Sikhote-Alin nature reserve- Sikhote Alin nature reserve. Sikhote Alin Nature Reserve, in the Primorsky Territory, on the eastern and western slopes of the Sikhote Alin ridge (altitude up to 1600 m); includes coast Sea of ​​Japan... The area is 347.1 thousand hectares. Founded in 1935; biosphere. Forests occupy ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

In Russia, Primorsky Krai, on the eastern slopes of the middle Sikhote Alin; the southeastern part opens onto the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Founded in 1935. The area is 347,052 hectares. Cedar deciduous forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir). There is a tiger ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

V Russian Federation, Primorsky kr., On the eastern slopes Wed. Sikhote Alin; the southeastern part goes to the coast of the Japanese Cape. It was founded in 1935. The area is 347,052 hectares. Cedar deciduous forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir). Tiger,… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SIKHOTE ALIN RESERVE, in the Primorsky Territory, on the eastern slopes cf. Stskhote Alin; the southeastern part opens onto the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Founded in 1935. Pl. 347.1 thousand hectares. Cedar broadleaved forests, dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir) ... ... Russian history

Located on the eastern and western slopes of the Sikhote Alin, its southeastern part opens onto the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Founded in 1935. Area 310112 ha (1974). Up to a height of 700 m, cedar deciduous forests prevail; higher (up to 1300 m) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In the south of the Primorsky Territory. Created in 1935 on pl. 390.2 thousand hectares for the protection of unique virgin forests preim. east. slope of Sikhote Alin (altitude 500-1600 m), includes the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Seaside meadows and shrubs, oak, ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Sikhote-Alin- Sikhote Alin nature reserve. SIKHOTE ALIN, a mountainous country in the Far East, in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky regions. Length 1200 km. Highest point- Mount Tordoki-Yani (up to 2077 m). The relief of the middle mountains with traces of ancient glaciation prevails. In the north -… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Autumn in Sikhote Alin ... Wikipedia

Mountain country; Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. From Nanaysk. sikte, sikte needles, spruce and alin mountain range, that is, a mountain range covered with coniferous forest. Geographic names World: Toponymic Dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Sikhote Alin ... Geographical encyclopedia

Sikhote-Alin- Sikhote Alin. Sikhote Alin, a mountainous country in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky regions; watershed of the rivers of the Amur basin, the Sea of ​​Japan and the Tatar Strait. The length is about 1200 km, the width is up to 250 km, the average height is 800-1000 m, the highest is up to 2077 m ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

The Sikhote-Alin Mountains are about 150 million years old. They were formed thanks to numerous volcanoes, Pacific Rocky peaks and forest-covered slopes do not leave anyone indifferent. They gained the greatest popularity because of the meteor shower that hit in 1947. But first things first.

Where are the Sikhote-Alin mountains?

The mountains are located in the Russian Far East. They cover the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, stretching for 1200 kilometers along the Sea of ​​Japan. They begin approximately from the city of Nakhodka and end near the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. They cover about 240 kilometers in width.

They formed in the Mesozoic era - an active period of mountain building on the periphery of the oceans and the formation of modern continental contours. The mountain system includes many ridges, such as Livadiyskiy, Khomi, Tuminskiy, Bolshoy Yang and others.

The Sikhote-Alin Mountains are the watershed between the Sea of ​​Japan in the east and the Amur Basin in the west. They are not symmetrical. The watershed chain is shifted towards the sea, and all water flows from the eastern slopes are much shorter than those flowing from the western side. Because of this, they got their name, which is translated from the Manchu language as "the pass of the great western rivers."

Tops

Sikhote-Alin are considered to be medium-altitude mountains. Most of the peaks reach only a thousand meters. Some peaks rise up to 2000 m. Tordoki-Yani is the highest mountain in Sikhote-Alin. Its height is 2090 meters, relative height is 1989 meters.

Tordoki-Yani is an outlier - a surviving part of a long-destroyed formation. The mountain is located in the northern part of the massif. Karov glaciers have left numerous niches on the mountain, which are now filled with shallow lakes. At the very top, it is dotted with scree, rocky forms and acute-angled boulders (kurums).

Other famous peaks of Sikhote-Alin: Mount Arsenyev (1757 m), Yako (1955 m). Cloudy (1856 m), Pidan (1334 m), Olkhovaya (1668 m), Anik (1955 m), Lysaya (1554 m), etc. The second highest peak is the mountain with the short name "Ko". It rises to 2004 meters. The river of the same name begins from here. Ko is considered the southernmost two-thousanders of the country.

