - rain in the form of quite large droplets. It does not wait for it - the rain can go for hours, for days, sometimes weeks. Such rain for many people is the most unloved - it's not anywhere to hide anywhere: Gray Pelona clouds captures huge spaces, sometimes thousands of kilometers.

No less interest unusual species Rain:

"Exotic" - wonderful, mysterious. Rains, which, together with water, fell on the surface various items: coins, fruits, grain and even fish, spiders, jellyfish, frogs.
"Colored" - when drops are painted in different colors: blue, red. How is this possible?
The wind raises high in the sky of pollen of plants, and the pigment contained in pollen stains rain into different colors.
"Star" is the starfall, or rather the meteoric bodies that fly into the atmosphere of our Earth and develop speed to tens of kilometers per second. With friction about the air, they are warmed up and start glowing, and then destroyed. Such a phenomenon can be observed at night, it seems that the stars fall. People often make desires at the sight of falling stars.
Effect of rain on man and nature

The rain is a beautiful and fascinating natural phenomenon, which not only looks beautiful, but also has a stunning energy, which contributes to the balance of all systems of the human body. In addition, this element may have an impact on the formation of some character traits of people.

It is known that raw rainy weather has a negative impact on people with a weakened immune system: a despondency appears, the body begins to hold a little, etc.

The drizzling weather usually causes drowsiness, depression and pessimistic moods.

But, people with romantic nature in the rain receive some spirituality, inspiration to creativity and a general attitude to a positive.

There is also a thought that spring rain is most useful for a person. It is at that time the year of the rain for most people rises a mood, many ideas and fantasies appear in creative life, the general condition becomes optimistic.

Having studied this information, we decided to conduct surveys (Appendix No. 2) among relatives, classmates, students and school teachers on the topic "My mood during the rain."

It was found out that out of 48 people: in 24 - the mood deteriorates, 17 - improves and 7 - becomes romantic.

To the question "Rain for Nature is ..." from 48 people: 46 - they answered "good" and 2 people believe that this is "harm."

In a word, the value of rain for nature is great. The rain is irrigated, moisturizes, nourishes, wash everything around.

The most rainy place on Earth is recognized as Mount Vaialeale, which is located on the island of Kauai, which is part of the Hawaiian Islands group. Here it rains so every everyday phenomenon that drying the weather seems miracle. Do not be a Vayaaleal Mountain, then for the year she would be covered with water, the layer of which would correspond to a four-story house. This area belongs to the record of the longest rain - 350 days.

The attack desert in Chile can not boast a large amount of precipitation. According to weather forecasters, rains are not here for years! With such a climate, some areas of this desert resemble the surface of Mars and are very dangerous for humans and in general any living beings.

Imagine only on a moment, what if there have never been precipitation? Whether rivers, lakes, sea dried. Burnt under the sun plants. There would not be insects, birds, animals, of themselves - fish, but in the end - both of the person himself. So it is not always worth frowning and angry, if there is no good weather for replacing the weather, and beside the window, like from the bucket. After all, moisture is good!

When rain is bad

Moisture for nature is a necessity. But not all rains benefit.

If the rain lasts longer than usual, the plants not only have a moisture, but even be happy with it, they can bend. And too strong and long rain can cause a flood, which will also bring only harm to the surrounding nature.

There are also rains that should not be on Earth! These are radioactive and acid rains. They appeared due to economic activity Human and environmental pollution.

Radioactive precipitation is one of the most dangerous consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere by man. Arise as a result of testing nuclear weapons, nuclear explosion or accident at a nuclear power plant. The consequences of them are irreversible - diseases of internal organs, skin lesions, genetic mutations.

Acid rains.

In the very nature of acid rain does not exist. Ordinary rains become acid. Why?

There are two reasons: natural and artificial.

Natural reasons: eruption of volcanoes, lightning, thunderstorms.

Artificial: industrial production, car exhaust, aircraft pollute the air with harmful gases, which, connecting with water droplets, form acid. And acid rain falls on the ground, bringing only harm to everything alive on earth. Acid rains destroy plants, yields, ruin fish in reservoirs.

Acid rains: how to deal with them

In the class we conducted the experience of "the impact of acid rain on the plants."

