Stop explosion. Explosion in the subway. Aircraft hijacking. Hostage taking. Numerous casualties after a bomb exploded, planted by an unknown person. Panic, screaming, crying. Victims, wounded. This is not the plot of the movie, but reality. We hear such and similar messages almost daily in the news, and all this is terrorism. It is about terrorism that we will write an essay today.
Terrorism essay on the topic
I would like to start an essay on terrorism with the very definition this concept. Terrorism is the intimidation of the people through violence and violent actions. Today, terrorism in all countries is the number one problem, so this topic is relevant and an essay about terrorism will also be relevant for schoolchildren, because when asking various essays on social topics, it is impossible to pass by an essay about terrorism, or an essay about the fight against terrorism. So we decided to help and write an essay on the topic of terrorism.
So, terrorism is an evil against humanity and in the essay I would like to say how hard and painful it is to see the suffering of people who have been affected by this disaster, the worst thing is, no one knows and cannot be sure that tomorrow the disaster will not affect his or his family members. But we go down to the metro every day, every day we stand at stops waiting for transport, every day we walk in parks, we gather in squares. All these places are targeted by terrorists, because where there are large crowds of people, massive harm can be done to people. And that is exactly what the terrorists want.
Terrorism in its scale, destructive force, cruelty has become a problem for all mankind. This is the plague modern life, this evil that has enslaved the whole world, keeps it in horror and fear, and something needs to be done about it.
Fight against terrorism
It is necessary to fight against terrorism and terrorist acts, the state must direct all its forces to protect civilians, which is innocent of anything, but it is very difficult to eradicate terrorism, especially in solitude. It is necessary for countries to unite in the fight against terrorism and only in this way, having comprehensively studied the problem, building effective mechanism countering terrorist threats, having clarified the nature of the manifestation of terrorism, it is possible, if not to completely eradicate terror, which is very difficult and probably impossible, then at least to reduce its manifestation.
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Every year, terrorist acts (acts of terrorism) become more organized and more cruel towards the civilian population. Terrorists use in their acts of various kinds explosives and materials modern weapons and ammunition, etc. At the same time, terrorist organizations carefully hide their activities, and in connection with this, a system of firms, funds and banks functions as a cover.
Also, these organizations have their own training camps for new terrorists, underground medical bases for treatment and warehouses where they store weapons and ammunition, explosives, uniforms, medicines and other equipment.
I share scientific approach that, despite a significant number of international legal acts (according to experts, there are 27 global and regional agreements) and international organizations and bodies that coordinate the fight against international terrorism, a universal international legal act, which would unambiguously characterize this socially dangerous and complex socio-political phenomenon, define not only the concept, legally significant features, but also give an accurate legal description, assessment and legal responsibility this species crimes, and also allowed for joint and effective action against terrorism.
Countering terrorism should become one of the most important tasks for international organizations and all interested states of the world community.
The main international legal acts against terrorism include:
- Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure aircraft (1970).
- UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents (1973).
- European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism (1977).
- UN Declaration "On Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism" (1994) and others.
It is generally recognized that the leading organization in the world, including the one coordinating the fight against international terrorism, is the UN. On General Assembly and the UN Security Council regularly discuss the problems of combating terrorism and adopt appropriate resolutions. Within the UN from among specialized organizations the role of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) is best known, and a specialized Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) of the UN Security Council has also been created.
As evidenced by the facts, terrorist acts are committed in different countries world, both in underdeveloped countries - Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, etc., and in highly industrialized countries - the USA, France, Israel, etc.
Acts of terrorism are also committed in Russia, examples of which are the explosions in the Moscow metro on March 29, 2010, where 41 people were killed and 88 people were injured; On January 24, 2011, a suicide bomber detonated a bomb at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport, killing 37 and injuring 130 people.
On present stage development of the Russian state, its society, as well as the world community as a whole, faces quite acute problems of preventing and combating terrorism, as well as improving the forms of international legal cooperation and interaction with other states.
In my opinion, the complex modern situation in the field of combating terrorism in Russia constantly requires, following the example foreign countries(Turkey, Israel, France, etc.), toughening measures of civil and criminal liability, as well as a special procedure for conducting criminal proceedings against persons involved in terrorist activities
Terrorism is one of the most difficult problems for the world community today.