Relief of mountains

Sikhote-Alin differ significantly in the south and north. In the Primorye region, in the southern part, they are smooth, not very high, rounded. Towards the Khabarovsk Territory, they acquire sharp, clear outlines. The relief here is very rugged, and is represented by a mixture of rocks, depressions and destruction.

The foothills of the Sikhote-Alin are composed of basalt plateaus. The largest of them is Sovetskaya Gavan, which consists of rounded, forested hills. The mountains themselves are composed of sandy shale interspersed with other rocks.

The Sikhote-Alin Mountains do not have one central peak. These are ancient formations. Having survived several geological eras, they have repeatedly been subjected to destructive forces. This is evidenced by both single rocks and the highest peaks, with all their appearance and structure, they report that they were once part of much higher and huge mountains.

On the western side, the foothills of the ridges are represented by horizontal terraces, which end with ledges. The rivers in these places are rapids, often forming waterfalls. In the south and east, the rivers are fast and stormy. They flow to the sea along the crevices between the steep cliffs. The active work of the surf made the seashore steep, which undoubtedly pleased the loons, seagulls, cormorants and other birds nesting here.

Climate

The climate of most of the Sikhote-Alin mountains is unfavorable for humans and is equated to the Far North. It is monsoon in nature. In winter, dry and cold from the winds coming from the continent, and in summer, humid sea from air masses from the ocean side.

However, this definition is more suitable for the western and northern slopes. In winter, the weather is snowless and very cold. In the north, in the mountains, the temperature reaches -45 degrees. The coastal areas are influenced by the Sea of ​​Japan, which makes the climate in them much milder. However, the weather is not calm.

In the south and east of the mountains, winter is a period of snowfalls and blizzards. There is a high risk of avalanches from January to March. In the spring, especially in the south, the mountains completely throw off the snow. There may still be frosts in May, but the summer is always warm. It comes with heavy rains, hurricane winds and fogs.

Nature

Due to their relatively low altitude, the Sikhote-Alin mountains are densely covered with vegetation. There are several large protected areas here: the Sikhote-Alin reserve, Botchinsky and Lazovsky reserves.

Mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests and coniferous forests grow in the Sikhote-Alin mountains. They contain pointed yews, endemic Olga larch trees and microbiota. The forest zone reaches about 1400 meters. Further, shrubs and dwarf species grow in a narrow strip, for example, dwarf cedar (on Tordoki-Yani), which pass into the mountain tundra.

Rare and endangered inhabitants of the region are: Amur tiger, white-breasted and Japanese crane, fish owl, Amur goral, black stork. The northernmost subspecies of the leopard, the Far Eastern leopard, is also found here. which has only 57 individuals.

Human footprint

People in the Sikhote-Alin mountains settled before our era. They did not rise too high, and placed their dwellings on terraced slopes. They made weapons, blades and arrowheads from the material typical of the area. No, not iron or granite, but obsidian - dark volcanic glass.

In the Middle Ages, the territory of Sikhote-Alin was most likely extended by the possessions of the Bohai Kingdom. Its culture and political structure was similar to that of China. The kingdom was located on the Korean Peninsula, in Manchuria and the Primorsky Territory. In the mountains, archaeologists have discovered the remains of ancient fortifications, the foundations of the palace and other buildings of the Bohai period.

There are many minerals in the mountains and surrounding areas, for example, gold, quartzite, lead, graphite, iron ores. However, the industrial development of the area began only 80 years ago. Currently, there are very few settlements in Sikhote-Alin. The largest of them are located in the lower reaches, in the southern part of Primorye. In the north and in the center of the mountainous country, they are tied to a single railway.

Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve

The nature reserve in the Sikhote-Alin mountains was created back in 1935. Then its area was one million hectares. It did not last long, and after twenty years, it was reduced tenfold.

Now the reserve covers only 402,000 square kilometers, but this is enough to be included in the UNESCO list and play crucial role in preserving rare species... Initially, the park's goal was to restore the number of endangered sables; now, attention has shifted to the Amur tigers.

The reserve is inhabited by 63 species of mammals, approximately 340 species of birds, 13 species of amphibians and reptiles. The local nature is unique. On the same territory, both thermophilic and cold-resistant species live here. In the Sikhote-Alin Park there are Himalayan bears, roe deer, minks. In it you can find a yellow Ussuri marten covered with thick forest cat fur and a musk deer - a deer with two long fangs.

The flora is no less diverse and is represented by cedars, yews, alders, as well as many flowers and herbs, for example, peonies, lemongrass, rhododendron, rhodiola.