The leaf of the indoor plant took and dried several drops of sulfuric acid on it, which is part of acid rain. Five minutes later, brown dots appeared on the leaves. The plant got a burn! (Appendix No. 3)

Currently, acid rain is a problem for many countries of the world.

In Russia, the most high levels The fallout of acid rain is observed in the densely populated and industrial regions of the country - in the Central, Central Black Earth, North-West, Urals, as well as in large cities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Omsk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and other, saturated with energy plants and motor transport.

Over the past five years, according to research, there is a constant increase in rain acidity.

What is it dangerous?

Scientists note that the effects of acid rains are very multidimensional, and are dangerous for both people and animals and plants.. Among the main specialists call the following effects:

Acid rains significantly increase the acidity of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, As a result, there are gradually dying out their natural flora and fauna. In addition, as a result of such processes, water becomes unsuitable for human use.
Acid rains lead to forest degradation, extinct plants. With constant exposure to water with increased acidity, trees die.
Acid rains cause irreparable damage to architectural monuments, buildings, structures. The effect of such precipitation causes accelerated corrosion of metals, failure of mechanisms.
Acid rains can be direct harm to man and animals. First of all, people in the zones of increased danger suffer from diseases of the upper respiratory tract, baldness and varying degrees of burns on the skin.

How to deal with acid rains?

Fight with the sediments themselves is almost impossible. N. it is necessary to deal with the reasons for such a phenomenon.. Knowledge of problems will increase environmental safety Earth's population.

Rules for the rain

Try to stay at home or in shelter.

Use personal protective equipment: umbrella, raincoat, boots.

In the case of wetting clothes and shoes, immediately remove them and warm them.

Before entering the nature, find out the weather forecast for the coming days.

If you get into the rain in nature, try to quickly break the camp in a safe place, securely secure the tents, cover them with a waterproof cloth, arrange the drain grooves around the tents.

In rainy weather, do not break the camp in line or on the shore of the mountain river.
If you hit the acid rain to prevent the effects, urgently accept the shower.

Conclusion

Exploring this natural phenomenon, we made the following conclusions:

Rain is one of the unique natural phenomena that exists in nature.
They found out how rain is formed, and now we can "call" rain at home.
All rains differ in intensity and duration, and there are "unusual" - exotic, colored and star.
They found out where the most rainy place is on the planet and where it rains there are no years.
Everyone must follow the ecology and then dangerous rains will not fall on Earth.
People relate differently to the rain, but are united in the opinion that the rain is also good weather!

List of resources

Internet resources

http://odogde.ru Rain and interesting about the rain

http://nplit.ru Entertaining climatology

Print resources

Big book of questions and answers about the nature of things and phenomena - M., 2004

My first scientific experiences, "Publishing Group" Content ", 2003"

Ozhegov S.I., Swedov N.Yu. Dictionary Russian language. Publisher "Az", 1992.

Tanaseichuk V. Ecology in pictures. - M., "Children's literature", 1989

Wallard K. An entertaining book of questions and answers for clever and smarts. "Family Leisure Club", 2010.

What? What for? Why? Big book of questions and answers. Eksmo, 2004.

Other resources

Large electronic encyclopedia "Kirill and Methodius"

Children's electronic encyclopedia "Kirill and Methodius"

Files:
File size: 909824 byte.

I chose this topic because - page number 1/1

Introduction

I chose this topic because:

First, I considered it very interesting and entertaining, not only for myself, but also for others.

Secondly, I would like to discover new facts from the life of my favorite writers.

Thirdly, to get the opportunity to look at the images from different sides, to understand - what the author thought during the creation of this image.

Fourth, my desire to feel that the huge tension of creative searches, which was created by Petersburg himself, who collided the consciousness of Russian writers with world development issues, who caused Russian artistic idea to work with an unprecedented sharpness and groove.

Fifth, St. Petersburg in my eyes is a fairy tale that exists in the real world. I have never been lucky in life in life to visit this beautiful city - on the homeland of great poets, writers, critics, artists to visit in the summer, which I look forward to.