Terrorism has a global spread, which endangers the lives of many people, regardless of their country of residence, and only on the basis of international legal acts and decisions of international organizations, joint and coordinated actions of all interested states can help to cope with this complex socio-political and social dangerous phenomenon in a world that affects the lives of each of the inhabitants of our planet.
Today, terrorism equally threatens the public, national and international security and is a well-organized form of influence on public authorities by international terrorist and extremist organizations in order to destabilize the control system. It is impossible to cope with this kind of threat through one-time power actions. A long-term, coordinated strategy is needed international cooperation.
Success in countering modern terrorism requires the joint efforts of the entire world community, coordination of actions at the global, regional and national levels.
Cooperation between states in the fight against international terrorism is based on the fundamental principles international law, which are enshrined in the declaration on the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter.
International legal cooperation in the fight against terrorism is developing quite dynamically. However, its potential has not yet been exhausted and has a significant reserve. To improve the efficiency of anti-terrorist cooperation, it is necessary to continue improving the legal framework, to give it a truly universal character.
It is also important to expand the circle of participants in the existing international antiterrorist treaties. It is absolutely clear that the joint efforts of states and international organizations can produce effective results in the fight against terrorism. And it is also very important to prevent the use of interference by one country in the internal affairs of another under the pretext of supporting terrorism by this country.
List of sources used
1. Volevodz A. G. Legal regulation of new areas of international cooperation in the field of criminal justice. M., 2015.
2. Zhdanov Yu. N., Lagovskaya E. S. European criminal law. M., 2014.
3. Akkaeva Kh. A. New trends in legislation on extremism and terrorism in Russian Federation// Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art criticism. Questions of theory and practice. 2015. No. 10-2 (60). pp. 16-18.
4. Kanunnikova N. G. Foreign experience counteraction to international extremism and terrorism // Legal Science and Law Enforcement Practice. 2014. No. 3 (29). pp. 163-168.
5. Chumakova A. S., Buzinova A. A. To the question of terrorism in modern conditions // Volga pedagogical search. 2013. No. 1 (3). pp. 137-139.
Essay on the topic “Terrorism as international problem modernity” updated: April 7, 2019 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY OF THE HUMANITIES
FACULTY OF ECONOMY Essays
On the topic "Terrorism as social phenomenon" Moscow
Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and complex, difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring all kinds of forms and threatening proportions. Acts of terrorism most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social, religious and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation. The components of the phenomena "terrorism" and "international terrorism" - acts of violence, differing in a huge variety both in terms of means and methods of committing, and in terms of subjects, are relatively new phenomena for the Russian Federation and for many other countries. These crimes go beyond ordinary (criminal) acts, which mainly encroach on the safety and well-being of the individual. Terrorism and international terrorism, along with other forms of crime - enemies of any statehood, are a threat to the security of the individual - society - the state - the international community, affecting not only the rule of law, but also the economic, political, state, life of peoples, states, national and international regions.
Terrorism is a policy based on the systematic use of terror. Synonyms for the word "terror" (lat. terror - fear, horror) are the words "violence", "intimidation", "intimidation". There is no generally accepted legal definition of this concept. In Russian law (CC, Art. 205), it is defined as the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing public consciousness, decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations associated with the intimidation of the population and / or other forms of illegal violent actions. In US law - as a deliberate, politically motivated violence committed against civilians or objects by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually with the aim of influencing the mood of society. In the late 1960s, a specific form of terrorism appeared - international terrorism.
Types of terrorism
According to the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into:
Unorganized or individual (lone terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is committed by one or two people who are not supported by any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol, etc.);
· Organized, collective - terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Narodnaya Volya Social Revolutionaries, Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA, state terrorism). Organized terrorism is the most widespread in modern world.
According to its goals, terrorism is divided into:
· Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals;
Religious - may be associated with the struggle of adherents of religion among themselves (Hindu and Muslims, Muslims and Christians) and within one faith
International terrorism- a specific form of terrorism that originated in the late 1960s and developed significantly by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The main goals of international terrorism is the disorganization government controlled, inflicting economic and political damage, violating the foundations of the social order, which should induce, according to the terrorists, the government to change policy. Modern international terrorism is, as a rule, Islamist.