Not only individual species are protected, but also unique complexes: salt lakes, steppe meadows, lagoon lakes, rocky ecosystems and birch-oak groves - typical habitats of ungulates.

Meteor falling

In February 1947, one of the largest meteorites on our planet approached the Earth. He, of course, did not fly whole. From a collision with the atmosphere, the space stone crumbled like a meteor shower over the Sikhote-Alin mountains.

It consisted mainly of iron, as well as nickel, cobalt, sulfur, carbon, and phosphorus. The fragments left behind more than a hundred craters and craters. All fragments found weigh 27 tons. There were separate fragments weighing 300, 500 and even 1000 kg, the largest of them reaching 1745 kg.

Besides, Sikhote-Alin nature reserve is located within the range of the Amur tiger and is known for the fact that the most extensive and long-term scientific research of this predator is carried out here. Every year, scientists record an average of about 20 representatives of the species from the footprints and footage from camera traps.

In addition to the tiger, there are brown and Himalayan bears, American mink, wild boar, roe deer and Far Eastern forest cat on the territory of the reserve. It is home to more than 15 species of animals and birds listed in the International Red Book, in particular the Amur goral, white-tailed and Steller's sea eagles.

The local flora is no less remarkable. The Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve is a reserve for a large number of rare and endangered plants. Almost the entire territory of the reserve is covered with cedar, fir-spruce and oak-birch forests. Only in this part of mainland Russia can you find such rarest plants like the Rhododendron Fori and the Jesse primrose.

For the first time, a description of the nature of the Middle Sikhote-Alin was made by Russian researchers at the beginning of the 20th century, before that these places remained a blank spot on the map of the country. Only hunting was actively carried out on the territory, as a result of which the number of many species of animals was significantly reduced, therefore the initial design of the Sikhote-Alin reserve was carried out within the framework of the program for creating a network of large sable reserves. The reserve was officially established on February 10, 1935.

Later, scientists found that this territory is also of great value as a site of Primorye, which has preserved the entire complex of flora and fauna that are characteristic of this region. In 1979, the reserve entered the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and in 2001 Central Sikhote-Alin was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

except natural resources the lands of the reserve also store historical artifacts: on the territory of the reserve and in its vicinity there are monuments of different archaeological cultures. The most ancient of them is the settlement of the Terneisky enclave of the Ustinovskaya culture (VIII-VII millennium BC). The second most ancient settlement, Blagodatnoye, is located on a terrace 600 meters from the sea coast and belongs to the Lead culture (late II - early I millennium BC).

At present, the territory of the reserve occupies 401,600 hectares, including 2,900 hectares of the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan. The main tasks of the reserve are to protect natural areas, preservation biological diversity, scientific research and environmental monitoring.

Also great attention paid to the development of ecotourism and environmental education. The reserve staff organize various environmental events, holidays and promotions, as well as various competitions and exhibitions. One of the most striking events supported by the reserve is the already traditional annual Tiger Day. This holiday, dedicated to a rare predator, is accompanied by fun contests and competitions, a masquerade and a carnival procession.

To acquaint visitors with the nature of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve, five excursion routes with a total length of more than 130 kilometers have been developed on its territory. The most convenient time to visit the protected routes is from May to October. Tours are designed for several hours and involve both walking and car transfers. The cost of excursions is from 300 rubles per person.

For those who are not ready to travel long distances, in information center of the reserve, a nature museum is open - five dioramas of the flora and fauna of the reserve by the seasons against the backdrop of the most beautiful landscapes of Sikhote-Alin. A small exposition of household items of the small people of the north of Primorye "Udege" has also been created, which gives an idea of ​​their culture and way of life.

How to get there

A trip to a nature reserve can be a journey in itself. Gates of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve is the village of Terney - one of the northernmost coastal villages of the Primorsky Territory. You can get here from Vladivostok either by bus, which will take about 14 hours, or by personal transport. In addition, there are regular flights to Terney and Plastun settlement.

For organized groups arriving in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, accommodation is available at the cordon, where you can live in the bosom of nature for several days. You can also book a hotel in the villages of Terney and Plastun.

This is a place of volcanic origin in the Far East of Russia. Sikhote-Alin is the territory of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, through which the watershed of the rivers of the Amur basins (the valleys of the Ussuri rivers), the Sea of ​​Japan and the Tatar Strait passed.

Translated from the Manchu language, Sikhote-Alin means the ridge of large rivers. There are really many mountain ranges, fast rivers with clear water.