The relevance of this topic I noted in society. In our numerous current environment there is a need for high feelings. The cultural capital of our country, as is known and generally accepted - the city of St. Petersburg. But just a few years ago, I did not feel that this greatest city is so in demand among people, I did not see the response, brilliance in the eyes of my peers, discussing someone else's visit to this city. Over time, I realized that some people traveling to Grad Peters do not realize all the greatness and genius of the city, the monumentality of buildings and a discreet cry of history. Therefore, having studied the images of St. Petersburg through the prism of the creativity of great writers, people themselves will be able to feel the atmosphere of that time, and understand how important it is to know.

St. Petersburg has a huge cultural history that explains the reason that this city has inspired very different writers, artists, poets, philosophers and many other creative figures during cultural dawn. And even today, this amazing city does not pass positions and still remains the epicenter of the sights of our country and inspires people to create works of art. For example: someone has a source of inspiration was a varical and incredibly beautiful nature, someone had the beauty of the city, perhaps some inspired people and surroundings, and someone visited a muse from the impression of merry unrestrained balls ... you can continue very long. After all, the inspiration was in everything, but for everyone it is its own. But for one of the greatest poet of the 18th century - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - Petersburg was the city of his friends and comrades, the symbol of the greatness of Russia. It is these criteria for the perception of Pushkin St. Petersburg explain so different images of the city in the work of the writer. The writer, no less brilliant than Pushkin - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - considered Peterburg the temple of the human soul. In this magnificent city, he wrote, as I see, the best of my works. In St. Petersburg, he met Pushkin and became famous for his first masterpieces. In this city, the two greatest peaks of Russian literature were flourished and hit, without which to this day, humanity would not be so developed in the field of feelings and perceptions of the beautiful.

In my work, I would like to consider the topic relevant in my opinion: images of St. Petersburg in the work of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. The purpose of my work is: to consider in detail images of St. Petersburg by A.S. Pushkin and N.V.Gogol based on some works and personal relations of writers, and comparing them to note the similarities and differences. Disassemble how Metamorphosis of St. Petersburg is developing in the works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V.Gogol. See the relationship of the authors to the city and people. Try to open new sides of this topic, based on rare facts. Fully immersed in the sense of this or that image and understand why the author represents us in such a world of light.

Pushkin metamorphosis of St. Petersburg.

A.S. Pushkin has a huge number of poems and works in the form of prose about St. Petersburg. But in his work, I would like to consider, in my opinion, flawless works. Such are the novel "Evgeny Onegin", the story "Stationander" and "Peak Lady" and the poem " Bronze Horseman».

Petersburg in the novel "Evgeny Onegin"

Consider images of St. Petersburg in the novel "Eugene Onegin". Here we see how the rich Russian geography is depicted - from persons province to secular citizens - bright paintings drawn by accurate and light Pushkin words. Here and St. Petersburg, and the village, and the noble manor. And over all the descriptions on the highest stage, there is an unforgettable image of St. Petersburg - with many poets and prose. In the works of Pushkin, this is not just a city - "Peter Creation" - reproduced as a place where his heroes live, and a separate hero, endowed with the character, face, habits, smells and sounds. It turns out that the city in the eyes of the author becomes the direct hero of the novel, which can affect the rotation of the events.

In the Roman A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" displaced various sides of human culture, soul, character, lifestyle of the time. The time when the wonders wrote to each other and were afraid to look into the eyes when a good formation was received only by people of high ranks when life was a vacation for the secular part of society.

And at the end of the first chapter, the image of St. Petersburg arises in front of the reader in the paintings of Life: His restless Petersburg comes to life under the drum knock of the military, hurry the pedestals, "the pipe smoke will be rising blue ...", Baker "German neat" opens his shop. Pushkin is unwittingly admiring Petersburg, for each phenomenon he finds beautiful words, like an artist - paints. For example: "... transparently and light night sky over Nevyu", "We breathed softly silently." Neva, restless St. Petersburg River, "Challenged in Granite", and in love for her found words.