The main features of international terrorism are globalization, professionalization and reliance on extremist ideology. The use of suicide bombers, the threat of using non-conventional (nuclear, chemical or bacteriological) weapons and a rational approach are also noted. One of the greatest modern researchers of terrorism, Brian Jenkins ( English) considers international terrorism a new type of conflict.
Resolution No. 1373 of the UN Security Council of September 28, 2001 notes "the close relationship between international terrorism and transnational organized crime, illegal drugs, money laundering, illegal arms trafficking and illegal transportation of nuclear, chemical, biological and other potentially lethal materials" . Experts also note the growth in the technical equipment of terrorists and their tacit support from some states.
To achieve their goals, terrorist organizations widely use the Internet, radio and television.
International terrorism poses a particular danger due to the fact that it threatens the international legal order and interstate relations. Any action of international terrorism affects the interests of several (at least two) states, and to suppress or prevent such actions, broad interstate cooperation is necessary.
42) The ideology of the "new right"
New Right- a term that is used to refer to a number of political movements and right-wing parties.
Often the designation "new right" refers to the totality of right-wing radical socio-philosophical movements that arose in a number of Western countries in the 1970s. as a reaction to the theories of neo-Marxists and the New Left. In particular
the political movement Nouvelle Droite, which arose in 1969 in France, declared its commitment to right-wing ("conservative") values, the core of which was the Group for the Study of European Civilization (GRESE), whose notable members were Alain de Benoit and Dominique Wenner
One of the main themes of the geopolitics of the “new right” is the restoration of the balance of power in the world. Under the balance of power in geopolitics is meant a state of not static, but dynamic equilibrium, where continuous fluctuations in the impact of opposing centers of political dynamics on the strategic and geopolitical configuration of world politics are permissible.
Ideology of totalitarianism
Totalitarianism from the point of view of political science is a form of relationship between society and power, in which political power takes society under complete (total) control, completely controlling all aspects of human life. Opposition manifestations in any form are cruelly and mercilessly suppressed or suppressed by the state. Same important feature totalitarianism is to create the illusion of full approval by the people of the actions of this government.
Historically, the concept of "totalitarian state" (ital. stato totalitario) appeared in the early 1920s to characterize the regime of Benito Mussolini. The totalitarian state was characterized by powers of power not limited by law, the elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repression against dissidents, militarization public life. The jurists of Italian Fascism and German Nazism have used the term in a positive way, while their critics have used it in a negative way. The West uses the common features of Stalinism and fascism to unite them under one banner of totalitarianism. This model is widely used in anti-communist propaganda.
1. The presence of one overarching ideology on which the politic system society.
2. The presence of a single party, usually led by a dictator, which merges with the state apparatus and the secret police.
3. The extremely high role of the state apparatus, the penetration of the state into almost all spheres of society.
4. Lack of pluralism in the media.
5. Rigid ideological censorship of all legal channels for the receipt of information, as well as programs of secondary and higher education. Criminal punishment for the dissemination of independent information.
6. The big role of state propaganda, the manipulation of the mass consciousness of the population.
7. Rejection of traditions, including traditional morality, and complete subordination of the choice of means to the goals set (to build a "new society").
8. Massive repressions and terror by law enforcement agencies.
9. Destruction of individual civil rights and freedoms.
10. Centralized planning of the economy.
11. Almost total control of the ruling party over armed forces and proliferation of weapons among the population.
12. Commitment to expansionism.
13. Administrative control over the administration of justice.
14. The desire to erase all borders between the state, civil society and personality
44) Varieties of totalitarianism: similarities and differences
Depending on the dominant ideology, totalitarianism is usually divided into communism, fascism and national socialism.
Communism (socialism), to a greater extent than other varieties of totalitarianism, expresses the main features of this system, since it implies the absolute power of the state, the complete elimination of private property and, consequently, any autonomy of the individual. Despite predominantly totalitarian forms political organization socialist system inherent and humane political goals. So, for example, in the USSR, the level of education of the people sharply increased, the achievements of science and culture became available to them, the social security of the population was ensured, the economy, space and military industries developed, etc., the crime rate dropped sharply, moreover, over the course of For decades, the system has hardly resorted to mass repression.