The natural world cannot be compared with any region of our state in terms of the diversity of animals and plants. The most ancient relict species of flora and fauna have been preserved here. Individual peaks of mountain ranges exceed a height of two kilometers. Their slopes only seem velvety from a distance, in fact, they are covered with impenetrable taiga.

One of the following flows through this area. greatest rivers Russia is a stately, calm and wide Amur. In the Amur, there is such a species diversity of fish that is not found in any other river in our country (carp, bream, silver carp, catfish, burbot, rudd, Friday horse, white and black carp, pike, aukh, Chinese perch, kaluga, chum salmon - all species are countless).

In summer, large beluga dolphins and small (9m) minke whales come close to the coast in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. And in the area of ​​the Shantar Islands, from the coast, you can see the fountains of giants - hundred and fifty-ton smooth whales. In a word, a natural monument.

Traces of the ancients in Sikhote-Alin

In the floodplains of the Sikhote-Alin rivers, archaeologists have discovered human sites from the Neolithic era (V-III centuries BC). There were villages that were located on terraces 4-6 m high. This ancient culture of the southern part of Primorye was called Zaisanovskaya. Interestingly, many of the artifacts discovered by scientists are made from obsidian: knife-shaped plates, punctures, scrapers, double-sided arrowheads, beveled triangular knives, slate knives and arrowheads.

During excavations on one of the Sikhote-Alin plateau, archaeologists discovered the skeleton of a huge structure made of stone. The layout of the structure and the nature of the finds allow us to conclude that this is the palace of the Bohai Kingdom, which existed on the territory of Manchuria, Primorsky Territory and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula more than 1000 years ago. In the Sikhote-Alin mountains, the remains of the buildings of this ancient culture have already been found: a signal tower, a castle and several fortifications, which are credited with not only protective, but also religious functions.

Guest from the sky

Another circumstance that attracted the attention of the public and scientists to Sikhote-Alin was the fall of a meteorite on February 12, 1947. The heavenly guest was 70 tons. It flew to the ground in the form of a pile of debris, exploding in the atmosphere ( it turned out very well). Meteorite rain covered an area of ​​35 sq. km. According to eyewitnesses, the flash was brighter than the sun, a roar was heard within a radius of 350 km, the earth and buildings were shaken from powerful impacts, clouds of dust rose into the air. The largest crater was 6 m deep and 25.5 m in diameter.

An expedition of the Institute of Astronomy and Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR was organized to study the crater field, on which the bolide left more than 100 craters. Chemical analysis of the fragments of the Sikhote-Alin meteorite showed that it was a giant piece of iron with minor impurities of nickel and cobalt. It is one of the ten largest meteorites in the world.

In 2001, the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as natural object, thus becoming the fourteenth site with the status of World Heritage in Russia.

Region of Russia: Primorsky Krai

Component objects: Sikhote-Alin biosphere reserve named after K.G. Abramov and Goraliy regional reserve

Location: eastern and central watershed part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge

Natural conditions: The climate has a pronounced monsoon character, manifested in a sharply opposite change in wind direction in winter and summer.

Height above sea level: 54-1722 m (98-1,895 m)

Square: 0, 395 million hectares

Status: included in the List world heritage in 2001

South Of the Far East within Russia, it is one of the largest and least human-altered foci for the preservation of communities of ancient coniferous-broad-leaved and broadleaf forests... Due to the location of the region on the great path of settlement of plants and animals along the Pacific coast of Asia from the tropics to temperate latitudes here there is a very complex and variegated picture of interpenetration, mixing of dissimilar elements of flora and fauna, especially "southerners" and "northerners".

There are a lot of rare and endangered species on this territory, a significant part of which is preserved only within its limits. The flora of higher plants here numbers about 1200 species, more than 370 species of birds are known within the Central Sikhote-Alin, and 71 of mammals.

The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin is the world's last large integral territory inhabited by Amur tiger... Many other rare and endangered species endemic to the region need protection - Amur goral, white-breasted bear, Japanese and black crane, black stork, scaled merganser, fish owl; ginseng, rhododendron Fori and many others.

Picturesque relief forms, full-flowing rivers, combined with an exceptional variety of flora and fauna, the presence of exotic plants and animals, reminiscent of the tropics, give the nature of Sikhote-Alin absolutely unique features. There are many objects of aesthetic and recreational significance: rock massifs, picturesquely standing out among the taiga, waterfalls, lakes and rapids (Kemsky rapids, Bolshoi Amginsky waterfall, Shandui mountain lakes and others), bizarre stone outliers, reefs, sandy bays of the Sea of ​​Japan ...