The places that the poet found so many beautiful words well to him. Each of the favorite places associated for the author with something pleasant. Undoubtedly, Petersburg from the author causes pleasant sensations and emotions that strongly prevail over sorrowful. And everything is here, in the cold Petersburg, the poet dreams of a friend of the sea - warm, free, "where I suffered, where I loved where I had buried the heart." "I go over the sea, waiting for the weather, Manya of the wind of the ships ..." - writes about himself by the author from the banks of the Neva. By combating the anthem to bright, noisy, beautiful Petersburg, Pushkin recalls other places. In St. Petersburg, the plot begins and completes, he is given a reference role in the composition. St. Petersburg is a city predominantly related to the main character of the novel, Onegin.

The first chapter is reconciled by the life and morals of the St. Petersburg nobility. Prevailing motifs - novelty, fashion, modernity: "Here is my Onegin at freedom, sked latest fashion. " In the office of the hero: "Amber on the tubes of the Tsarope, porcelain and bronze on the table, perfume in a graved crystal." For the St. Petersburg nobility is characterized by a bustle, Misnomity: "Having a nomouder everywhere." Every day of the main character: Evgenia Onegin begins and ends the same way: "He also happened in bed: the notes are entrusted to him, what? Invited? In fact, three houses for the evening call ... "In this society, it is above all the honor and public opinion that creates a special type of behavior. "And so public opinion! Spring honor, our idol! And this is what the world is spinning! "

The second time we see Petersburg in the eighth chapter of the novel. Here, satire and sarcasm in relation to secular society sound is sharper, more significant than the psychological difference between Onegin from the "empty" light. A noticeable figure in the aristocratic society is now Tatiana. Tatiana is concentrated in all worthy and beautiful, which is in a secular society. Having placed the heroes of his novel against the background of St. Petersburg and the Russian village, Pushkin, creating an encyclopedia of Russian life in his own way, could not help but bring his heroine to Moscow, and there is a pattern. Pushkin could not amuse such precious importance for all Russian life as Moscow.

In Roman, Alexander Sergeevich tells about his best feelings about St. Petersburg. Evgeny Onegin was written by the author in the interval from May 9, 1823 to October 5, 1831, which falls for the highest flourishing of the creativity of Pushkin-poet. I believe that the novel is the best embodiment of St. Petersburg at all times.

Petersburg in the story "Stationander"

The "Stationander" refers to the "Agent of Belkin" cycle. The events of the main character are held in St. Petersburg. Petersburg is presented in a story in social and moral contrast - on the outskirts, in the Izmailovsky regiment, there was a poor and offended scam, in the center in an expensive hotel there lived a rich officer Minsk.

When Vyrin unfolded a bundle and saw money - payment for the dunge, sculpt in bitterness and anger threw them to the ground and he was heaving the heel. Going down a few steps, he stopped and decided to return for money, but they were no longer. "A well-dressed young man, having seen him, ran to the cab, sat down hastily and shouted:" I went! ". The action is not accidental moved to the street of the central part of St. Petersburg - now in it, the city turned out to be focused on the forces emanating from offenders living in the center of the capital and determining her face. Renome Minsk, respectable, rich, noble nobleman, turned out to be false.

In this story, Petersburg appears in front of the reader in the image of a malicious and cold city, where everyone only thinks about money, where everyone has a friend. Cruel city. He is cruel to the main hero. There are lonely people who have forgotten what is heat and love. The social life and morals of Pushkin St. Petersburg can be viewed as historical evidence of that era.

The image of St. Petersburg in the poem "Copper Horseman"

The poem "Copper Horseman" - a living artiform, not tolerant of unambiguous interpretations. The poem opens by the "entry", in which the image of the city occupies a dominant place, it is written in the official style. In my style, it is sharply different from the style of all other parts of the poem. Therefore, it is often perceived as an independent work. It differs from the narrative parts of the poem, first of all, with its solemnly jealous tone. "Introduction" is often called the Great City anthem. All other images of St. Petersburg - whether Petersburg Gogol, Nekrasova or Dostoevsky - often compared with St. Petersburg "entry" to the poem "Copper Horseman" Pushkin.