Fascism is a right-wing extremist political movement that arose in the context of revolutionary processes that swept countries Western Europe after the First World War and the victory of the revolution in Russia. It was first installed in Italy in 1922. Italian fascism gravitated toward the revival of the greatness of the Roman Empire, the establishment of order, and firm state power. Fascism claims to restore or purify the "people's soul", to ensure a collective identity on cultural or ethnic grounds. By the end of the 1930s, fascist regimes had established themselves in Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe. With all their national characteristics fascism was the same everywhere: it expressed the interests of the most reactionary circles of capitalist society, which provided financial and political support to fascist movements, seeking to use them to suppress the revolutionary uprisings of the working masses, preserve the existing system and realize their imperial ambitions in the international arena.
Third kind of totalitarianism- National Socialism. As a real political and social system, it arose in Germany in 1933. Goal: world domination of the Aryan race and social preference - the German nation. If in communist systems aggressiveness is directed primarily inward - against its own citizens (class enemy), then in National Socialism it is directed outward, against other peoples.
There is a very popular and fairly stable opinion that the Soviet communist empire in the East and the Nazi Third Reich in the West are rooted in the national historical traditions of Russia and Germany, and in essence represent the continuation of the history of these countries in new conditions. This opinion is only partly true, since in a number of key aspects they were built on a break in historical continuity, and in some ways even the rejection of some key elements of the national historical tradition.
45. Fascism and neo-fascism as a political ideology
Appeared at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. as a result of imperialist contradictions. Manifested in the movement of anti-globalists and the "new right" was formed between the First and Second World Wars against the backdrop of a deep economic crisis and political instability. Fascism relies on a mass totalitarian political party (when it comes to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and the unquestioned authority of the "leader", "fuhrer". The Führer is both the spokesman and personification of the racial, national and folk spirit. The power of the state comes from him, he gives certain powers to lower leaders.
Ideology of fascism identifies society with the nation, and the nation with the state. The interests of the state are immeasurably higher than the interests of individuals, groups and organizations. The strength of the fascist state depends on the spiritual unity of the masses, which must be protected by all means. Apart from the fascist party, the only bearer of power and the fate of the state, no other parties have the right to exist with their inter-party struggle. Any democratic movements and organizations, as well as the manifestation of free-thinking, were strictly prohibited under fascism. To fight dissent, the fascist states used advanced police forces, special paramilitary organizations, a total system of surveillance and control, concentration camps in which many tens of thousands of democrats, cultural figures and opponents of fascism, millions of Jews, Slavs and simply representatives of the "non-Aryan" population were destroyed.
Ideology of feminism
Feminism(from lat. femina, "woman") - a socio-political movement whose goal is to provide all women who are discriminated against on the basis of sex, race, orientation, age, ethnicity, social status, the fullness of social rights. AT broad sense- striving for equality between women and men in all spheres of society. In a narrow sense - a women's movement, the purpose of which is to eliminate discrimination against women.
Feminism as a movement emerged in the 18th century; during the first wave of feminism from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the struggle was for gender equality. Subsequently, during the second wave, the focus of the struggle shifted to achieving de facto equality between women and men. Feminism became especially active in the late 1960s. Within the framework of feminism, there are ideas of an extremist orientation.
The emergence of feminism as a theory was prepared by the following intellectual trends in the West: liberal philosophy and the theory of human rights (Locke, Rousseau, Mill and others); socialist theory, consideration of sexuality and human sexual behavior in a social and political context (Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, Margaret Mead, philosophers of the Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse and Theodor Adorno). In addition, to feminist thought big influence provided the ideologies of the youth protest of the new left, the struggle of blacks for civil rights, the utopias of the counterculture, the ideas of the sexual revolution. Feminist literature originated in the United States, and later in Great Britain and France. Initially, it was journalistic and political. But soon "women's" issues become the subject of academic research in a number of areas of knowledge: anthropology, ethnology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, political science, etc.