The whole interest is that the city, which is necessary for Russia, is created, the city for people, the city, giving good, laid in it by its builders. The poet in the work with an unprecedented force and courage shows historically natural contradictions of life in their entirety. In the poem in a generalized figurative form, two forces are opposed - the state personified in Peter I (and then in the symbolic image of a revived monument, the "copper rider"), and a person in his personal, private interests and experiences. Therefore, in the description of St. Petersburg, the author is often invaded with the expression of his love for him:

"I love you, Peter's creatures.

I love your strict slim view,

Neva, keeping flow

Coastal granite ... "

Subsequently, the reader offers all new and new parties to the city. We appear with a glorious city: the new capital of mighty Russia, which the poet loves. And he fascinates the reader with his commitment to his expensive places of St. Petersburg. The poet sees the "Sleeping Grounds of Desert Streets," hears the "hiss of frothy glasses", but there are no people on the streets, as not and their persons on the background of glasses. In the first part, the appearance of St. Petersburg is changing, this is no longer a magnificent "young hail", but "Omrified Petersburg". The city turns into a fortress deposited by the Neva. The trouble comes as it were from the inside, the city itself takes himself an attack; It turns out everything that has been unworthy image, hidden for the description of the parade:

"Trays under wet veil,

Wreckage huts, logs, roofs,

Stock trading goods

Pale poverty belongings,

Thunderstorm demolished bridges,

Coffins with a blurred cemetery "

Speaking of flood, Pushkin described very brightly, the swordless Neva:

"Siege! attack! evil waves

Like thieves, climb into the windows. Black

From running glass beating feed.

Trays under wet veil,

Wreckage huts, logs, roofing,

Stock trading goods

Pale poverty belongings,

Thunderstorm demolished bridges,

Coffin with blurred cemetery

Swim through the streets!

Alas! Everything dies: shelter and food! "

And only after such a dead plid, the city comes to life: "He is crowded" on the shores of the Neva, which is correlated with human bustle "as a patient in his bed restless," it breaks down "to the sea against the storms", "penalties ... like a journey at the door."

The whole first part is the picture of a folk disaster, and it is at that moment the figure of "idol at the bronze horse" appears for the first time, which is unperturbed, in contrast to the living king, powerless to resist the elements.

The poem is glorified by: "The Great Duma" of Peter, his creation - "Grad Petrov," Full-time countries of the Beauty and Divo ", the new capital of the Russian state, built at the mouth of the Neva," under the sea "," on mossy, sunshine ", the economy" Here on the new waves all flags will be visible to us. "And to establish a cultural connection with Europe" Nature here we are destined to cut into Europe. "

Petersburg appears as a stronghold of Russian self-liberty as the autocracy center. The capital of Russia, created by the people, turned into hostile strength for himself for a separate person. Pushkin, as it were, he emphasizes that the city that did not arise gradually, who did not grow out of the village, as the vast majority of other cities, and forcibly built in this place, contrary to the smooth flow of history, if it will stand, the residents will have to pay for the fact that the founder is practically Gone against the laws of nature. In the center of the city - the monument to its founder, and St. Petersburg itself is a huge monument of Peter's personality; And the contradictions of the city reflect the contradictions of its founder. Pushkin alone describes the daily concerns of the citizens of different estates.

"... and St. Petersburg is restless

Just the drum is forced.

The merchant gets up, a peddler goes,

The exclusion stretches on the stock exchange

With a jug of Ostinka in a hurry,

Under it snow the morning crusts.

I woke up a pleasant noise.

Shutters open; Pipe smoke

The post is rising blue,

And Khlebnik, a German neat,

In paper cap, more than once

I walked my Vasisdas. "

Petersburg Here is a deeply symbolic monument of the fruitfulness of the unity of millions of people. All images here are meaningful, symbolic. The history and modernity of the poet explains through the capacious and symbolic image of St. Petersburg.

I believe that the "copper rider" is the most mysterious work of A.S. Pushkin. In the work laid historical foundation. And images of St. Petersburg are based on the history. The topic of Peter's Board is affected. The author talks about the city, presenting it in images. Also here is an incredibly beautiful symbolism. The combination of all the qualities of the work gives the first impression of a fairy tale, but if you think about it in meaning and know the story, then the work can be considered a historical poem.

Petersburg and "Peak Lady"

The "peak lady" is written in Boldinskaya autumn of 1833. At the heart of mystical plot. Pushkin poeticize and chas not only Petersburg is a city, but also for life, and class attitude in the city itself. Descriptions of the streets, parts of the city are so accurate that by following them, you can find those places or at home, where the will of the author are his heroes. Square, gardens, boulevards and streets imprinted in the works of Pushkin. Under the layers of rebuildings, comprehended by Golitsina's mansion, the "house of the old architecture" is guessed in one of the main streets of St. Petersburg.

In the capital, there are a lot of crazy. It's hard to call the normal life of the survivor of the old Countess and torpired by the pupils of Lizabeth Ivanovna. Young noblemen - officers just the same nights playing cards or dance until the morning ... it's empty and the life of the metropolitan aristocracy is meaningless. The "peak lady" was created by a new, first-yielded image of St. Petersburg. The capital of the empire of the city of absurd life, the city of fantastic events, incidents, disassemblering people, Relieving their feelings, desire, thoughts, their lives. The blind and wild power of the city above the man is explained by Pushkin.

The plot may seem exaggerated tragic, but in fact Pushkin did not exaggerate at all. There is a known example of the 1802 history in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg, when Prince A.N.Golitsin - the famous ILO and a gambler, lost his wife, Princess Maria Grigorievna, Moscow Barina L.K. Orazumovsky. If the same plots arise in the literature and in life, then, it means that some mechanism is introduced, limiting the variety of possible actions. Pushkin himself was a card player, so I saw the psychology of the game from the inside, IUU, calculation, excitement. Petersburg gave Pushkin a lot of scenes from life about the will of the case.

The thought of the magnitude of the existence of the city of madness, false and inholic hostility towards a person gets the final clearance in the last reflections of the hero: he is tormented by one already a completely meaningless question: "Here they are all throwing and droopy, but how much can it be, all this is someone's sleep , and not a single person here is not a real, true, not a single act valid? Someone will suddenly wake up to whom it all dreams - and everything will suddenly disappear. "

The multigid of the figurative symbols made it possible to understand the special nature of the fiction of this city, the causes of hostility to the man of the capital of the Empire, the meaning of madness, absurdity, the ghost of life of people in this city, city, false and lies. But symbolic images are inherent in not only the sphere of life of an old nobility, the aristocracy of two stands, - Paris and St. Petersburg. The basis of the poetics of the story is exactly the symbolic images.

In the story of the "peak lady", in my opinion, described fake St. Petersburg, affected the theme of the human lies and excitement. Pushkin tells about the spiritual and low mentality of people of high ranks. In each hero there is a symbol of a different image of St. Petersburg. The writer is annoyed by such people and to give his thoughts "highlight", it uses various images of people and symbols. It is necessary to be ingenious to trigger everything in such a form.

Conclusion over the entire chapter:Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin retired Petersburg very high. He considered this city to be his homeland, although he was born in Moscow. He loved his city with all his broad soul, which is confirmed by his verses. But at the same time, he quite really evaluates the inhabitants, society, culture and knows the story. He describes his reflections on the history of Petrograd in the "Copper Horseman" poem. Absolutely all bright and warm feelings, the writer is laying out in the novel "Eugene Onegin". The antithesis for the novel is the story "Stationander". And of course any, even the most fabulous city is not without sins, it is described in the story "Peak Lady". IN different time Pushkin describes Petersburg in different ways, his thoughts change as his life change in it.

Petersburg Gogol

Gogol spent a significant part of his life in St. Petersburg. It could not not affect his works. In many of them there are a picture of St. Petersburg. Gogol wrote even a whole cycle of St. Petersburg News. Actually, I want to start with him. To work, I will add: Tale "Nevsky Prospect", "Nose", "Shinel", "Night before Christmas" (from the cycle: "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka" and the play "Auditor".

Images of Petersburg leads

Unlike Pushkin, familiar with the new Russian capital with adolescent years, Gogol first saw Petersburg in adulthood. The author shares with us his first impressions from the Northern Capital: "... Petersburg seemed to me at all not like that I thought I was imagined more beautiful, more magnificent ..." The writer describes the districts where he once happened to live.

"Nevsky Prospect"

The theme of Nevsky, the Avenue opens the first of Petersburg Agets; Pages dedicated to the main street of the city play the role of prologue to the cycle as a whole. The author pronounces an ironic anthem of Nevsky Prospect, where "smells one fell one", where "greed, carefulness and need are expressed on the walking and flying in the carstry and trembling" and quickly "Fantasmagoria for one day alone" is committed. Nevsky Prospect is only a beautiful cause of a strange, fantastic, half-sized city, the essence of which is revealed in the plots and the characters of the Petersburg News.. everyday life St. Petersburg Gogol notes fantastic, absurd and comical traits, and in the souls of citizens - the connection of the ugly, touching and funny.

The appearance of the city is not only the background that the events playing in it are disclosed in its social quality, shown in sharp and irreconcilable contrasts. Transfering these contrasts, Gogol paints Petersburg that in pathetic and romantic colors, then in his everyday "physiology", in his cruel daily, detrimental and distress life, which is the distance of the poor man. Nevsky Prospect is a mirror of the capital, reflecting its contrasts. Behind the brilliant parade of the Nevsky Prospect is even more and more tragic life is felt, its ugly and painful sides.

Nevsky Prospect is a "exhibition", a place to show the entire arrogant, vulgar, hypocritical, which distinguishes the owners of the ranks and wealth. After twenty hours on Nevsky Prospect, those who are "nobility of their classes and habits" appear on Nevsky Prospect. For example: one shows a south-tailed nose with the best beas, the other is a Greek beautiful nose, the third carries excellent Bengnebards, the fourth - a couple of pretty eyes and an amazing hat, the fifth - a ring with a talisman on a singer Mizinza, sixth - leg in a charming shoe, seventh tie, exciting Surprise, Osm - Mustache, plunging in amazement. " "The best works of a person" is only the external signs of his clothes - his clothes and features of his outfice: Schiegolskaya Sutuk, Greek nose, excellent Bengnebard, mustache, tie, which are surprising. For all this there is no person, its internal content - or rather, the person here is exhausted by these external, showing features. The shine and splendor of the Nevsky Prospect is only visibility, only a lie and false. Behind him, the tragic fate of a modest worker hides appearance. For Gogol, the "Ghost" and the deceit of the Nevsky Prospectus express the reality of social relations, the inconsistency of external magnificence and internal emptiness and inhumanity. Therefore, it is so frequent in the leads of the images that emphasize this ghostity, the elusiveness of the Nevsky Prospectus: evening lighting, artificial light of the lamps give everything "some kind of tempting, wonderful light."

"Nose"

"Shinel"

Several other shows Petersburg in the story "Shinel". This is a city in which "little people" disappear without a trace. In it, there are streets at the same time, where at night light, as the day, with the generals living on them, and the streets, where the fears are poured straight out of the windows, shimatkins live here. The transition from some streets to other Gogol depicted through their lighting and mines of officials: if there is a rare on the poor streets of the streets and the collar on the cinuts from the curtain, then the closer to rich areas, the brighter the light of the lanterns becomes and the more often the beaver collars come across. In "Sinels" describes the free pastime of small officials and other poor people. So, some went to the theater or outside, others for the evening, and the third to some other official to play cards and drink tea. The courtyards and "all sorts" people sat in the evenings in small bears, spending time behind chatters and gossip. All this, Gogol talks in opposition to Akakiya Akakiyevich, who had all entertainment in rewriting papers. Rich people also go to the theater, walk through the streets, play cards, only tickets they buy more expensive, dress better and, playing cards, drink not only tea, but also champagne.

In "Sineli", the image of St. Petersburg is created with the help of a description of dirty streets, raw yards, poor apartments, falsioned stairs, "imbued with the" alcohol smell that eats eyes ", gray non-bright houses, from the windows of which will be poured.

Gogol's element also plays important role In the disclosure of the image of St. Petersburg: Winter continues almost all year round, blowing permanent wind, chilling, fantastic, incessant cold rolls everything. Gogol has a subjective feeling to objective reality, time as it should stop, and the cold begins to be perceived as the incredit state of St. Petersburg. Something similar happens with the wind, which, "in St. Petersburg custom," blows at once "on all sides". This philosophy of universal indifference, indifference to person, the power of money and ranks reigning in St. Petersburg, turn people into "small" and inconspicuous, come around them in a gray life and death. Petersburg makes people moral cripples, and then kills them. For Gogol Petersburg is a city of crimes, violence, darkness, the city of Hell, where human life does not mean anything at all. This is a city like a terrible dream.

"Night before Christmas" (from the cycle: "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka")

One of the first works of Gogol, in which the image of St. Petersburg is present, is the story "Night before Christmas", which entered the "Evening in the farm in the farm near the Dikanka". Analyze the image: Petersburg is described in the Spirit folk fairy tale. Petersburg appears to us as a beautiful, fabulous city where the majestic and powerful empress lives. It seems that the image of St. Petersburg is based on the faith of the people in a good, just king. But still, in the image of St. Petersburg there are some signs of something unnatural. In the "night ..." Petersburg is not yet a city of hell, but a fantastic city, alien vacuule. Vakula, who flown on the line, who saw on the road and sorcerers, and sorcerer, and an unclean power, hitting Petersburg, is very surprised. For him, St. Petersburg is a city where all the desires can come true. Everything is unusual for him and Novo: "... knock, thunder, shine; On both sides, four-storey walls are praying, the knuckles of the horse, the sound of the wheels ... houses grew ... Bridges trembled; The carriats flew, the drives shouted. " There are motives of disorderly movement, chaos. It is characteristic that the damn feeling in St. Petersburg is quite natural. Gogol shows the city through sounds and light. In this fabulous world, the vacuum seems to come to life even at home and look at it from all sides. Perhaps similar impressions experienced himself, Gogol himself, when for the first time came to St. Petersburg. About the unusually bright light, which proceeded from the lanterns, Vakula says: "God you are, what light! We have no day so light. " Palace here is just fabulous. All things in it are amazing: and the staircase, and the picture, and even the castles. People in the palace are also fabulous: everything is in satin dresses or golden uniforms. Vakula sees one shine and nothing else. In "Nights before Christmas", St. Petersburg is bright, dazzling, stunning and incredible in everything.

"Auditor"

Peterburg in the comedy "Auditor" looks completely different. Here it is already much more real. It does not have the fabulousness that is present in the "Night before Christmas", this is almost a real city, in which the ranks and money decide everything. In the "Revolution" we meet two stories about St. Petersburg - Osip and Klezlekov. In the first case, this is a story about the normal St. Petersburg, who sees the servant of a small official. It does not describe any incredible luxury, but speaks of real entertainment available to him and his owner: theaters, dancing dogs and cabling. Well, what does he like most, so this is that all people talk very politely: "Galanaser, damn it, take a section!" At all, St. Petersburg paints us whip. This is no longer Petersburg with merchants and dancing dogs, and St. Petersburg with sinovation and unimaginable luxury. This is Petersburg Dreams of a small official who wants to become a general and live on a wide leg. If at first he simply assigns himself a greyer higher, then at the end of his story he is already practically Feldmarshal, and its exaggerations achieve truly incredible scale: the soup arrived at the steamer from Paris, semisotrup Watermelon. In general, St. Petersburg in the dreams of Horstakov is a city where he has a lot of money and a high rank, so he lives in luxury and everyone is afraid and worship. The hero was so smashed that he was no longer aware of where the truth, and where was his endless lie. He is no longer in this world, but somewhere in the depths of his dreams and lies. Trying to be in all modes like secular legislators, the provincials lose their true face, so their behavior looks unnatural and somewhat ridiculous. Gogol rises this vicious trait not only the province, but also both capitals, since the image of St. Petersburg, and Moscow was equal to the standard of Western European life and thereby lost their national roots.

The county city described in the "Revior" is a collective image, this is all Russia in miniature. According to abundance of any abuse, it is impossible to be called real, but at the same time it is typical. Gogol was managed in a relatively small creation to display all parties to the Russian life of the 1930s of the XIX century, all its pressing problems. On the pages of the comedy, the author brought all the layers of the urban population. This is also officials, and merchants, and meshness, and urban landowners. There are no army and clergy, which did not obey the city authorities.